Deck 10: The Medieval World,1250-1350

Question 1

While the Mongol empire covered one-fifth of the world's surface,Kublai Khan primarily ruled:

A)China and Mongolia.
B)India.
C)northern Africa.
D)Arabia.
E)Greenland.

Answer 1

China and Mongolia.

Question 2

The ornate textiles and other works of art that characterized the Pax Mongolica were often the work of:

A)slaves.
B)art teachers.
C)young girls.
D)soldiers.
E)scholars.

Answer 2

slaves.

Question 3

Why did the Pax Mongolica come to an end?

A)Conflict between rival trading groups increased and violence broke out.
B)The Mongols lost control of the Silk Road to the Chinese.
C)The Mongols began to push further West into Europe and war broke out.
D)The Mamluk sultanate of Egypt began attacking caravans on the Silk Road.
E)The Mongols converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and so closed the Silk Road to Western Roman Catholics.

Answer 3

Conflict between rival trading groups increased and violence broke out.

Question 4

The first European colonies established outside of Europe geographically were in the:

A)Indian Ocean.
B)Pacific Ocean.
C)Caribbean Sea.
D)Atlantic Ocean.
E)Arctic Ocean.

Question 5

Portugal colonized which islands that became the starting point for expeditions along the western coast of Africa?

A)Hebrides
B)Maritime
C)Aleutian
D)Canary
E)Philippine

Question 6

In 1258,Mongol invaders destroyed this capital of the Abbasid Caliphate:

A)Constantinople.
B)Antioch.
C)Samarkand.
D)Tashkent.
E)Baghdad.

Question 7

The commerce that occurred as a result of the Pax Mongolica was facilitated by the introduction of:

A)double-entry bookkeeping and early forms of credit transfers.
B)Roman numerals into European accounting.
C)abacuses and standardized coins used across Europe.
D)receipts and bookkeeping ledgers.
E)manuals to facilitate trade along the Silk Road.

Question 8

In 1268,which Crusader State fell to the Mongols?

A)Constantinople
B)Antioch
C)Edessa
D)Jerusalem
E)Acre

Question 9

Long-distance trade in the thirteenth century usually occurred:

A)because Venetian merchants regularly sailed from Italy to India.
B)on long-distance caravans that traveled from Europe to China along the Silk Road.
C)through a series of interlocking trade networks.
D)only after the fall of the Mongol empire.
E)only after the foundation of the Ottoman empire.

Question 10

After conquering territory in what is now Iraq,Iran,Pakistan,Afghanistan,Armenia,and Anatolia,the Mongols who controlled this territory,called the Ilkhanate,converted to:

A)Roman Catholicism.
B)Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
C)Judaism.
D)Zoroastrianism.
E)Islam.

Question 11

The leader who united the Mongol tribes and began the conquest of China was named:

A)Qubilai Khan.
B)Ögedei Khan.
C)Temüjin,who took the title Genghis Khan.
D)Timur the Lame (Tamerlane).
E)Lin Pao Khan.

Question 12

Mongol governance was directed toward:

A)ensuring absolute rule over all subject territories.
B)creating a stable staffed by Mongols in all subject territories.
C)securing tribute from subject territories.
D)instituting taxes on trade and commerce in all subject territories.
E)centralizing control in a single ruler.

Question 13

In the early twelfth century,Genghis Khan quickly built up a large military force by:

A)offering land in exchange for military service.
B)uniting with the Mughal empire of India.
C)peacefully merging with the Chin dynasty in western China.
D)defeating Poland,Hungary,and eastern Germany.
E)incorporating the warriors of defeated tribes into his own army.

Question 14

The Moroccan adventurer Ibn Battuta traveled roughly 75,000 miles,a journey that began with:

A)Mecca.
B)London.
C)Paris.
D)Constantinople.
E)Alexandria.

Question 15

The Vikings did not permanently colonize the eastern coast of North America in part because:

A)eastern North America had no goods of interest to the Vikings.
B)their ships could not carry goods easily from North America to Europe.
C)it was too cold in northern North America to contemplate permanent residence.
D)they could find no land suitable for farming.
E)Viking relations with the indigenous people of North America were not peaceful.

Question 16

Increasing European interest in African gold was driven by:

A)declining gold prices.
B)the discovery of large gold deposits in Europe.
C)increasing demand for bulk goods from Asia.
D)decreasing demand for silver in Europe.
E)increasing demand for expensive luxury goods in Europe.

Question 17

Mongol expansion marked the end of:

A)the power of the Roman Empire.
B)the Catholic Church.
C)numerous important Muslim cities.
D)the Renaissance.
E)barbarian invasions of northern Europe.

Question 18

Unlike most contemporary European rulers,Mongol khans were:

A)deeply religious.
B)monogamous.
C)tolerant of other religions.
D)highly educated.
E)unskilled in battle.

Question 19

In the thirteenth century,Moscow became an important center because:

A)Muscovite dukes conquered much of Siberia.
B)it became a center of trade for both eastern and western merchants.
C)it became a tribute-collecting center for the Mongol Khanate.
D)it became a leading intellectual center for the study of Greek texts.
E)it became the site of an annual meeting for the leaders of various Mongol territories.

Question 20

Linguistically and ethnically,the Mongols were most closely related to the:

A)Chinese.
B)Turks.
C)Russians.
D)Persians.
E)Siberians.

Question 21

Time became standardized in the fourteenth century due to:

A)most towns agreeing that only one church bell would ring the hours.
B)the increased use of sundials.
C)the invention and proliferation of mechanical clocks.
D)the recent adoption of Islamic methods of timekeeping.
E)the standardization of candles,which burned hour by hour.

Question 22

As the power of the papacy weakened after 1250,popular piety:

A)decreased dramatically.
B)became formulaic as people used old and tired rituals.
C)became technically heretical as the papacy no longer had the moral authority to effectively lead Christians in Europe.
D)became markedly less spiritual and meditative.
E)found its most creative forms of expression.

Question 23

The medieval doctrine of transubstantiation taught that:

A)when Christ became human he had two natures.
B)people became fully human only when baptized.
C)the Eucharist became the body and blood of Christ during Mass.
D)Christ never became fully human.
E)people would rise from the earth on Judgment Day.

Question 24

Sovereignty can be defined as:

A)sharing governmental power over a given territory.
B)the ability of a country to attack other countries.
C)the ability of a king to control his nobles.
D)the ability to control a defined territory without challenge.
E)the ability of townspeople to act independently of a king or local lord.

Question 25

By the mid-thirteenth century,the pope called some Crusades in order to:

A)try to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule.
B)fight against non-Christian peoples in the north of Russia.
C)defend Venice from attacks from the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt.
D)support the political needs of the papacy.
E)defend Europe's borders in the East from invasion by the Mongols.

Question 26

Although Louis IX's attempts at crusading were failures,they cemented his reputation as a:

A)bad military strategist and king.
B)lover of lost causes.
C)self-absorbed king who cared little about his subjects.
D)relic-hunter.
E)protector of the Church.

Question 27

European art of the thirteenth century reflected a renewed interest in:

A)the saints.
B)portraits.
C)children.
D)biblical stories.
E)nature.

Question 28

The name "The Babylonian Captivity" for the Avignon papacy references the:

A)exile of Christians from Roman citizenship in the first three centuries c.e.
B)exile of Christians from the Levant (ancient Babylonia)after Saladin's victory at the Horns of Hattin in 1187 c.e.
C)exile of Christians from Spain after the Muslim conquest in the 700 c.e.
D)exile of the Jews in Babylon during the sixth century b.c.e.
E)diaspora of the Jews after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 c.e.

Question 29

Sovereignty implies governmental control over:

A)peoples.
B)space.
C)farming.
D)the Church.
E)towns.

Question 30

Dante's choice to write much of his work in Italian:

A)led other scholars to revert to Latin when writing social critiques.
B)revolutionized vernacular literature in Italy.
C)meant that his work would not be read outside of Italy.
D)forced universities to begin teaching in Italian rather than Latin.
E)allowed many literary critics to believe his work was inferior to works written in Latin.

Question 31

Pope Clement VI was controversial,in part,for:

A)having a wife.
B)his sexual promiscuity.
C)selling spiritual benefits for money.
D)relocating the papacy to France.
E)physically attacking a bishop.

Question 32

In his Divine Comedy,most of the people Dante placed in Hell were:

A)women.
B)Jews.
C)popes and other rulers.
D)peasants.
E)Muslims.

Question 33

King Philip IV of France's ability to move Pope Clement V's court to Avignon demonstrates the:

A)gulf between the theoretical and actual power of the papacy.
B)flexibility of papal governance.
C)piety of Philip IV.
D)destitution of the papacy.
E)enormous respect Clement had for Philip.

Question 34

The thirteenth century had witnessed the development of the philosophical belief that the secular and spiritual worlds were rational,organized,and comprehensible to human beings.In the fourteenth century,William of Ockham:

A)denied that human reason could prove fundamental theological truths.
B)confirmed such a belief.
C)argued that theological questions could all be resolved through reason,but questions concerning the natural world could not all be so resolved.
D)determined that human reason could resolve nothing with regard to the world,with the exception of the truths of mathematics.
E)argued that the only knowledge human beings could attain came through divine revelation alone.

Question 35

During the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the fourteenth century,the papacy was:

A)divided between two rival popes.
B)moved to Avignon,France.
C)disbanded for seventy-five years.
D)controlled by the Persian aristocracy.
E)removed from Rome to Babylon.

Question 36

Crusading can be linked to an extreme form of the sacrament of:

A)Baptism.
B)Confession and Penance.
C)Matrimony.
D)Confirmation.
E)Communion.

Question 37

The nominalist distinction between reason's ability to understand the natural world and its inability to understand the divine world encouraged people to:

A)ignore the natural world.
B)contemplate God alone,as all important knowledge came through revelation.
C)understand the human world as a metaphor for the divine world.
D)understand the real world without reference to the supernatural.
E)look to universals in the world,which could provide some small insight into the divine world.

Question 38

Sovereignty is won by:

A)diminishing the power of the nobles within the state.
B)diminishing the power of local monasteries.
C)diminishing the power of other states.
D)increasing the power of other states.
E)increasing the power of the nobles within the state.

Question 39

The medieval painter Giotto is remembered especially because he:

A)rendered architectural details with photographic precision.
B)specialized in individual portraits,which were highly lifelike.
C)developed a new technique for painting on canvas with oil paints.
D)brought a deep humanity and naturalism to his religious images.
E)developed a new technique for painting on wood using pigment mixed with egg white.

Question 40

Dante's Divine Comedy represents:

A)the nadir of Italian vernacular writing.
B)the pinnacle of Latin prose.
C)a fusion of classical and Christian cultures.
D)a clear adoption of Christian principles and a rejection of classical learning.
E)a rejection of Christianity in favor of classical learning.

Question 41

Another tragic outcome of the Black Death was the:

A)persecution of women.
B)persecution of Jews.
C)closing of churches and other religious institutions.
D)extinction of numerous animal species.
E)expansion of slavery.

Question 42

Aside from starvation,the most devastating effect of the Great Famine was the:

A)death of almost all the small livestock in Europe.
B)compromised immune systems of those who survived.
C)rise of cannibalism in Europe.
D)inability to recover lands lost to flooding.
E)tremendous increase of people sentenced to death for poaching.

Question 43

The Mongol empire was the largest empire in history.

Question 44

The Black Death probably eliminated almost _________ percent of Europe's population.

A)20
B)30
C)40
D)50
E)60

Question 45

The Mongols effectively eliminated trade between the East and West.

Question 46

Between the years 1315 and 1322,Europe's climate was characterized by:

A)unusually cool weather.
B)unusually hot weather.
C)severe drought conditions.
D)severe annual flooding.
E)an unusual number of lightning storms.

Question 47

The Black Death appears to have originated in:

A)Italy.
B)India.
C)Sub-Saharan Africa.
D)Iran.
E)China.

Question 48

Philip IV's decision to suppress the Knights Templar and exile Jews from France was driven by:

A)religious concerns-both groups were regarded as heretics.
B)political concerns-both powerful groups were challenging the king's authority.
C)social concerns-both groups presented challenges to the traditional class structure in France.
D)financial concerns-both groups were extremely wealthy,and Philip was in debt.
E)economic concerns-both groups were exempt from taxes.

Question 49

The Mongol "horde" got its name from the Turkish word for "horn," no doubt due to the use of the battle horn in Mongol warfare.

Question 50

The Mongols ruled the vast territory of their empire directly.

Question 51

Which English king regarded himself as the "hammer of the Scots"?

A)James I
B)Edward I
C)Henry VIII
D)George III
E)Henry IV

Question 52

William of Ockham argued that human reason could not lead to an understanding of God.

Question 53

The portability of altarpieces and devotional images allowed for greater individuality in artistic styles.

Question 54

After 1368,when the last Mongol rulers of China were overthrown,most Westerners were denied access to China.

Question 55

Edward made the territory of _________ a settler colony of England.

A)Wales
B)Scotland
C)Ireland
D)Brittany
E)Cornwall

Question 56

Medieval colonies in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic were driven by a desire to foster trade.

Question 57

The Seven Years' Famine occurred because:

A)Europe had reached the limit of its ability to supply food for its population and the climate warmed by approximate two degrees centigrade.
B)Europe's climate cooled by ten degrees centigrade.
C)Europe had reached the limit of its ability to supply food for its population and the climate cooled by approximately two degrees centigrade.
D)Europe had reached the limit of its ability to supply food for its population and a drought occurred.
E)Europe's climate warmed by ten degrees centigrade.

Question 58

The most obvious source of gold for European monarchs was China.

Question 59

Realism and naturalism were the key trends in both art and literature in the late Middle Ages.

Question 60

A fundamental source of conflict in the Hundred Years' War was that:

A)England laid claim to Flanders.
B)France laid claim to Cornwall.
C)the French king was a vassal of the English king for Brittany.
D)the English king was a vassal of the French king for Gascony.
E)the English king constantly attacked France's borders from the stronghold in Gascony.

Question 61

Why was the Black Death so devastating in Europe?

Question 62

During the Babylonian Captivity,the papacy's administrative control over the Church increased even as its moral authority declined.

Question 63

What were the causes of the Hundred Years' War?

Question 64

In what ways were Dante's Divine Comedy subversive?

Question 65

Jews were victims of attack by both Christians and Muslims during the plague.

Question 66

Boniface VIII died as a result of his treatment by agents of Philip IV.

Question 67

What events marked the decline of the papacy in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

Question 68

What was the purpose of the early European colonies?

Question 69

What factors led to the Babylonian Captivity?

Question 70

How did England and France increase their sovereignty in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

Question 71

How did the Pax Mongolica impact the commercial and artistic development of Europe?

Question 72

Sovereignty was a zero-sum game in the Middle Ages.

Question 73

The Hundred Years' War was the longest war in Europe since the Punic Wars.

Question 74

What factors account for the success of the Mongol empire?

Question 75

How did the integration of European and Asian commerce impact European technological development?