Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

An example of a primary motive is _______.

A)greed
B)thirst
C)wantonness
D)piety

Answer 1

thirst

Question 2

Ethology is:

A)the study of the psychology of ethics.
B)the study of animals in their natural habitat to see how their behaviors aid their adaptation to that environment.
C)the study of races and ethnic groups.
D)the study of efficient work methods in industry.

Answer 2

the study of animals in their natural habitat to see how their behaviors aid their adaptation to that environment.

Question 3

Social motives are:

A)not affected by primary motives.
B)common to all people.
C)derived from social interactions and learning.
D)essential for the survival of an organism.

Answer 3

derived from social interactions and learning.

Question 4

Which of the following theorists found that monkeys reared in isolation avoided social contact?

A)Schacter
B)Singer
C)Murray
D)Harlow

Question 5

James and McDougall were proponents of which of the following theories of motivation?

A)drive theory
B)incentive theory
C)instinct theory
D)cognitive theory

Question 6

Social learning theorists would suggest which of the following to parents?

A)Monitor and control the television programs you allow your children to watch.
B)Let children watch violent television shows to release their hostility.
C)Allow children to behave violently in controlled settings to decrease their violence elsewhere.
D)Don't let children watch television.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the instinct theory of motivation?

A)Tension is created within an organism when it has been deprived of something it needs,thus compelling it to satisfy its needs.
B)External cues elicit behavior from an organism.
C)Organisms have inborn patterns of behavior and innate desires to perform in a certain manner.
D)Organisms have desires to act in specific ways,but these behaviors can be modified by learning.

Question 8

Motivation refers to that which:

A)explains the physical make-up of an organism.
B)energizes the behavior of an organism.
C)directs the behavior of an organism.
D)both b and c

Question 9

The concept of primary motives would explain our need for _______.

A)food
B)Gucci jeans
C)a water bed
D)companionship

Question 10

Instincts are thought to:

A)exist within the individual.
B)explain why people act differently in the same situation.
C)explain what an individual does but not why.
D)be caused by conditions outside the organism that push it into action.

Question 11

Which of the following appears to strongly affect the affiliation motive?

A)hormones
B)learning and early experience
C)instinct
D)anxiety

Question 12

The concept that a person acts in a certain manner because of an innate predisposition to do so is based on the _______ theory.

A)aggression
B)drive
C)instinct
D)incentive

Question 13

Which of the following theorists laid the groundwork for the development of drive theories?

A)Clark Hull
B)William McDougall
C)Carl Rogers
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 14

The major shortcoming of the instinct concept is that:

A)instincts have never been shown to exist in any species.
B)the instinct concept is too complex an explanation of most motivated behavior.
C)asserting the existence of an instinct does not help us to understand the behavior in question.
D)it is too physiological in theoretical orientation.

Question 15

Daniel,age 5,saw a clock on the shelf and took it apart to see what made it tick.Which theory best explains this behavior?

A)cognitive
B)drive-reduction
C)instinct
D)behavioral

Question 16

Two important elements of stimulus-seeking behavior are _________.

A)novelty and complexity
B)comfort and friendship
C)sex and aggression
D)rest and relaxation

Question 17

Which of the following does NOT support drive-reduction theory?

A)getting some food when you are hungry
B)going to sleep when you are tired
C)getting something to drink when you are thirsty
D)going jogging when you are bored

Question 18

Betty is a first born child and she has a younger brother and sister.Which child is most likely to show a high need for affiliation when confronted with a fear situation?

A)the younger sister
B)the younger brother
C)Betty
D)Affiliation is not related to birth order.

Question 19

Which of the following most closely describes the results of the Schacter (1959)research on fear and affiliation?

A)Fear causes social isolation.
B)Fear motivates later-born subjects to affiliate.
C)Misery loves similar company.
D)Misery loves company.

Question 20

Who proposed that the human expression of emotion is innate and has survival value?

A)William James
B)Stanley Schachter
C)Charles Darwin
D)Emmett Kelly

Question 21

An example of intrinsic motivation is reading a textbook because:

A)you want to earn an A on a test.
B)you want to avoid a D or F.
C)you enjoy reading it.
D)you are being paid to read it.

Question 22

The concept that an organism is motivated to act because its body is in a state of need is based on the __________ theory.

A)incentive
B)affiliation
C)drive
D)instinct

Question 23

Clark Hull's drive-reduction perspective was based on which of the following principles?

A)homeostasis
B)instinct
C)psychic energy
D)genetics

Question 24

Hugh has such powerful sexual needs that he engages in dangerously promiscuous behavior.In this case,Hugh's sexual needs are a(n)_______.

A)emotion
B)motive
C)stimulus
D)cue

Question 25

When you get too warm,you begin to perspire.This is an example of:

A)a drive.
B)homeostasis.
C)a need.
D)adjustment.

Question 26

A decline in the level of testosterone in either men or women leads to ___________________.

A)an increase in sexual desire
B)abnormal sexual desires
C)pain and discomfort during sexual activity
D)a decrease in sexual desire

Question 27

Stimulus motives _________________.

A)are set in motion by internal stimuli
B)deal with information about the environment in general
C)function to assure the bare survival of the organism
D)depend less on external stimuli than primary drives do

Question 28

Bill hasn't eaten for four days and is very hungry.A friend offers to take him to lunch or to a new Arnold Schwartzennegger movie that she knows Bill wants to see.The drive theory of motivation would predict:

A)Bill is equally likely to select either option.
B)Bill will select the lunch.
C)Bill will select the movie.
D)Bill will not select either option.

Question 29

Primary motives are:

A)learned.
B)unlearned.
C)cognitive.
D)socially determined.

Question 30

A need that energizes and directs behavior towards some goal is known as a _______.

A)cue
B)behavior
C)motive
D)stimulus

Question 31

A group of people is watching a movie in which an attractive man and woman are shown getting undressed.Which of the following is most likely to become MOST aroused?

A)a healthy young man
B)a healthy young woman
C)an adolescent of either sex
D)a healthy adult of either sex

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a social motive?

A)affiliation
B)aggression
C)need for rest
D)achievement

Question 33

An innate or inborn predisposition to act in a specific way is called a/an _______.

A)instinct
B)drive
C)incentive
D)need

Question 34

It is believed that the hypothalamus controls ________.

A)aggression
B)social learning abilities
C)long-term mechanisms of body weight
D)biological motives

Question 35

According to the Highlight article,when Denmark eliminated some laws regulating pornography,there was _______ in sex-related crimes.

A)a rapid increase
B)no increase
C)a decrease
D)a moderate increase

Question 36

Which of the following is the most recent conclusion concerning the role of stomach contractions in signaling hunger? They:

A)have no influence.
B)play a minor role.
C)play a major role.
D)cannot be studied because of lack of technology.

Question 37

______________________ center around our relationships with people.

A)Stimulus motives
B)Social motives
C)Aggression motives
D)Primary motives

Question 38

Drives that are unlearned are called _______________.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)reflexive
D)learned

Question 39

________________ are largely innate motives that push us to investigate,and often change,the environment.

A)Primary drives
B)Stimulus motives
C)Secondary motives
D)Secondary drives

Question 40

Greg cannot stand being cooped up in the house all day.He is happiest when he is outdoors engaging in some vigorous activity.His need for activity is a _________________.

A)primary drive
B)primary motive
C)stimulus drive
D)stimulus motive

Question 41

A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst.This psychologist's philosophy most closely matches _______ theory.

A)threshold
B)trait
C)homeostatic
D)drive reduction

Question 42

Bulimia is most common among which of the following?

A)females in their late teens and early 20's
B)middle-age females
C)adolescent males
D)both males and females in their late teens and early 20's

Question 43

What is the lowest need in Maslow's hierarchy?

A)physiological
B)safety
C)achievement
D)self-actualization

Question 44

The basis of drive theory is the principle of ________.

A)reinforcement
B)achievement
C)homeostasis
D)homeopathy

Question 45

The process by which the body maintains a balance or equilibrium in its internal environment is called ______.

A)neoteny
B)autoregulation
C)homeostasis
D)hypothalamus

Question 46

Thirst,sex,and hunger are examples of _______ drives.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)internalized
D)externalized

Question 47

A(n)_______ is an external stimulus that can motivate behavior even if no drive is initially present.

A)homeostatic mechanism
B)motor program
C)arousal mechanism
D)incentive

Question 48

The observation that people often seek stimulation and that not all motives are aroused by internal states contradicts the _______ theory of motivation.

A)incentive
B)drive-reduction
C)Gestalt
D)cognitive

Question 49

According to Maslow's hierarchy of motives theory,which one of the following needs must first be satisfied?

A)self-actualization
B)esteem needs
C)physiological needs
D)safety needs

Question 50

Homeostasis refers to:

A)realizing one's full potential.
B)a balanced state in the body's internal environment.
C)a state of optimum stimulation either above or below equilibrium.
D)the mechanism by which unconscious needs are satisfied.

Question 51

Maslow is associated with which of the following notions?

A)that when the body temperature falls,we are motivated to eat
B)that the motive to explore and manipulate is important for individual survival
C)that our motives are organized into a hierarchy
D)that some people are driven by the achievement motive

Question 52

According to __________ theory,the number of fat cells in the body is established during early childhood.

A)drive
B)caloric
C)hypothalamic
D)set-point

Question 53

Sweet taste seems to play a role in ___________.

A)stimulating eating
B)cutting calories
C)weight gain
D)stomach contractions

Question 54

Which motivational theorist is associated with the following assumption? "Before higher level needs can be addressed or acted on,one's lower level needs must be met."

A)Freud
B)Maslow
C)McClelland
D)Harlow

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT true about hunger?

A)It is a physiological motive.
B)It is a drive-reduction motive.
C)It is a social motive.
D)It is a motive common to most people.

Question 56

The concept of _______ replaced the concept of instinct in motivation theory.

A)purpose
B)optimal level of stimulation
C)drive reduction
D)homeostasis

Question 57

According to set-point theory,the size of fat cells is determined by:

A)heredity.
B)eating habits during adolescence and adulthood.
C)diet during the first two years of life.
D)the mother's diet before birth of the child.

Question 58

Investigators believe that the number of fat cells we have is determined partly by genetics and partly by our diet during:

A)the first two years of life.
B)adolescence.
C)the prenatal period.
D)the first five years of life.

Question 59

Dorothy is both hungry and thirsty.Which of the following is involved in both of these drives?

A)the hippocampus
B)spinal reflexes
C)the hypothalamus
D)the amygdala

Question 60

Considering external cues in obesity,which of the following statements is true?

A)Obese subjects ate more than thin subjects if the food tasted good.
B)Thin subjects increase food intake if the food is attractive.
C)Thin subjects increase food intake if the food is easily available.
D)Obese people will eat more than normal-weight people if the food is difficult to obtain.

Question 61

One of the least studied emotional expressions is ________.

A)hate
B)anger
C)love
D)fear

Question 62

Schacter-Singer's famous emotion experiment showed that:

A)physiological arousal came after emotional arousal.
B)a physiological aroused person will label his arousal as greater when people are duped or misled.
C)emotional arousal is greater when people are duped or misled.
D)emotions start in the cortex and are sent to one's internal organs.

Question 63

The correct order of Maslow's hierarchy of motives from most primitive to the most complex and human is _______.

A)safety,physiological,belongingness,esteem,self-actualization
B)physiological,esteem,self-actualization,safety,belongingness
C)physiological,esteem,safety,belongingness,self-actualization
D)physiological,safety,belongingness,esteem,self-actualization

Question 64

The statement,"If you expect something to make you feel bad,chances are it will" is reflective of which of the following theories of emotion?

A)somatic
B)Darwinian
C)appraisal
D)opponent-process

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a physiological reaction to fear?

A)increase in heart rate
B)muscle tension
C)slow-down of digestive function
D)reduction of epinephrine in the bloodstream

Question 66

Emotion is to affect as appraisal is to __________.

A)mood
B)arousal
C)interpretation
D)sense

Question 67

The study of body language is termed _________.

A)kinematics
B)kinesthesia
C)kinesis
D)kinetics

Question 68

Which of the following is the better predictor of psychological and physical health,according to Lazarus?

A)hassles
B)uplifts
C)life events
D)negative attitudes

Question 69

Which theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological processes and interpretation?

A)James-Lange theory
B)cognitive theory
C)activation theory
D)Cannon-Bard theory

Question 70

Speisman's 1964 study using a film on circumcision rites practiced by an aboriginal tribe showed that:

A)judgment of the event affects emotion.
B)emotion affects arousal.
C)labeling arousal causes one's emotion.
D)arousal precedes emotion.

Question 71

Bob tells Jan that he is feeling fine,but Jan doesn't believe him.What should she focus on to have the BEST chance of identifying any emotions Bob might be hiding?

A)his words
B)his body posture
C)his vocal intonations
D)his facial expressions

Question 72

The distance we place between ourselves and others is called __________.

A)kinesis
B)intimate space
C)personal space
D)interactive space

Question 73

Researchers have concluded that the ________ is/are the most important part of the body in nonverbal communication.

A)hands
B)face
C)legs
D)torso

Question 74

Affective states accompanied by physiological changes that often influence behavior are called __________.

A)motives
B)drives
C)emotions
D)traits

Question 75

Unpredictability is stressful because:

A)we don't know when "uplifts" will occur.
B)we must expect too much control.
C)we cannot plan for random events.
D)hassles cancel good effects of "uplifts."

Question 76

Abraham Maslow theorized that human needs are:

A)basically identical to those of animals.
B)arranged in a hierarchy of importance.
C)destined to conflict with one another at all times.
D)less important than emotions.

Question 77

Overall,research has indicated that __________ influences the amount of stress that people experience.

A)the seriousness of life events
B)degree of control people have over their lives
C)intelligence
D)physical health

Question 78

For Maslow,the most highly evolved motive is _______.

A)esteem
B)physiological need
C)intellectual need
D)self-actualization

Question 79

A careful examination of emotions can be traced back to ___________.

A)B.F.Skinnerian emotion
B)Charles Darwin
C)The Renaissance
D)World War I

Question 80

If you want to get people to do something for you,the best time to try to persuade them is when they are __________.

A)unemotional
B)scared
C)happy
D)emotionally aroused