Deck 13: The Age of Dissent and Division,1500-1564

Question 1

The sale of indulgences was considered by many to be a heresy known as:

A)simony.
B)usury.
C)adultery.
D)covetousness.
E)gluttony.

Answer 1

simony.

Question 2

Luther's religious reforms included all of the following EXCEPT:

A)reducing the number of sacraments from seven to two.
B)denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord's Supper.
C)changing the language used for worship in Germany from Latin to German.
D)allowing priests to marry.
E)belief in the absolute authority of Scripture.

Answer 2

denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord's Supper.

Question 3

Lutheranism would not have survived and flourished without the support of:

A)Luther's wife,Katharina von Bora.
B)some German princes.
C)the papacy.
D)the Holy Roman Emperor,Charles V.
E)the bishop of Magdeburg,Albert of Hohenzollern.

Answer 3

some German princes.

Question 4

Aside from religious motivations,many free cities in the Holy Roman Empire found Lutheranism appealing because:

A)free cities possessed enough military power to ignore the dictates of local princes and the Holy Roman Emperor.
B)Lutherans supported the construction of new monasteries,which enhanced the wealth and prestige of the merchant class.
C)town councils and guild masters could use reforms as a way to oppose local aristocrats and bishops.
D)Catholic dogma had never been too appealing to educated urban elites.
E)Lutheranism taught the same basic beliefs as the merchants of the free cities did in their guilds.

Question 5

Luther's writings and actions were condemned by:

A)Innocent III.
B)Gregory VII.
C)Martin V.
D)Leo X.
E)John Calvin.

Question 6

Luther's father planned for him to become:

A)a priest.
B)a teacher.
C)a monk.
D)an attorney.
E)a bureaucrat.

Question 7

One reason why Luther was able to win great public support for his position was the introduction of:

A)new sacraments into his religious worship.
B)printed pamphlets to disseminate his views.
C)married clergy.
D)additional feast days into the religious calendar.
E)redistribution of Church lands to the peasants.

Question 8

Luther believed that works of piety and charity were:

A)vital acts that determined a Christian's state before God.
B)not important in the life of a Christian.
C)visible signs of each person's invisible spiritual state.
D)unnecessary after Pope Sixtus IV more clearly defined the Treasury of Merits.
E)only necessary for unbelievers who wanted a chance at salvation.

Question 9

Luther was driven to post his Ninety-five Theses by:

A)the sale of three bishoprics to Albert of Hohenzollern.
B)Pope Leo X's statement that all people who wished salvation should buy indulgences.
C)the corruption of the Augustinian canons among whom he lived.
D)the sale of indulgences in his region,which promised less time in purgatory.
E)the sale of indulgences in his region,which promised automatic salvation.

Question 10

Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith" meant that:

A)humans are only made worthy of salvation by their faith in God.
B)humans are only made worthy of salvation by the good works they do.
C)faith in God can be justified by reason.
D)everyone who participates faithfully in the services of the Church will be saved.
E)faith can be justified only by the good works an individual does during his or her life.

Question 11

Many graduates of universities in Germany became supporters of Luther because:

A)they were taught Lutheran principles during their degree.
B)they wanted to support the religious movement of one of their countrymen.
C)their local lord had asked them to support Luther.
D)Luther had been their instructor during their training.
E)German graduates rarely found employment with the Catholic Church and so were not disposed to support it.

Question 12

The German Peasants' Revolt of 1525:

A)was initially supported by Martin Luther,until it became too violent.
B)was supported by Martin Luther thoroughly until its successful conclusion in November 1525.
C)did not have any impact on the religious evolution of Germany because it was not motivated by religious issues.
D)was ruthlessly suppressed by the emperor Charles V.
E)cemented the alliance of Lutheranism with state power.

Question 13

The term Protestant means:

A)dissenting.
B)reforming.
C)protecting.
D)witnessing.
E)worshiping.

Question 14

Luther's Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to the:

A)building of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.
B)corruption of the late-medieval papacy.
C)Church's inability to appoint abbots and new bishops in the Holy Roman Empire.
D)doctrine of indulgences and the misunderstandings that arose from that doctrine.
E)sale of church offices by the papacy.

Question 15

Luther's doctrine of the "priesthood of all believers" argued that:

A)everyone,even priests,were equal before God.
B)all Christians should be monks or nuns.
C)devotion should no longer be communal but private.
D)whatever the majority of Christians believed should become Church doctrine.
E)church teachings and scripture were unimportant in the formulation of doctrine.

Question 16

Lutheranism was attractive to many princes in Germany because:

A)they shared Luther's religious beliefs absolutely.
B)they had a deep respect for Luther's bravery in the face of intense criticism from the papacy.
C)they believed that the new faith would give them more control over religious policies,personnel,and wealth in their territories.
D)they believed that economic production in their territories would increase due to the Protestant work ethic.
E)the Holy Roman Emperor had adopted the faith.

Question 17

Many peasants were drawn to Protestantism because:

A)they hoped it would lead to greater social equality.
B)they hoped to have access to leadership positions in the church.
C)they had lost faith in the Catholic Church.
D)Protestantism taught that everyone attained salvation.
E)they believed the Catholic Church only cared about the wealthy.

Question 18

As a young monk,Luther:

A)was confident that he would be saved by God because he did so many good works.
B)believed that a corrupt Church could not save his soul.
C)was diligent in his duties and was not concerned with theology;that would come later.
D)avoided confession because he thought it was unnecessary for salvation.
E)was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation.

Question 19

Luther believed that people were saved by:

A)faith in God alone.
B)God's grace alone.
C)good works alone.
D)going to confession and receiving the Eucharist regularly.
E)receiving the sacrament of last rites.

Question 20

Luther believed that the only true sacraments were Baptism and the Eucharist because:

A)early Christian theologians had agreed.
B)Paul of Tarsus stated as much in his letter to the Romans.
C)both were instituted by Jesus.
D)both were observed at the birth of Jesus.
E)God appeared to him in a vision and said so.

Question 21

Calvinism was carried to Scotland by:

A)Martin Luther.
B)John Calvin.
C)John Wycliffe.
D)John Knox.
E)Thomas Cranmer.

Question 22

After 1525,Protestantism was "domesticated" by becoming more politically conservative and by focusing on:

A)the reform of monastic institutions.
B)educational opportunities for women and children.
C)the patriarchal family as the central institution of reformed life.
D)a compromise with Anabaptist leaders and believers.
E)doctrinal matters to ensure all denominations followed the same sacraments.

Question 23

The Mennonites had their most immediate theological origins in:

A)Roman Catholicism.
B)Lutheranism.
C)Anabaptism.
D)Calvinism.
E)Zwinglism.

Question 24

The only child of Henry and Catherine to live to adulthood was:

A)Mary.
B)Elizabeth.
C)Anne.
D)Edward.
E)James.

Question 25

In comparison to Lutheranism,Calvinism was much more:

A)hierarchical in its structures of church government.
B)emotional in its piety.
C)passive toward the world and its problems.
D)authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality.
E)relaxed in its imposition of morality on individuals.

Question 26

By the sixteenth century,both Protestant and Catholic cities were:

A)instituting policies that encouraged late marriages.
B)instituting strict governmental supervision of morality.
C)founding brothels that were administered by city officials.
D)instituting rules that required believers to attend at least one church service a week.
E)founding churches of both faiths within their walls.

Question 27

Protestant authority figures from fathers to secular rulers had a responsibility to discipline those under their control because Protestant belief taught that:

A)those in positions of authority were directly responsible for the salvation of others.
B)obedience to authority had to be taught from an early age.
C)regular discipline was required to open one's mind to God's will.
D)undisciplined people tended toward doing evil and could thus destroy human society.
E)undisciplined people failed to respect the natural social hierarchy.

Question 28

Calvin's theology emphasized first and foremost:

A)the absolute obedience owed to the Consistory.
B)membership in the Calvinist church.
C)the importance of proper conduct in the world.
D)the paradox that some are predestined to heaven and others to hell.
E)the sovereignty and omnipotence of God.

Question 29

Lutheranism became a state religion in:

A)Italy.
B)Spain.
C)Poland.
D)England.
E)Denmark.

Question 30

The settlement reached via the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 was that:

A)Germany would remain Catholic as the Holy Roman Emperor was Catholic.
B)Germany would adopt the Lutheran faith against the Holy Roman Emperor's wishes.
C)the cities of Germany would have both Lutheran and Catholic churches.
D)each individual person in the Holy Roman Empire could choose to be either Lutheran or Catholic.
E)each German prince would rule a territory that was Catholic or Lutheran based on his own choice of faith.

Question 31

In contrast to Lutherans,Zwinglians,and Calvinists,Anabaptists:

A)believed that only adults should be baptized,not children.
B)believed that everyone should belong to a single,universal church.
C)supported religious revolution,through violence if necessary.
D)believed that all seven traditional sacraments of the Church should be maintained.
E)maintained a celibate priesthood.

Question 32

When Henry married Anne Boleyn,

A)she had already given birth to his son.
B)he was still married to Catherine.
C)she had already given birth to his daughter.
D)he was immediately excommunicated by the pope.
E)he had been granted a divorce from Catherine.

Question 33

Why would Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn?

A)Because the Catholic Church does not permit divorce and remarriage under any circumstance whatsoever.
B)Because the pope believed Henry's marriage to Catherine was valid.
C)Because the pope wanted the Tudor dynasty to come to an end.
D)Because Catherine's nephew,Emperor Charles V,controlled Rome at the time and disapproved of Henry's request for an annulment.
E)Because the pope believed such a union would be sinful as Anne was Catherine's sister.

Question 34

The main function of the Calvinist Consistory of Geneva was to:

A)supervise the churches of Geneva.
B)supervise public and private morals.
C)enforce laws against crime.
D)organize the city's defenses against its enemies.
E)run the secular government while Calvin looked to the spiritual and moral needs of people.

Question 35

Ultimately,Thomas Cranmer was:

A)appointed pope.
B)burned at the stake.
C)given a high position within the English court.
D)forced into exile in France.
E)arrested and sentenced to life in prison.

Question 36

With respect to salvation,Calvin argued:

A)God alone chose who was saved and who was damned and one's fate could not be changed.
B)good works could allow a person to merit salvation.
C)anyone who believed in God would be saved.
D)God determined who was saved and who was damned but one's fate could be changed.
E)all members of the Calvinist Church would be saved.

Question 37

Protestantism introduced a new exemplar of female holiness,the:

A)goodwife.
B)nurse.
C)nun.
D)mystic.
E)missionary.

Question 38

For Zwingli,the Eucharist:

A)offered Christ's real presence through the communion elements.
B)was an important commemoration of Christ's historical sacrifice on the cross.
C)was the one Roman Catholic sacrament that did not need to be reformed.
D)was a corrupt rite that no longer needed to be celebrated in Christian churches.
E)was a sacrament that had no basis in Scripture.

Question 39

In the first few years after Calvin took over Geneva,executions were:

A)prohibited by church law.
B)carried out for a number of minor offenses.
C)carried out relatively frequently for offenses that were considered heresies.
D)only carried out against women accused of witchcraft.
E)only carried out for adultery.

Question 40

Henry requested an annulment from Catherine on the grounds that she:

A)was an unfit mother.
B)had been unfaithful.
C)was not morally fit to be queen.
D)had been married to his brother.
E)had been married to his father.

Question 41

The Peace of Augsburg (1555)created both tolerance and intolerance of religion.

Question 42

Although Elizabeth I began her reign by striking a balance between Catholic and Protestant doctrines and practices,England became more Protestant during her rule because:

A)Elizabeth herself became more convinced of the truth of Protestant doctrines.
B)the few Catholics who had remained in England after Mary's death left England.
C)Protestant belief became an integral part of English national identity.
D)an important center for Protestant theology was founded at Oxford.
E)Elizabeth allowed Protestant Huguenots exiled from France to take refuge in England.

Question 43

The primary activities of the new Jesuit Order were:

A)studying theology and preaching in the cities of Europe.
B)learning canon law and staffing the Inquisitions in the New World.
C)founding schools and being missionaries.
D)private devotion and prayers for the common good.
E)being parish priests and hearing confessions.

Question 44

In Calvinist Geneva,inns were the only places citizens were allowed to eat or drink without saying grace or to stay up after nine o'clock in the evening.

Question 45

At the Council of Trent,the Catholic Church:

A)modified many of its doctrines to make them more difficult for Protestants to attack.
B)reaffirmed almost all of the doctrinal claims that Protestants criticized.
C)condemned the doctrine of indulgences.
D)declared the supremacy of a general council over even the pope.
E)reaffirmed the doctrines of indulgences and papal supremacy,but rejected most of the doctrines to which Protestants had objected.

Question 46

The popes of the Counter-Reformation period were noted for their:

A)ability to administer the Church ably.
B)ineffectiveness against Protestantism.
C)inability to find able administrators.
D)self-indulgent lifestyles.
E)austere withdrawal from worldly affairs.

Question 47

In Calvinism,the Eucharist rather than the sermon was the center of worship.

Question 48

The fusion of Protestantism and English nationalism was aided by:

A)the English victory over the Spanish Armada.
B)the death of Elizabeth I.
C)the ascension of James I to the throne.
D)the death of Mary.
E)the death of Henry.

Question 49

Luther was a professor of theology at:

A)Vienna.
B)Rostock.
C)Cologne.
D)Wittenberg.
E)Leipzig.

Question 50

Protestants believed that people were naturally good.

Question 51

Luther believed every Christian should be able to read the Bible in his or her language.

Question 52

Johann Tetzel was the pope at the time that Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses.

Question 53

Luther wrote in his On Temporal Authority that all rulers must be obeyed,even tyrants.

Question 54

Like Luther,Zwingli believed that Christ was actually present during the Eucharist.

Question 55

The Index of Prohibited Books was a list of:

A)books that were removed from the Bible.
B)scandalous accounts of the private lives of popes.
C)books that good Catholics could not read.
D)theological works that were not considered spiritually authoritative.
E)Luther's earlier writings.

Question 56

The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's holdings were so vast that he was willing to let local officials decide whether a particular territory would practice Catholicism or Lutheranism.

Question 57

The term Reformation is a misleading one for the religious movement begun by Luther.

Question 58

Loyola's Spiritual Exercises offers an interesting contrast to Luther's writings because in Loyola's work:

A)it is not possible to discern sinful behavior from moral behavior.
B)the pope,not Jesus Christ,is the central focus of meditation.
C)Christians must accept their limited abilities and rely on God's grace.
D)Christians can master their will and work toward their salvation.
E)Christians should remove themselves completely from the world and devote their lives to meditation.

Question 59

In attempting to restore Catholicism in England,Queen Mary did all of the following EXCEPT:

A)burn Protestant leaders at the stake.
B)prohibit priests from marrying.
C)restore the Latin Mass.
D)convince Parliament to accept papal authority over the Church of England.
E)restore the property of monasteries and convents.

Question 60

In general,the reformed Catholic Church was:

A)more tolerant than Protestantism.
B)less tolerant than it had been in prior years.
C)more tolerant than it had been in prior years.
D)welcoming of other beliefs and ideas.
E)welcoming toward women who wanted to enter the priesthood.

Question 61

What roles were available to women of the Protestant faith?

Question 62

Is the term Reformation a suitable one to describe the religious movement led by Luther?

Question 63

Why was Queen Mary's attempt at a Counter-Reformation unsuccessful?

Question 64

England became a Protestant country under Henry VIII.

Question 65

Why were Luther's ideas particularly appealing to Germany?

Question 66

In what ways was the relationship between Luther and the German princes a symbiotic one?

Question 67

How was the question of national religion in England resolved?

Question 68

At the Council of Trent,Church prelates confirmed that the Bible was the only source of Christian truth.

Question 69

What factors led to the English Reformation?

Question 70

How did Ignatius of Loyola influence Christianity?

Question 71

Protestantism emphasized the necessity of obedience to authority figures.

Question 72

What was the outcome of the confrontation with Tetzel,and what was the impact on Luther's ideals of reformation?

Question 73

The Index of Prohibited Books included works by the Catholic humanist Erasmus.

Question 74

What were the outcomes of the Council of Trent?

Question 75

The pope hesitated to give Henry an annulment because he feared it would provoke Emperor Charles V.