Deck 16: GlM 5: Mixed Designs

Question 1

An experiment was done to compare the effect of having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone, having a conversation with an in-car passenger, and no distraction (baseline) on driving accuracy. Twenty participants from two different age groups (18-25 years and 26-40 years) took part. All participants in both age groups took part in all three conditions of the experiment (in counterbalanced order), and their driving accuracy was measured by a layperson who remained unaware of the experimental hypothesis.

-Which of the following output tables is not relevant for analysing the data from the current example?

A)Both tables are important for these data.
B)Mauchly's test.
C)Levene's test
D)Neither of the tables are important for these data.

Answer 1

Both tables are important for these data.

Question 2

Which of the following sentences is correct?

A)The greater the number of independent variables measured, the easier it is to interpret higher-order interactions.
B)The greater the number of independent variables measured, the more difficult it is to interpret higher-order interactions.
C)The greater the number of independent variables measured, the more difficult it is to interpret the lowest-order interaction(s).
D)The greater the number of independent variables measured, the easier it is to interpret the lowest-order interaction(s).

Answer 2

B

Question 3

An experiment was done to compare the effect of having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone, having a conversation with an in-car passenger, and no distraction (baseline) on driving accuracy. Twenty participants from two different age groups (18-25 years and 26-40 years) took part. All participants in both age groups took part in all three conditions of the experiment (in counterbalanced order), and their driving accuracy was measured by a layperson who remained unaware of the experimental hypothesis.

-Which of the following sentences is the correct interpretation of the interaction between distraction and age?

A)The age of the driver almost significantly interacted with the type of distraction, F(2, 36) = .36, p = .055.This effect tells us that profile of ratings of driving accuracy across the different types of distraction might have differed in the age groups.
B)The age of the driver did not significantly interact with the type of distraction, F(2, 36) = 1.05, p = .36.This effect tells us that profile of ratings of driving accuracy across the different types of distraction was similar for both age groups.
C)The age of the driver significantly interacted with the type of distraction, F(2, 36) = 45.95, p = .001.This effect tells us that profile of ratings of driving accuracy across the different types of distraction was different in the two age groups.
D)The interaction between age group and distraction group yielded a large effect.

Answer 3

The age of the driver did not significantly interact with the type of distraction, F(2, 36) = 1.05, p = .36.This effect tells us that profile of ratings of driving accuracy across the different types of distraction was similar for both age groups.

Question 4

An experiment was done to compare the effect of having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone, having a conversation with an in-car passenger, and no distraction (baseline) on driving accuracy. Twenty participants from two different age groups (18-25 years and 26-40 years) took part. All participants in both age groups took part in all three conditions of the experiment (in counterbalanced order), and their driving accuracy was measured by a layperson who remained unaware of the experimental hypothesis.

- Which of the following sentences regarding the results of the simple contrasts of the distraction variable is correct?

A)The second contrast tells us that driving was significantly different when having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone compared to when having no conversation, F(1, 18) = 105.81, p < .001.However, we cannot tell the direction of this effect without further analyses.
B)The second contrast tells us that driving was significantly more accurate when having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone compared to when having no conversation, F(1, 18) = 105.81, p < .001.
C)The second contrast tells us that driving was not significantly different when having a conversation with an in-car passenger compared to when having no conversation, F(1, 18) = 2.09, p = .855.
D)The second contrast tells us that driving was significantly less accurate when having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone compared to when having no conversation, F(1, 18) = 105.81, p < .001.

Question 5

Which of the following assumptions are relevant for mixed ANOVA?

A)All of these
B)Sphericity
C)Independence
D)Additivity and linearity

Question 6

An experiment was conducted to see how people with eating disorders differ in their need to exert control in different domains. Participants were classified as not having an eating disorder (control), as having anorexia nervosa (anorexic), or as having bulimia nervosa (bulimic). Each participant underwent an experiment that indicated how much they felt the need to exert control in three domains: eating, friendships and the physical world (this final category was a control domain in which the need to have control over things like gravity or the weather was assessed). So all participants gave three responses in the form of a mean reaction time; a low reaction time meant that the person did feel the need to exert control in that domain. The variables have been labelled as group (control, anorexic, or bulimic) and domain (food, friends, or physical laws).

- Looking at the output below, what can we conclude about the group × domain interaction effect?

A)The domain × group interaction was not significant, indicating that the degree to which people felt the need to exert control in a particular domain depended on whether they were anorexic, bulimic or a control participant, F(4, 54) = 3.27, p > .05.
B)The domain × group interaction was significant, indicating that the degree to which people felt the need to exert control in a particular domain was the same in anorexic, bulimic and control participants, F(3.10, 41.89) = 3.27, p < .05.
C)The domain × group interaction was not significant, indicating that the degree to which anorexic, bulimic and control participants felt the need to exert control in a particular domain was the same in the food, friends and physical law domains, F(2, 27) = 3.27, p = .053.
D)The domain × group interaction was significant, indicating that the degree to which people felt the need to exert control in a particular domain depended on whether they were anorexic, bulimic or a control participant, F(3.10, 41.89) = 3.27, p = .029.

Question 7

Mixed ANOVA:

A)Compares several means when there are two or more independent variables, and at least one of them has been measured using the same entities and at least one other has been measured using different entities.
B)Compares several means when there are two or more dependent variables, and at least one of them has been measured using the same entities and at least one other has been measured using different entities.
C)Compares two means from one independent variable that has been measured using different entities.
D)Compares several means when there are two or more independent variables, and at least one of them is a categorical variable and at least one other is a nominal variable.

Question 8

An experiment was done to compare the effect of having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone, having a conversation with an in-car passenger, and no distraction (baseline) on driving accuracy. Twenty participants from two different age groups (18-25 years and 26-40 years) took part. All participants in both age groups took part in all three conditions of the experiment (in counterbalanced order), and their driving accuracy was measured by a layperson who remained unaware of the experimental hypothesis.

-What does the following output table tell us about the age variable?
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Transformed Variable: Average
$\begin{array}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|}\hline\text { Source } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Type III Sum } \\\text { of Squares }\end{array} & \text { df } & \text { Mean Square } & {\text { F }} & {\text { Sig. }} & {\begin{array}{c}\text { Partial Eta } \\\text { Squared }\end{array}} \\\hline \text { Intercept } & 980.000 & 1 & 980.000 & 845.367 & .000 & .979 \\\text { Age } & 1.800 & 1 & 1.800 & 1.553 & .229 & .079 \\\text { Error } & 20.867 & 18 & 1.159 & & &\\\hline\end{array}$

A)If we ignore all other variables, the driving accuracy of participants who were between the ages of 18 and 25 years were similar to that of participants who were between the ages of 26 and 40 years.
B)If we ignore all other variables, participants who were between the ages of 18 and 25 years performed significantly differently than participants who were between the ages of 26 and 40 years.
C)Participants who were between the ages of 18 and 25 years were less accurate drivers than participants who were between the ages of 26 and 40 years.This was a large effect.
D)The decline in accuracy across the distraction groups was more pronounced for the younger drivers.

Question 9

An experiment was done to compare the effect of having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone, having a conversation with an in-car passenger, and no distraction (baseline) on driving accuracy. Twenty participants from two different age groups (18-25 years and 26-40 years) took part. All participants in both age groups took part in all three conditions of the experiment (in counterbalanced order), and their driving accuracy was measured by a layperson who remained unaware of the experimental hypothesis.

-Which of the following sentences regarding the output below is correct?

A)Variances are heterogeneous for all levels of the repeated-measures variable.
B)Sphericity can be assumed in all conditions.
C)None of the means in each driving condition differ from each other.
D)Variances are homogeneous for all levels of the repeated-measures variable.

Question 10

Field and Lawson (2003) reported the effects of giving children aged 7-9 years positive, negative or no information about novel animals (Australian marsupials). This variable was called 'Infotype'. The gender of the child was also examined. The outcome was the time taken for the children to put their hand in a box in which they believed either the positive, negative, or no information animal was housed (positive values = longer than average approach times, negative values = shorter than average approach times). Based on the output below, what could you conclude? $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE 1
$\begin{array}{|ll|r|r|r|r|r|} \hline & \text { Source } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Type III Sum } \\\text { of Squares }\end{array} &{\text { df }} & \text { Mean Square } & {\text { F }} &{\text { Sig. }} \\\hline \text { INFOTYPE } & \text { Sphericity Assumed } & 9.177 & 2 & 4.588 & 7.283 & .001 \\& \text { Greenhouse-Geisser } & 9.177 & 1.940 & 4.730 & 7.283 & .001 \\& \text { Huynh-Feldt } & 9.177 & 2.000 & 4.588 & 7.283 & .001 \\& \text { Lower-bound } & 9.177 & 1.000 & 9.177 & 7.283 & .010 \\\hline \text { INFOTYPE * GENDER } & \text { Sphericity Assumed } & .599 & 2 & .299 & .475 & .623 \\& \text { Greenhouse-Geisser } & .599 & 1.940 & .309 & .475 & .618 \\& \text { Huynh-Feldt } & .599 & 2.000 & .299 & .475 & .623 \\& \text { Lower-bound } & .599 & 1.000 & .599 & .475 & 495 \\\hline \text { Error(INFOTYPE) } & \text { Sphericity Assumed } & 51.664 & 82 & .630 & & \\& \text { Greenhouse-Geisser } & 51.664 & 79.544 & .650 & & \\& \text { Huynh-Feldt } & 51.664 & 82.000 & 630 & &\\\hline\end{array}$ $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Transformed Variable: Average
$\begin{array}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|}\hline \text { Source } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Type III Sum } \\\text { of Squares }\end{array} & {\text { df }} & \text { Mean Square } &{\text { F }} & {\text { Sig. }} \\\hline \text { Intercept } & 2.034 \mathrm{E}-02 & 1 & 2.034 \mathrm{E}-02 & .049 & 826 \\\text { GENDER } & 1.822 \mathrm{E}-03 & 1 & 1.822 \mathrm{E}-03 & 004 & .948 \\\text { Error } & 17.109 & 41 & -417 & & \\\hline\end{array}$

A)Approach times were significantly different for the boxes containing the different animals, and the pattern of results was affected by gender.
B)Approach times were not significantly different for the boxes containing the different animals, but the pattern of results was affected by gender.
C)Approach times were not significantly different for the boxes containing the different animals, but the pattern of results was unaffected by gender.
D)Approach times were significantly different for the boxes containing the different animals, but the pattern of results was unaffected by gender.

Question 11

An experiment was conducted to see how people with eating disorders differ in their need to exert control in different domains. Participants were classified as not having an eating disorder (control), as having anorexia nervosa (anorexic), or as having bulimia nervosa (bulimic). Each participant underwent an experiment that indicated how much they felt the need to exert control in three domains: eating, friendships and the physical world (this final category was a control domain in which the need to have control over things like gravity or the weather was assessed). So all participants gave three responses in the form of a mean reaction time; a low reaction time meant that the person did feel the need to exert control in that domain. The variables have been labelled as group (control, anorexic, or bulimic) and domain (food, friends, or physical laws).

-Of the following options, which analysis should be conducted?

A)Two-way mixed ANOVA
B)Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.
C)Three-way independent ANOVA
D)Analysis of covariance

Question 12

An experiment was conducted to see how people with eating disorders differ in their need to exert control in different domains. Participants were classified as not having an eating disorder (control), as having anorexia nervosa (anorexic), or as having bulimia nervosa (bulimic). Each participant underwent an experiment that indicated how much they felt the need to exert control in three domains: eating, friendships and the physical world (this final category was a control domain in which the need to have control over things like gravity or the weather was assessed). So all participants gave three responses in the form of a mean reaction time; a low reaction time meant that the person did feel the need to exert control in that domain. The variables have been labelled as group (control, anorexic, or bulimic) and domain (food, friends, or physical laws).

- Looking at the output below, what can we conclude about the main effect of the group variable?

A)People with eating disorders need to exert more control over different domains of their life, F(2, 27) = 0.93, p < .05.
B)People with eating disorders significantly differ in their need to exert control over food, F(2, 27) = 0.93, p > .05.
C)People with eating disorders need to exert significantly more control over different domains of their life than people without eating disorders, F(1, 27) = 2029.76, p < .001.
D)When ignoring the type of domain, people who differ with regard to eating disorders did not significantly differ in their need to exert control, F(2, 27) = 0.93, p = .405.

Question 13

An experiment was done to compare the effect of having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone, having a conversation with an in-car passenger, and no distraction (baseline) on driving accuracy. Twenty participants from two different age groups (18-25 years and 26-40 years) took part. All participants in both age groups took part in all three conditions of the experiment (in counterbalanced order), and their driving accuracy was measured by a layperson who remained unaware of the experimental hypothesis.

-Which of the following would be the most appropriate method for analysing these data?

A)Two-way independent ANOVA
B)Two-way mixed ANOVA
C)Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA
D)One-way repeated-measures ANOVA

Question 14

An experiment was done to compare the effect of having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone, having a conversation with an in-car passenger, and no distraction (baseline) on driving accuracy. Twenty participants from two different age groups (18-25 years and 26-40 years) took part. All participants in both age groups took part in all three conditions of the experiment (in counterbalanced order), and their driving accuracy was measured by a layperson who remained unaware of the experimental hypothesis.

-Which of the following sentences regarding the results of the simple contrasts of the distraction variable is correct?

A)The first contrast tells us that driving accuracy was not significantly different when having a conversation with a passenger compared to when having no conversation, F(1, 18) = .03, p = .87.
B)The first contrast tells us that driving accuracy was not significantly different when having a conversation with a passenger compared to having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone, F(1, 18) = .03, p < .87.
C)The first contrast tells us that driving accuracy was significantly different when having a conversation with a passenger compared to when having no conversations, F(1, 18) = .03, p = .001.
D)The first contrast tells us that driving accuracy was significantly different when having a conversation with a passenger compared to having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone, F(1, 18) = .03, p < .87.

Question 15

A three-way ANOVA:

A)Is also known as a mixed-design ANOVA.
B)Requires equal sample sizes in each group.
C)Looks at the differences between means across three independent variables.
D)Is more robust than a one-way independent ANOVA.

Question 16

An experiment was done to compare the effect of having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone, having a conversation with an in-car passenger, and no distraction (baseline) on driving accuracy. Twenty participants from two different age groups (18-25 years and 26-40 years) took part. All participants in both age groups took part in all three conditions of the experiment (in counterbalanced order), and their driving accuracy was measured by a layperson who remained unaware of the experimental hypothesis.

-Which of the following sentences is the correct interpretation of the main effect of distraction?

A)There was a significant main effect of distraction, F(2, 36) = 45.95, p < .001.This effect tells us that driving accuracy was different for no distraction, hands-free conversation and in-car passenger conversation in the two age groups.
B)There was no significant main effect of distraction, F(2, 36) = 45.95, p > .05.This effect tells us that none of the distraction groups significantly distracted participants across both age groups.
C)There was a significant main effect of distraction, F(2, 36) = 45.95, p < .001.This effect tells us that if we ignore the effect of age, driving accuracy was significantly different in at least two of the distraction groups.
D)There was no significant main effect of distraction, F(2, 36) = 45.95, p = .719.This effect tells us that if we ignore the effect of age, driving accuracy was the same for no distraction, hands-free conversation and in-car passenger conversation.

Question 17

An experiment was done to compare the effect of having a conversation via a hands-free mobile phone, having a conversation with an in-car passenger, and no distraction (baseline) on driving accuracy. Twenty participants from two different age groups (18-25 years and 26-40 years) took part. All participants in both age groups took part in all three conditions of the experiment (in counterbalanced order), and their driving accuracy was measured by a layperson who remained unaware of the experimental hypothesis.

-Which of the following sentences regarding the output below is correct?

A)The output shows that the assumption of sphericity has been violated, $\chi$ ² (2) = 0.81, p = .17.
B)The output shows that the assumption of sphericity has been violated, $\chi$ ² (2) = 3.58, p > .05.
C)The output shows that the assumption of sphericity has been met, $\chi$ ² (2) = 0.81, p > .05.
D)The output shows that the assumption of sphericity has been met, $\chi$ ²(2) = 3.58, p = .17.

Question 18

An experiment was conducted to see how people with eating disorders differ in their need to exert control in different domains. Participants were classified as not having an eating disorder (control ), as having anorexia nervosa (anorexic), or as having bulimia nervosa (bulimic ). Each participant underwent an experiment that indicated how much they felt the need to exert control in three domains: eating, friendships and the physical world (this final category was a control domain in which the need to have control over things like gravity or the weather was assessed ). So all participants gave three responses in the form of a mean reaction time; a low reaction time meant that the person did feel the need to exert control in that domain. The variables have been labelled as group (control, anorexic, or bulimic ) and domain (food, friends, or physical laws).

-Looking at the output below, what can we conclude about the main effect of the domain variable?

A)People with eating disorders need to exert more control over different domains of their life compared to controls, F(1.55, 41.89) = 8.02, p < .01.
B)There was a significant effect of domain, F(1.55, 41.89) = 8.02, p = .001, on the degree to which people felt the need to exert control.
C)There was a significant effect of domain, F(2, 54) = 8.02, p < .01, on the degree to which people felt the need to exert control.
D)There was not a significant effect of domain, F(2, 54) = 8.02, p < .05, on the degree to which people felt the need to exert control.

Question 19

Field and Lawson (2003) reported the effects of giving children aged 7-9 years positive, negative or no information about novel animals (Australian marsupials). This variable was called 'Infotype'. The gender of the child was also examined. The outcome was the time taken for the children to put their hand in a box in which they believed either the positive, negative, or no information animal was housed (positive values = longer than average approach times, negative values = shorter than average approach times). Some simple contrasts were performed on the data. Based on the SPSS output given, which of the following statements is true? (Levels of Infotype were entered in the following order: negative information, positive information, no information).
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE 1
$\begin{array}{|ll|r|r|r|r|r|}\hline\text { Source } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Type III Sum } \\\text { of Squares }\end{array} & {\text { df }} & \text { Mean Square } &{\text { F }} & {\text { Sig. }} \\\hline \text { INFOTYPE } & \text { Sphericity Assumed } & 9.177 & 2 & 4.588 & 7.283 & .001 \\& \text { Greenhouse-Geisser } & 9.177 & 1.940 & 4.730 & 7.283 & .001 \\& \text { Huynh-Feldt } & 9.177 & 2.000 & 4.588 & 7.283 & .001 \\& \text { Lower-bound } & 9.177 & 1.000 & 9.177 & 7.283 & .010 \\\hline \text { INFOTYPE * GENDER } & \text { Sphericity Assumed } & .599 & 2 & .299 & .475 & .623 \\& \text { Greenhouse-Geisser } & .599 & 1.940 & .309 & .475 & .618 \\& \text { Huynh-Feldt } & .599 & 2.000 & .299 & .475 & .623 \\& \text { Lower-bound } & .599 & 1.000 & 599 & 475 & 495 \\\hline \text { Error(INFOTYPE) } & \text { Sphericity Assumed } & 51.664 & 82 & .630 & & \\& \text { Greenhouse-Geisser } & 51.664 & 79.544 & 650 & & \\& \text { Huynh-Feldt } & 51.664 & 82.000 & 630 & & \\& \text { Lower-bound } & 51.664 & 41.000 & 1.260 & & \\\hline\end{array}$
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Transformed Variable: Average
$\begin{array}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|}\hline \text { Source } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Type III Sum } \\\text { of Squares }\end{array} &{\text { dif }} & \text { Mean Square } & {\text { F }} &{\text { Sig. }} \\\hline \text { Intercept } & 2.034 \mathrm{E}-02 & 1 & 2.034 \mathrm{E}-02 & .049 & .826 \\\text { GENDER } & 1.822 \mathrm{E}-03 & 1 & 1.822 \mathrm{E}-03 & .004 & .948 \\\text { Error } & 17.109 & 41 & 417 & & \\\hline\end{array}$
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts
Measure: MEASURE 1
$\begin{array}{|ll|r|r|r|r|r|}\hline \text { Source } & \text { INFOTYPE } & \begin{array}{c}\text { Type II Sum } \\\text { of Squares }\end{array} & \text { df } & \text { Mean Square } &{\text { F }} & {\text { Sig. }} \\\hline \text { INFOTYPE } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 11.090 & 1 & 11.090 & 8.762 & .005 \\& \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 447 & 1 & 447 & 420 & .521 \\\hline \text { INFOTYPE * GENDER } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 1.177 & 1 & 1.177 & 930 & 341 \\& \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 174 & 1 & 174 & .163 & .688 \\\hline \text { Error(INFOTYPE) } & \text { Level 1 vs. Level 3 } & 51.896 & 41 & 1.266 & & \\& \text { Level 2 vs. Level 3 } & 43.689 & 41 & 1.066 & & \\\hline\end{array}$

A)Approach times for the box containing the positive animal were significantly shorter to the box containing the control (no information) animal.
B)The profile of results were different for boys and girls.
C)Approach times for the box containing the negative animal were significantly longer than for the box containing the control (no information) animal.
D)Approach times for the box containing the negative animal were not significantly different from those for the box containing the positive information animal.