Deck 19: The Age of Ideology in Western Europe

Question 1

The English Chartists,led by William Lovett,were

A)peaceful political reformers.
B)strict Marxists.
C)violent revolutionaries.
D)Romantic writers.
E)utopian socialists.

Answer 1

peaceful political reformers.

Question 2

Walter Scott's novels show many Romantics' fascination with

A)the Middle Ages.
B)modern science.
C)a purely secular society.
D)the work of Galileo and Newton.
E)classical Greece and Rome.

Answer 2

the Middle Ages.

Question 3

Henri Count Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier were

A)utopian socialists.
B)constitutional monarchists.
C)violent revolutionaries.
D)leaders of British parliamentary reform.
E)Romantic poets.

Answer 3

utopian socialists.

Question 4

How did the members of the Congress of Vienna view the middle class?

A)as a group of people who would cause trouble
B)as of no concern in their deliberations
C)as equals,politically and economically
D)as their prime responsibility
E)as the key to political stability

Question 5

To say that Romanticism was "anti-egalitarian" means that Romantics

A)looked to the unique genius for guidance.
B)believed men's common knowledge was the best guide.
C)distrusted and disdained nature.
D)valued reason over the emotions.
E)believed that birth outweighed individual ability.

Question 6

What five states were known as the Quintuple Alliance?

A)Russia,Austria,Prussia,Great Britain,and France
B)Russia,Poland,Prussia,Great Britain,and France
C)Russia,Austria,Spain,Great Britain,and France
D)Denmark,Austria,Sweden,Great Britain,and Spain
E)Sweden,Russia,Austria,France,and Spain

Question 7

What demand did veterans from the Napoleonic wars make in St.Peter's fields?

A)the right to vote
B)public housing
C)food assistance
D)political say
E)ability to bear arms

Question 8

The Vienna settlement was also known as the

A)Concert of Europe.
B)Ultras of Charles.
C)Chamber of Duties.
D)Congress of Vienna.
E)Landowners Paradise.

Question 9

Which of the following political philosophies held that tradition,hierarchy,and corporate relations produced social order and political stability?

A)conservatism
B)liberalism
C)socialism
D)utilitarianism
E)egalitarianism

Question 10

The two main forces that supported calls for parliamentary government and constitutional monarchy were

A)universities and the popular press.
B)Catholic and Protestant clergy.
C)the old aristocracy and the landed gentry.
D)peasants and poor urban workers.
E)royalists and nobles.

Question 11

Which author wrote stories of characters whose lives had been crushed by factory routine?

A)Charles Dickens
B)William Wordsworth
C)William Blake
D)Sir Walter Scott
E)John Keats

Question 12

How was King Louis the XVIII received by most of his subjects?

A)The majority of his subjects welcomed him kindly.
B)They were angry at him for being Napoleon's successor.
C)The subjects disagreed with the majority of his views.
D)They were plotting a way to overthrow him.
E)They accepted him resentfully as he was widely unpopular.

Question 13

The only major European power that avoided revolution between 1815 and 1848 was

A)Great Britain.
B)France.
C)Russia.
D)Prussia.
E)Austria.

Question 14

Robert Owen was most concerned with improving the lives of

A)factory workers.
B)uneducated people.
C)illiterate people.
D)aristocrats.
E)peasants.

Question 15

Who believed that the purpose of all formal institutions was to promote the greatest amount of happiness to the most people?

A)Jeremy Bentham
B)William Blake
C)William Lovett
D)King William IV
E)Guiseppe Mazzini

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of Romanticism?

A)individual creativity
B)neoclassical style
C)rational,scientific inquiry
D)respect for tradition
E)distrust of instinct and feelings

Question 17

Giuseppe Mazzini's failed revolution of 1848 was aimed at

A)creating a Roman republic as a model for Italy.
B)overthrowing the Italian monarchy.
C)restoring legitimate conservative rule in Milan.
D)overthrowing Louis Napoleon.
E)making the pope the ruler of Italy.

Question 18

The "right to work" radicals earned the support of which socialist that had set up national workshops?

A)Louis Blanc
B)Louis Philippe
C)Thomas Malthus
D)David Ricardo
E)Frederick Wilhelm

Question 19

Food shortages in Europe began with the failure of the

A)potato crop.
B)corn crop.
C)food-distribution system.
D)flood-control system.
E)medical-care system.

Question 20

Which leader believed that he owed his success to the wealthy bourgeoisie?

A)Louis Philippe
B)David Ricardo
C)Louis XVIII
D)Charles I
E)Charles X

Question 21

Marx believed history and human consciousness were determined by

A)material culture.
B)religious teachings.
C)following one's heart.
D)political philosophies.
E)the shared soul of the nation.

Question 22

Most of the revolutions of 1848 were led by

A)middle-class professionals.
B)factory workers.
C)wealthy aristocrats.
D)urban artisans.
E)peasants.

Question 23

The Revolution of 1848 failed in Prussia because

A)the king turned against the middle-class reformers he had initially supported.
B)conservative army officers crushed the Frankfort assembly.
C)Austria and France invaded to restore the king.
D)popular uprisings demanded an end to liberal reforms.
E)Napoleon III seized power and declared himself emperor.

Question 24

What was the cause of King Louis Philippe's abdication?

A)fear of large scale violence
B)his intention to commit treason
C)threatened execution against him
D)a small,unreliable army
E)lack of support from other leaders

Question 25

Friedrich Engels,Marx's collaborator and financial supporter,was

A)the son of a wealthy factory owner.
B)a Roman Catholic priest.
C)a self-made,working-class man.
D)a Prussian nobleman.
E)a successful Romantic novelist.

Question 26

What did the leader at Vienna mean by the concept of "legitimacy"?

A)Legitimate ruling dynasties should be restored to power.
B)Each national group had a legitimate right to self-expression.
C)Government must have the consent of the governed to be legitimate.
D)The changes that resulted from the French Revolution must be made legitimate by law.
E)The defeat of Napoleon made the victors the legitimate masters of Europe.

Question 27

The writings of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin show that

A)the legacy of Napoleon lived on for decades after his defeat.
B)Romanticism did not spread into Eastern Europe.
C)Old Regime Europe survived the Napoleonic Wars intact.
D)Russia was not affected by the nineteenth century age of the "isms."
E)Pushkin,like most poets,ignored political events.

Question 28

The Greek Revolution of the 1820s succeeded because

A)Britain,France,and Russia intervened on the revolutionaries' side.
B)Metternich wanted to weaken the Ottoman Empire.
C)romantic national ideas united the Greeks as an unstoppable force.
D)the Turkish sultan encouraged Greek independence.
E)Nicholas II admired the liberal ideas.

Question 29

Liberalism appealed to the middle class because the middle class

A)had economic but not political power.
B)wanted to keep others from joining their ranks.
C)was drawn to liberalism's dedication to female equality.
D)wanted all people to share a voice in government.
E)valued the group over the individual.

Question 30

How do modern conservatives differ from the conservatives from the nineteenth century?

A)Nineteenth-century conservatives valued more government control.
B)Modern conservatives value government spending.
C)Nineteenth-century conservatives valued less government control.
D)Modern conservatives no longer value the concept of religion.
E)Nineteenth-century conservatives believed strongly in public assistance.

Question 31

What did Britain's ruling elite recognize once the Great Reform Bill was passed?

A)Prosperity and power is dependent on the success of the middle class.
B)Economic power mattered more to them than political power.
C)The poor had been held down and now deserved political say.
D)War can sometimes lead to great gains for a country.
E)All citizens,regardless of class or gender,deserved the right to vote.

Question 32

Which of the following was demonstrated by the revolutionary agenda of 1848?

A)Core ideals of the French Revolution could not be excised by government repression.
B)The push for broader political rights was futile,and the poor would never have political say.
C)An uprising in Russia was imminent no matter how many times representatives met to create peace.
D)Political and economic unrest would never end unless each state ended all alliances.
E)The escalating food prices would lead to a countrywide famine that would kill much of the population.

Question 33

Marx disagreed with the utopian socialists' faith in

A)property owners.
B)state government.
C)religious leaders.
D)university educators.
E)the traditional nobility.

Question 34

Which utilitarian claim was supported by the collapse of the Owenite communities?

A)People are motivated solely by self-interest.
B)Education is the key to a prosperous future.
C)Religion will guide an individual in the right direction.
D)Decisions made by the people will lead to happiness.
E)Humans can find the truth in nature.

Question 35

How did the Irish respond to the potato famine?

A)by emigrating to England and North America
B)by launching a popular uprising
C)by participating in violent demonstrations
D)by increasing rates of violent crime
E)by lowering the birth rate

Question 36

The wave of revolutions that erupted across Europe in 1848 demonstrates that

A)liberal ideas questioning monarchial legitimacy were widespread.
B)Marxism appealed strongly to the lower classes.
C)Western monarchies had no popular support.
D)socialism had become an irresistible force.
E)politics were unrelated to economics.

Question 37

In both the Habsburg lands and in Italy,the revolutions of 1848 failed

A)because of outside intervention.
B)because they lacked good leadership.
C)when the legitimate rulers granted liberal reforms.
D)because nationalist ideas had little appeal in these areas.
E)when their leaders were assassinated.

Question 38

The Decembrist Revolt in Russia demonstrated the disdain for autocracy of

A)liberal army officers.
B)poor and starving common people.
C)French spies encouraging revolution.
D)a free press.
E)religious fanatics.

Question 39

What set off the Revolution of 1830 in France?

A)The king dissolved the Chamber of Deputies after losing an election.
B)Poor landowners revolted against excessive taxes.
C)A group of liberal army officers assassinated the king.
D)Louis Blanc declared a socialist commune in Paris.
E)Protestant clergy marched to protest Catholic influence over the king.

Question 40

The members of the Congress of Vienna believed that the most dangerous result of the wars of the past 20 years was

A)a rising belief in human equality.
B)the destruction of the European balance of power.
C)undermining the authority of the churches.
D)conflict between workers and men of property.
E)irreparable economic damage.

Question 41

In the later nineteenth century,Marx was proved wrong in his prediction that

A)capitalism would collapse of its own weight.
B)economic development would lead to greater personal freedom.
C)people are incapable of governing themselves.
D)small businesses would be gobbled up by large corporations.
E)a new era of socialist realist art was just beginning.

Question 42

Like the Enlightenment,the Romantic movement

A)was felt in areas of life from literature to the arts to politics.
B)primarily affected France.
C)appealed more to the lower classes than the elites.
D)rejected Christianity as a spiritual force.
E)succeeded only because of aristocratic patronage.

Question 43

Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that humans were

Question 44

The passage of the Great Reform Bill of 1832 demonstrates that political change in England,compared to other European nations,

A)was incremental and largely peaceful.
B)followed the ideas of Marx.
C)came from royal,not parliamentary,action.
D)was driven by disruptive social change.
E)was quicker and more radical.

Question 45

Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo gave economics the reputation of "the dismal science" because they

A)seemed to prove that inequality and suffering were natural and inevitable.
B)seemed incapable of explaining the sources of poverty.
C)challenged the legitimacy of private property.
D)correctly predicted endless international war in the nineteenth century.
E)argued that only a strong state could solve social problems.

Question 46

Which of the following outcomes was achieved by utopian thought?

A)It minimized the prospect of inevitable conflict between economic classes.
B)It decreased the willingness of property owners to address problems of inequity.
C)It increased the awareness in the educational differences of social classes.
D)It fought the system in which people were placed into different categories.
E)It urged citizens to divide their money equally among themselves.

Question 47

In mockery of his victory over Napoleon,Wellington's suppression of the Manchester protestors was called

Question 48

Which of the following was a fear that was held by liberals of the early nineteenth century in regard to extending political rights to uneducated people?

A)There would be a return to tyranny.
B)An uninformed and unskilled leader would be elected.
C)Leadership of a country would be devalued.
D)The wealthy would have to support the peasants.
E)The poverty percentage would grow even more rapidly.

Question 49

The passage of the Factory Act and successive laws in Britain shows that

A)Parliament approached economic reform with the same gradualism as it approached political reform.
B)no one challenged laissez-faire economic ideas.
C)the same standards were applied to workers,regardless of age or gender.
D)Parliament enacted economic reforms while ignoring political conditions.
E)giving industrial leaders a voice in politics worsened conditions for workers.

Question 50

The Chartists' hope was for a new political charter that would

A)guarantee universal manhood suffrage.
B)expand the control of the government.
C)lessen salaries for members of Parliament.
D)threaten greater amounts of violent conflict.
E)cease the existence of public and private rallies.

Question 51

The Congress of Vienna promoted the concept of monarchial

Question 52

Early socialists tended to

A)incorporate Romantic elements into Enlightenment ideals.
B)elevate the irrational over the rational in their thinking.
C)prefer Romantic emotionalism to Enlightenment rationalism.
D)reject all previous systems of thought as irrelevant to their situation.
E)trust the market to solve economic problems.

Question 53

Mazzini's Italian reform program was a blend of what elements?

A)Romanticism,nationalism,and liberalism.
B)legitimacy,monarchy,and conservatism.
C)Enlightenment reason and Marxist economics.
D)Nationalism guided by Catholic theology.
E)Conservatism,nationalism,and socialism.

Question 54

Jeremy Bentham and his followers were mainly concerned with

A)government support of economic and social reforms to benefit the majority.
B)gaining political power in order to force their views on society.
C)upholding the Enlightenment concept of natural and unalienable rights.
D)distributing property equally regardless of individual talent or effort.
E)advancing the interests of the aristocracy at the expense of the common people.

Question 55

In which way did Romantics believe that they differed from the philosophes?

A)Romantics believed the philosophes were too simplistic.
B)Philosophes placed too much emphasis on the emotions.
C)Romantics placed less emphasis on art as a form of expression.
D)Romantics overlooked the multidimensional aspects of humans.
E)Philosophes embraced human differences in a greater way than Romantics.

Question 56

The "right to work" radicals in France were led by

Question 57

Romanticism helped inspire the insurgents of 1848 by

A)providing myths about cultural identity and national destiny.
B)reminding them that other weaker countries that had won wars.
C)assuring them of the scientific inevitability of their victory.
D)inspiring them to turn to God with their fears and needs.
E)showing that universal truth guided all people equally.

Question 58

Which statement best summarizes Europe's experience in the mid-nineteenth century?

A)The revolutionaries of 1848 failed in the short run but won most of their demands in the long run.
B)Peaceful means were ineffective,and the established order could only be changed by violence.
C)Nationalism was a fading force of decreasing influence and would not hold sway much longer.
D)Economic change seemed to occur in a vacuum and had little relationship to political change.
E)Wealth was a stabilizing force,as the most economically developed countries experienced the least political change.

Question 59

What was the final stage in the historical process according to Marxists?

A)overthrow of capitalism
B)worldwide democracy
C)world war with nuclear weaponry
D)worldwide unification
E)demolition of social classes

Question 60

The "iron law of wages" was promoted by