Deck 16: Turmoil Between the Wars

Question 1

Fascism,as a political form of government developed in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s:

A)was based solely on the support of the military.
B)required that all industry and businesses be controlled by the state.
C)rested on the principles of statism,nationalism,militarism,and an economy that fully supports the government while remaining free.
D)required that all aspects of a society be totally controlled by the state-from the economy to the military to people's individual lives.
E)was based on the support of industrialists and the military.

Answer 1

rested on the principles of statism,nationalism,militarism,and an economy that fully supports the government while remaining free.

Question 2

Which of the following statements best describes the way Nazi propagandists tried to portray Hitler?

A)A patriotic defender of German businesses and monarchical sentiments.
B)A capable former soldier who would apply his political and organizing skills to rebuilding German power in Europe and regaining foreign allies.
C)A charismatic leader with magnetic energy who would act as a bulwark against communism and cultural pollution.
D)A creative economic thinker who would resolve the material disasters of the Great Depression.
E)A new Kaiser for a new empire.

Answer 2

A charismatic leader with magnetic energy who would act as a bulwark against communism and cultural pollution.

Question 3

One reason for the increase in support for the National Socialist Party in Germany in elections in the early 1930s was the work of the party's propagandist:

A)Joseph Goebbels.
B)Heinrich Himmler.
C)Hermann Göring.
D)Albert Speer.
E)Leni Riefenstahl.

Answer 3

Joseph Goebbels.

Question 4

During the unstable period following the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II,many armed bands grew in number and influence.Among them were the Freikorps,who were:

A)militantly prodemocratic.
B)anticommunist and pro-Catholic.
C)anti-Nazi,anticommunist,and prodemocratic.
D)anti-Catholic,anticommunist,and anticapitalist.
E)anti-Marxist,anti-Semitic,and antiliberal.

Question 5

Which of the following was the most prominent beneficial effect of the New Economic Policy (NEP)?

A)The recovery of Russian agriculture to prewar levels of prosperity.
B)The increase of agricultural goods,especially food,flowing into Russian cities.
C)Greatly increased public faith in the communists' ability to manage the Soviet economy.
D)The sudden leap forward in Soviet industrial production.
E)The increased support for the communists from the wealthy landowners,the kulaks.

Question 6

Who was/were the SA?

A)The most prominent fascist organization in France,which engaged in acts of civil disobedience.
B)Organized socialist militias that attempted to start a socialist revolution in Germany during 1919.
C)The paramilitary arm of the Nazi party,which engaged in intimidating acts of public violence.
D)Militant rural socialists in Russia who rejected the Bolsheviks' brand of communism.
E)The Société l'agricole,militant rural reformers in France during the 1920s and 1930s.

Question 7

Who were the "Red Leagues"?

A)The rural organizations of the early Communist party in Russia after 1917.
B)Paramilitary opponents of the Freikorps in Germany during 1919 and 1920.
C)Organizations of workers and intellectuals in Western nations formed in support of the Bolshevik cause in Russia.
D)Socialist agrarian groups in Italy that attempted to break up large estates and reduce rents.
E)Supporters of Mussolini in Sicily during his rise to power in the 1920s.

Question 8

What was the Dawes Plan?

A)A proposed treaty to begin genuine disarmament among the former Allies.
B)A diplomatic effort to return the Rhineland to Germany as a demilitarized zone.
C)The diplomatic effort to fully implement the Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawing war.
D)An attempt to bring the Soviet Union into the League of Nations.
E)A new system of war reparations for Germany,intended to ease the financial strain.

Question 9

To what does the term gulag refer?

A)The first collective farms in the Soviet Union.
B)Forced-labor camps populated by political prisoners of Stalin's government.
C)Stalin's institutional replacement for the rural Soviets.
D)The technical term for Stalin's first Five-Year Plan as it applied to industry.
E)Prisoner-of-war camps for "White" Russian partisans during the Civil War.

Question 10

Which of the following describes a way in which Stalin's "Great Terror" undermined its own successes?

A)The effort to create a more unified socialist country cut the Soviet Union off from overseas outlets to spread revolution.
B)In trying to take direct control over economic and political life,Stalin managed to eliminate many of his most talented subordinates.
C)Speeding up the rate of industrialization created unemployment that even communism could not manage.
D)By eliminating his major political opponents,Stalin only increased opposition on the part of minor officials who previously supported him.
E)Stalin's actions galvanized opposition to his rule and led,in 1938,to his overthrow by Nikita Khrushchev.

Question 11

How did Mussolini manage the Italian state's long-standing conflict with the Catholic Church?

A)By banning Catholic political groups throughout Italy.
B)By denying diplomatic recognition to the Vatican in 1925.
C)By asking prominent Catholic politicians to join the fascist regime.
D)By staging a public reconciliation with the Church,including independence for the Vatican in 1929.
E)By forcibly appointing a new pope,Pius XI,when Benedict XV died in 1929.

Question 12

The Bolsheviks were able to begin consolidating their power in Russia by negotiating a separate peace with the Germans and ending their involvement in the war with the Treaty of:

A)Berlin.
B)Brest-Litovsk.
C)Versailles.
D)Paris.
E)Petrograd.

Question 13

In elections of the early 1930s,the Nazis drew votes from every segment of German society except:

A)small property holders.
B)the rural middle class.
C)industrial workers.
D)handicraft workers.
E)domestic workers.

Question 14

Who were the "Whites?"

A)Ardently Catholic politicians who supported Mussolini's rise to power in Italy.
B)Royalist opponents of the revolutionary communists in Russia.
C)Paramilitary opponents of the Weimar Republic in Germany.
D)The remnants of the Menshevik faction in Russia,reformed in opposition to the Bolshevik regime.
E)Noncombatants who attempted to care for the sick and wounded during the Russian Civil War.

Question 15

The 1919 election in the Weimar Republic resulted in a coalition government of:

A)communists,Nazis,and social democrats.
B)Nazis,liberal democrats,and Catholics.
C)socialists,Catholics,and liberal democrats.
D)Catholics,social democrats,and communists.
E)Catholics,Nazis,and communists.

Question 16

Following Mussolini's economic policies of the 1920s,Italy's plight during the Great Depression was:

A)significantly better for Italian farmers,although city dwellers were much worse off.
B)significantly better than any other European country during the 1930s.
C)no different than any other country in Europe during the 1930s.
D)somewhat better for industrial workers but no different for farmers.
E)significantly better for urban industrial workers but much worse for farmers.

Question 17

What phrase best describes the early membership of Mussolini's fasci?

A)Young,ardently nationalist idealists
B)Disaffected Italian war veterans
C)Reactionary established merchants and businessmen
D)Stridently anti-Catholic workers
E)Dedicated anticommunist,anti-Catholic,anticapitalist anarchists

Question 18

The event in 1933 that led to Hitler being given unlimited power was the:

A)collapse of the Deutschmark.
B)death of President Paul von Hindenburg.
C)Great Depression.
D)Reichstag fire.
E)occupation of the Rhineland by France.

Question 19

Having sidelined all his opposition within the Bolshevik party,Stalin solidified his control in 1929 by removing _________ from the ruling Politburo.

A)Iosep Jughashvili
B)Leon Trotsky
C)Aktybinsk Kazakhstan
D)Nikolai Bukharin
E)Gregory Zinoviev

Question 20

Although Lenin wanted to establish,for the short term,a state-capitalist economic system in Russia,which resembled the successful European wartime economies,the necessities of the civil war pushed the government to a more radical economic system known as:

A)socialism for the masses.
B)socialism with a human face.
C)peacetime communism.
D)mercantile communism.
E)war communism.

Question 21

Although the collapse of prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929 caused severe problems in the United States,it had immediate and disastrous consequences in Europe because:

A)European royalty was the primary source of investment capital on Wall Street.
B)the central banks of all European countries had invested heavily in American companies.
C)the United States had become a primary international creditor during World War I.
D)national European exchanges were not large enough to handle the influx of investors.
E)European stock exchanges listed the same stocks and therefore crashed with New York.

Question 22

One of the greatest German film directors,_________,left Germany in 1933 for the United States rather than work for the Nazis.

A)George Grosz
B)Fritz Lang
C)Leni Riefenstahl
D)Walter Gropius
E)Charlie Chaplin

Question 23

With the Great Depression came a wave of politicized literature in the 1930s notably exemplified by:

A)The Wretched of the Earth.
B)The Grapes of Wrath.
C)The Darkness at Noon.
D)The Worst of Times.
E)Roll of Thunder,Hear My Cry.

Question 24

In 1940,one of the greatest American film personalities,Charlie Chaplin,made The Great Dictator as a:

A)great homage to his hero Adolf Hitler.
B)parody of Nazi pomposities.
C)critique of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
D)tribute to America's ally,Stalin.
E)parody of President Franklin Roosevelt.

Question 25

The poet _________ presented a philosophy in his poetry that bordered on despair-life is a living death,to be endured as boredom and frustration.

A)W.H.Auden
B)James Joyce
C)John Steinbeck
D)T.S.Eliot
E)Marcel Proust

Question 26

Stalin's Five Year Plan except:

A)the Bolsheviks built new industries In entirely new cities.
B)Soviet statistics boasted annual growth rates of 20%.
C)many of the large scale industrial projects employed free peasant labor.
D)distributed additional land to farmers for cultivation.
E)created a network liberated serfs to work as industrialized manual labor.

Question 27

Fritz Lang,one of the greatest German film directors,is known for his films M and

A)Der letzte Mann.
B)Metropolis.
C)Jew Suss.
D)Triumph of the Will.
E)Tiefland.

Question 28

Some artists of the 1920s and 1930s sought to express pain and outrage directly to a mass audience in graphic detail.Most notable among these artists were:

A)Diego Rivera and Thomas Hart Benton.
B)Reginald Marsh and Emiliano Zapata.
C)José Clement Orozco and J.Alfred Prufrock.
D)Pancho Villa and John J.Pershing.
E)Thomas Hart Benton and J.Alfred Prufrock.

Question 29

The first racially motivated policy of Nazi Germany was their law regarding:

A)the closure of Jewish businesses.
B)intermarriage between Jews and Germans.
C)Jews holding public office.
D)forced sterilization of undesirables.
E)banning of all immigration from Africa.

Question 30

In Nazi Germany's attempt to blur class distinctions in order to infuse a new national spirit in all Germans,they created many organizations such as the _________ for young boys.

A)National Labor Service
B)Hitler Youth
C)Bund Deutscher Mädel
D)Deutsches Altevolk
E)Young Germany

Question 31

Nazi Germany stressed its legitimacy by fostering traditional German values such as:

A)a strong religious faith by their support of the Lutheran Church and toleration of all other faiths.
B)pacifism through the establishment of a government Ministry of Peace.
C)education through their support of new scholarships and the creation of several new universities.
D)motherhood by their encouragement of women to leave the workplace and assume their proper role as mothers and wives.
E)toleration for all peoples by their signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

Question 32

During the 1920s,the British government,under the leadership of the Conservative party,pursued a policy of "deflation" in an attempt to:

A)break the power of labor unions.
B)reduce the influence of the Labor party.
C)regain its position in the League of Nations as the preeminent country.
D)regain its position as the leading industrial and financial power in the world.
E)control the banking industry in Britain and strengthen the Bank of England.

Question 33

The interwar period may be viewed as a series of failures typified by all of the following except the:

A)collapse of democracies across Europe.
B)failure of capitalism in the Great Depression.
C)failure of the League of Nations to deal with totalitarian regimes.
D)apprehension and dread with which most people looked to the future.
E)failure of new authoritarian regimes to establish a sense of political legitimacy.

Question 34

As one response to the Great Depression,the United States adopted one idea from Germany,that of:

A)nationalization of heavy industry.
B)full employment through the institution of military conscription.
C)the Social Security system.
D)a public works program to build new highways across the country.
E)renunciation of all foreign debt.

Question 35

The original work in physics that eventually led to the development of the atomic bomb was done by:

A)Otto Hahn.
B)Fritz Strassman.
C)Albert Einstein.
D)Werner Heidelberg.
E)Max Planck.

Question 36

The Moscow-White Sea Canal:

A)was constructed without the use of any machinery.
B)was the most successful engineering project of Stalin's Five Year Plan.
C)increased the volume of trade by connecting Moscow with the Black Sea.
D)resulting from its depth,did not freeze over and functioned throughout the year.
E)advanced Moscow's status as a modern industrial city of the twentieth century.

Question 37

What film by Leni Riefenstahl was a visual hymn to the cultural power of the Nazi regime?

A)Der letzte Mann
B)Triumph of the Will
C)The Great Dictator
D)Metropolis
E)Tiefland

Question 38

Which of the following technological innovations became a major tool of political campaigning during the Great Depression?

A)Television
B)Modern highways
C)Airplanes
D)Motion pictures
E)Radio

Question 39

The British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that recovery from the Great Depression required first abandoning the:

A)idea of a balanced budget.
B)policy of currency management.
C)system of relief programs.
D)public works projects.
E)states to their own fates.

Question 40

The Nuremberg Decrees of 1935:

A)deprived Jews of Reich citizenship.
B)forbade Jews from holding public office.
C)prohibited Jews from joining the army.
D)allowed Jews to marry non-Jews.
E)allowed Jews to teach in national universities.

Question 41

After 1928,the Nazi party guided by the chief propagandist,Joseph Goebbles:

A)outlined with force the negative critique of the Weimar Republic.
B)began a systematic program for eradication of Germany's Jewish population.
C)praised nationalist movies such as All Quiet on The Western Front.
D)alienated voters especially those in German rural areas.
E)worked with the Weimar government to put together a national coalition party.

Question 42

Hitler's rise to power included all except:

A)being appointed chancellor of the Weimar Republic.
B)convinces Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag and order a new election in March 1933.
C)declares the Third Reich after granted unlimited powers for four years.
D)the Nazi party gains electoral success in the election of 1932.
E)suspends civil rights as a defensive measure against communists acts of violence.

Question 43

The negative effects of post war industrialization were apparent in the Soviet Union's use of the Aral Sea and U.S.farming practices of the Dust Bowl.Results for both nations included all except:

A)emphasis placed on the goal of increased production.
B)the long-term environmental changes.
C)introduction of instabilities in the ecological balance of the landscape.
D)long-term planning when making natural resource decisions.
E)large scale environmental changes over a short span of time.

Question 44

The Bolsheviks won the civil war in Russia because they were better organized than the Whites and others who opposed the socialist state.

Question 45

Italy emerged from the war with the least amount of debt and little loss of life and therefore was one of the few democracies not in distress.

Question 46

The Freikorps (free corps)of Germany was made up of veterans from the First World War and other young nationalists who acted as counterrevolutionaries.

Question 47

The SS (Schutzstaffel)was created as an alternative to the radical and possibly revolutionary SA (Hitler's storm troopers).

Question 48

Novelists,poets,and dramatists were disillusioned by the first World War.Which of the authors is incorrectly paired with their work?

A)John Steinbeck-Grapes of Wrath
B)T.S.Eliot-The Waste Land
C)Marcel Proust-Ulysses
D)W.H.Auden-Age of Anxiety
E)Ernest Hemingway-The Sun Also Rises

Question 49

The victory of Mussolini's "black shirts" was a bloody ordeal that eventually killed more Italians than the wars of unification before the war.

Question 50

Results of the "Great Terror" of 1937-1938 included all except:

A)nearly a million people died and as many as 1.5 million were placed in labor camps.
B)the top level of the Bolshevik party itself was purged almost completely.
C)Lenin and Trotsky were.
D)Nikolai Bukharin,the architect of the NEP was executed.
E)communist parties in Poland and the Ukraine were also victims of the purges.

Question 51

Post World War I treaties allowed allied powers to expand the size of their international holdings.Which nation is incorrectly paired?

A)United States-Cuba
B)France-Syria
C)Britain-Iran
D)The United States-Nicaragua
E)France-Lebanon

Question 52

The aftermath of Italian unification:

A)divided Italy into a prosperous industrialized north and poor agrarian south.
B)Nationalists seized control of the Parliamentary Democracy.
C)industrialization produced a stable economy supported by foreign investments.
D)returning World War I soldiers.
E)the so-called "red Leagues" of rural areas supported.

Question 53

The Five-Year Plan resulted in enormous growth in urban population and in industrialization of Russia.

Question 54

The effect of the Treaty of Versailles upon post war Germany except:

A)caused the financial ruin of Germans on fixed incomes.
B)left Germany with a staggering debt of $33 billion.
C)magnified Germany's sense of dishonor.
D)heightened military support for the Weimar Republic.
E)Germans blamed their losses on the treaty and the intransigence of the French.

Question 55

The term fascio means group or band and derives from the symbol of an ax bundled with sticks that represented the authority of the Roman state.

Question 56

The Moscow-White Sea Canal was evidence of the superior new technology and industrialization of Russia,providing a valuable connection from the Moscow factories to the seaports of the north.

Question 57

Many Europeans found the new mass culture of the 1920s disturbing for all the below reasons except:

A)U.S.westerns popular with teenage boys were viewed as inappropriate,low class entertainment.
B)concern over "uniformity" where everyone is perceived as the "same."
C)cross-class appeal of American popular culture clashed with long-standing social hierarchies.
D)"new omen" seemed assertive,flirtatious,capricious,and materialistic.
E)Republican governments denounced new media as decadent threats to national culture.

Question 58

The Nazis were especially popular among the youth of Germany for their more liberal social and cultural codes.

Question 59

The NEP was primarily successful in the urban centers of Russia,but left the peasants in a difficult position of subsistence living and frequent food shortages.

Question 60

The Locarno Treaties of 1925:

A)created an atmosphere of normalcy with Italy and the Pope.
B)created a stable,protected border between Germany and Poland.
C)guaranteed French unilateral enforcement of the Versailles Treaty.
D)recognized the legitimacy of the French-German border.
E)created a stable,protected border between Germany and Czechoslovakia.

Question 61

Why was democracy facing collapse in the wake of the Great War?

Question 62

How was "mass culture" different from older forms of popular culture,and what factors contributed to its rise?

Question 63

How did the war contribute to the emergence of fascism in Italy?

Question 64

What role did the economy play in the collapse of the Weimar Republic?

Question 65

After 1928,the Nazi party guided by the chief propagandist,Joseph Goebbels outlined with force the negative critique of the Weimar Republic.

Question 66

When in October 1922 a Red shirt militia of 50,000 had gained control of the Italian government?

Question 67

In 1918,mass politics was rapidly becoming a fact of life.Mass politics was accompanied by the rise of "mass culture," identified as world culture suddenly becoming homogeneous.

Question 68

What caused the Great Depression,and how did it end?

Question 69

How did Mussolini use the three doctrines of fascism-statism,nationalism,and militarism-to unify Italy?

Question 70

Who supported the Nazis' rise to power and why?

Question 71

Along with social Security and other programs,the United States adopted a Keynesian program of currency management to deal with the Depression.

Question 72

In January 1923 when the Germans were late on the coal deliveries that were part of the war reparations,the French marched their army into the Ruhr Valley.

Question 73

What role did famine play in allowing Stalin to accelerate his program for collectivization of agriculture?

Question 74

Although the Stalinist revolution was intent on modernizing Russia,what was the effect on society?

Question 75

Who were the victims of the "Great Terror," and what was the effect on Russia?