Deck 12: Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions

Question 1

Which of the following is a true statement about attitudes in the United States about masturbation?

A) Masturbation is a universally accepted way of satisfying sexual desire.
B) Masturbation is no longer viewed as a disordered behavior, but public discussion of it may be actively discouraged.
C) A discussion of masturbation is a recommended element of all sex education courses.
D) Masturbation is openly discussed in most community settings.

Answer 1

Masturbation is no longer viewed as a disordered behavior, but public discussion of it may be actively discouraged.

Question 2

The current most influential model of the cause of sexual orientation is

A) that homosexual people had domineering mothers and absent or withdrawn fathers.
B) that homosexual people learned their behaviors through classical conditioning.
C) that homosexual people were exposed to early hormonal influences that were more typical of the opposite gender.
D) that homosexual people were reinforced for cross-gender behaviors.

Answer 2

that homosexual people were exposed to early hormonal influences that were more typical of the opposite gender.

Question 3

The beliefs about homosexuality among the Sambi tribe illustrate

A) that such behavior is considered abnormal in all cultures.
B) that cultures in developing nations are more accepting of sexual nonconformists than other cultures.
C) that classification of sexual practices as abnormal is strongly influenced by culture.
D) that there really is no such thing as abnormal sexual behavior.

Answer 3

that classification of sexual practices as abnormal is strongly influenced by culture.

Question 4

According to Dr. Kellogg, what treatment should be used as a last resort when a boy persistently exhibits weakness, signs of consumption, and mock piety?

A) A diet of mainly cereal and nuts
B) Vigorous exercise
C) Circumcision without anesthesia
D) Carbolic acid application

Question 5

Kellogg's cornflakes were designed to be anti-masturbation food because it was believed that

A) eating meat increased sexual desire.
B) the amount of time it took to eat them would help distract people from sexual interests.
C) the effort it took to eat them would make people too tired to be interested in sex.
D) cereals and grains caused impotence.

Question 6

When it comes to cross-cultural similarities and differences concerning sexual behavior, which of the following statements is accurate?

A) Taboos on sex between close relatives are found in all known cultures.
B) Only in Western societies do men place greater emphasis on a partner's attractiveness.
C) In a specific culture, sexual attitudes and practices tend to be quite stable over hundreds of years.
D) In most cultures, people are highly tolerant of sexual nonconformity.

Question 7

Which of the following is cross-culturally universal?

A) Acceptance of homosexuality as an alternative lifestyle
B) Attitudes toward premarital sex
C) a distaste for extramarital sex between consenting adults
D) Males value physical appearance in partners more than females

Question 8

One of the reasons the Kinsey report is noteworthy is that it

A) revealed that homosexuality was much more common than expected.
B) established that homosexuals were psychologically normal.
C) redefined sexuality.
D) lead to the immediate removal of homosexuality from the DSM.

Question 9

Which of the following is true?

A) People tend to be envious of sexual nonconformists.
B) Attitudes about what is sexually "normal" have stayed surprisingly the same over time.
C) People tend to believe their current sexual standards are correct and to be intolerant of nonconformists.
D) Attitudes about what is sexually "normal" are extremely consistent across cultures.

Question 10

Sexual variants illustrate a theme in abnormal psychology better than any other category of disorder. Which theme?

A) The importance of stressors as the cause of disorder
B) The impact of disorder on one's occupational and social adjustment
C) The difficulty in defining the boundaries of normal and abnormal
D) The role of neurotransmitters in controlling thought and behavior

Question 11

It was once believed that masturbation caused

A) infertility.
B) insanity.
C) narcissism.
D) schizophrenia.

Question 12

Research about sexuality is

A) one of the earliest areas of research in psychology.
B) limited because there are relatively few forms of abnormal sexual behavior.
C) surprisingly limited due to taboos and political controversies surrounding sexual topics.
D) abundant, although it is plagued by methodological problems.

Question 13

According to abstinence theory, which of the following is necessary for health?

A) Healthy food.
B) Intellectual stimulation.
C) Exercising 7 days a week.
D) Sexual intercourse 3 to 5 times per week.

Question 14

"Semen is responsible for masculine characteristics such as beard growth and for general physical and sexual vigor. Therefore, wasting semen through masturbation and patronizing prostitutes is damaging to the nervous system" This statement best illustrates the ________ theory of sexual behavior.

A) degeneracy
B) psychoanalytic
C) abstinence
D) disease

Question 15

Among psychoanalysts in the 1930s and 1940s, homosexuality was first seen as ________ but later was seen as ________.

A) a form of criminal behavior; defense against heterosexual urges
B) a severe form of psychological disability; a normal variant of sexual behavior
C) a result of highly pathological parent-child relationships; a conscious effort to gain attention
D) a variation of sexual function; a pathological escape from heterosexuality

Question 16

The decision by APA to remove homosexuality from the DSM

A) was later challenged and overturned.
B) was based on research and science.
C) was based on a vote by mental health professionals.
D)was based on research about the lack of treatment.

Question 17

What is unique about some of the disorders described as sexual variants?

A) They cause discomfort to the individual with the disorder.
B) They usually make others uncomfortable.
C) They do not cause harm.
D) Comorbid diagnoses are rare.

Question 18

Why is ritualized homosexuality practiced in Sambia?

A) Women are viewed as dirty.
B) Heterosexual intercourse is only acceptable between married partners.
C) Few adults are exclusively heterosexual.
D) It permits semen conservation.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Sexual practices and standards are constantly evolving.
B) Over time, all cultures develop more liberal attitudes toward sex.
C) There is little that is considered "taboo" in modern society.
D) Monogamy is a dated concept.

Question 20

Freud

A) viewed homosexuality as a disease that could be easily treated.
B) was much more accepting of homosexuality than his contemporaries.
C) believed that homosexuals were really heterosexuals who were traumatized by their own sexual desires.
D) thought homosexuality developed as a result of early sexual trauma.

Question 21

Most boys with gender identity disorder

A) become transvestites in adulthood.
B) become transsexual adults.
C) are readily accepted by their peers.
D) become homosexual adults who no longer wish to change their gender.

Question 22

Serial killers tend to be

A) pedophiles.
B) masochists.
C) voyeurs.
D) sexual sadists.

Question 23

The ________ enjoys inflicting pain, while the ________ desires pain and degradation.

A) masochist; sadist
B) voyeur; sadist
C) sadist; masochist
D) sadist; voyeur

Question 24

People with transvestic fetishism

A) include males and females, although more males than females.
B) are usually heterosexual.
C) frequently cause harm to others.
D) wish to be the opposite gender.

Question 25

Cross-gender identification is characteristic of

A) transvestic fetishism.
B) exhibitionism.
C) frotteurism.
D) gender identity disorder.

Question 26

Frotteurism is

A) sexual arousal by rubbing one's genital area against a nonconsenting person.
B) sexual arousal in a male exclusively through masturbation.
C) inability for males to be aroused by anything except inanimate objects.
D) sexual arousal in males by the thought of having their sex organs removed.

Question 27

According to DSM-IV-TR, the two components of gender identity disorder are cross-gender identification and ________.

A) transvestic fetishism
B) a history of childhood gender identity disorder
C) gender role disorder
D) gender dysphoria

Question 28

What is a paraphilia?

A) An abnormal level of sexual desire and behavior, whether homosexual or heterosexual.
B) An impairment in either the desire for sexual gratification or a dysfunction in achieving it.
C) A recurrent and distressing pattern of excluding all sexual behaviors except for masturbation.
D) Persistent sexual behavior patterns in which unusual objects or situations are required for sexual satisfaction.

Question 29

Most sadists are

A) heterosexual men.
B) homosexual men.
C) heterosexual women.
D) homosexual women.

Question 30

Martin has always felt he was really a girl. He dressed in girl's clothing as a child and still wants to be a girl. He is sure a mistake was made and that he is inhabiting the wrong sexed body. Martin's symptoms suggest a diagnosis of

A) gender identity disorder.
B) gender dysphoria.
C) transvestic fetishism.
D) homosexuality.

Question 31

One's sense of maleness or femaleness is called

A) gender identity.
B) gender role.
C) gender orientation.
D) gender preference.

Question 32

What is the most common sexual offense reported to the police?

A) exhibitionism
B) voyeurism
C) frotteurism
D) pedophilia

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true about paraphilias?

A) Almost all people with paraphilias are women.
B) Almost all people with paraphilias wish to change their sexual preferences.
C) Paraphilias typically begin around the time of middle adulthood.
D) Many people with paraphilias have more than one.

Question 34

Money and others have suggested that men are more vulnerable to paraphilias because

A) men are more easily aroused than women.
B) developing an attachment to an inanimate object is just a reflection of the male tendency to objectify women.
C) lasting maternal conflicts leave men unable to develop healthy sexual relationships with women.
D) sexual arousal in men is more visually based than the sexual arousal of women.

Question 35

Which of the following disorders is associated with engaging in autoerotic asphyxia?

A) transvestic fetishism
B) scatologia
C) frotteurism
D) masochism

Question 36

The most common theory about voyeurs is

A) they become classically conditioned to respond in a stronger way to the female body than most males.
B) they have difficulty relating to women and find peeping satisfies needs in a way that feels safe and powerful.
C) they were exposed to excess male hormones during prenatal development.
D) with the advent of more sexually explicit movies and magazines, voyeurism is quickly becoming extinct.

Question 37

To be diagnosed with a paraphilia, a person

A) must have acted on the sexual fantasies.
B) must cause harm to another person.
C) must have distress or impairment.
D) may not have to have distress or impairment.

Question 38

Patricia, age 10, refuses to wear dresses and insists on being called Pat. She knows she is a girl, but she says boys have it better. She prefers playing with boys and only plays the games they play. She says she wants to be a football player and a mother when she grows up. Pat has

A) transsexualism.
B) transvestism.
C) gender identity disorder.
D) no disorder.

Question 39

Gary finds himself sexually aroused by dressing in women's clothing. He sometimes steals the clothes from women and from stores. He has a wife and is happy in his marriage. Gary's most likely diagnosis is

A) fetishism.
B) gender identity disorder.
C) exhibitionism.
D) transvestic fetishism.

Question 40

Julia has a shoe fetish - she is not able to enjoy sex unless her partner is wearing her shoes. She needs to be touching the shoes in order to achieve sexual gratification. She becomes aroused by the sight of her own shoes. What is unique about Julia's case of shoe fetishism?

A) Most fetishes involve animate objects.
B) Sexual dysfunction usually is seen in the fetishist.
C) Partners are usually not involved.
D) Female fetishists are rare.

Question 41

The McMartin Preschool case demonstrates how

A) interviewing style can alter the nature of a child's testimony.
B) psychotherapy can reveal repressed memories of abuse.
C) the public prefers to deny the reality of childhood sexual abuse.
D) children will not misreport experiences of sexual abuse because they are such traumatic events.

Question 42

Most transsexuals

A) are autogynephilic.
B) had gender identity disorder as children.
C) are exclusively heterosexual.
D) derive their sexual gratification from cross-dressing in public.

Question 43

The only treatment that has been shown to be effective in treating gender dysphoria is

A) long-term psychodynamic therapy.
B) aversion therapy.
C) surgical sex reassignment.
D) medication to alter hormone production.

Question 44

Very young children

A) are capable of correctly recalling events but are vulnerable to more types of post-event distortions than adults.
B) are capable of correctly recalling events and are less vulnerable to more types of post-event distortions than adults.
C) are not very capable of correctly recalling events and are vulnerable to more types of post-event distortions than adults.
D) are basically the same as older children and adults when it comes to correctly recalling events and resisting post-event distortions.

Question 45

Pedophilia frequently involves

A) adolescents.
B) fondling.
C) sadistic acts.
D) masochism.

Question 46

Terrance is a pedophile. If his sexual responsiveness is similar to that found in studies of pedophiles, he will respond to erotic pictures of

A) female children, but not female adults.
B) male and female children, but not female adults.
C) children as well as adults.
D) male children, but not female adults.

Question 47

Pedophilia is defined by

A) the age of the preferred partner.
B) the behaviors exhibited.
C) the bodily maturity of the preferred partner.
D) the legal system; pedophilia is not a diagnostic category on the DSM-IV-TR.

Question 48

Concern about childhood sexual abuse has increased in the past decade due to

A) evidence that it is increasing in frequency.
B) changes in laws requiring that any suspicion of abuse must be reported to the authorities.
C) the recognition that such abuse may lead to other problems later in life.
D) improved techniques for determining the accuracy of recovered memories.

Question 49

Which statement below about the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse is accurate?

A) The prevalence of sexual abuse is probably lower than is commonly thought.
B) Estimated prevalence rates range from 25 percent to 75 percent.
C) Because of increased media attention, the prevalence has dropped dramatically in recent years.
D) Because definitions vary widely, estimates of prevalence vary widely, too.

Question 50

Most female transsexuals

A) have always felt that they should be male.
B) did not have gender identity disorder as children.
C) want to be homosexual men.
D) have a paraphilia in which they are attracted to themselves as a man.

Question 51

Which of the following is an argument against the use of surgical sex reassignment surgery for gender identity disorder?

A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been found to be effective for most in alleviating gender dysphoria.
B) Most of those who have such surgeries are not happy with the outcome.
C) Surgery should not be used to treat a psychological disorder.
D) Gender identity disorder is not a lifelong disorder and later regret is likely.

Question 52

Sam was a child with gender identity disorder. Now he is 26 and, feeling trapped in a man's body, he wants to become a woman. Adults with gender identity disorder are often referred to as a

A) transvestite.
B) transsexual.
C) lesbian.
D) person with autogynephilia.

Question 53

Which of the following statements about sexual abuse is TRUE?

A) About one-third of children show no symptoms.
B) It usually does not have lasting consequences.
C) Most children dissociate during the actual sex act.
D) The most common short-term consequences are aggression and other acting-out behaviors.

Question 54

Autogynephilic transsexuals differ from homosexual transsexuals in that

A) they are likely to be homosexual.
B) they are not especially feminine.
C) they are usually female-to-male transsexuals.
D) rarely do they have a history of tranvestic fetishism.

Question 55

Angela is 10 and has been a victim of sexual abuse. The short-term effects

A) will include dissociative symptoms.
B) will almost certainly produce severe changes in thought, feeling, and behavior.
C) generally involve a compensatory sense of control.
D) may include fears and sexual inappropriateness, but there is no single response syndrome.

Question 56

Research on memory finds that

A) memory is highly accurate.
B) false memories can be experimentally induced.
C) false "recovered memories" only develop under hypnosis.
D) children are no more likely than adults to provide inaccurate testimony.

Question 57

It is quite rare for pedophilia to

A) involve a female pedophile.
B) involve sexual penetration or violence.
C) occur in children between 8 and 11.
D) include manipulation of the child's genitals.

Question 58

A man who is aroused by the thought of himself as a woman has the paraphilia known as

A) transvestism.
B) transsexualism.
C) protophilia.
D)autogynephilia.

Question 59

One of the most controversial issues in psychology today concerns

A) whether there are any serious consequences of childhood sexual abuse.
B) whether there are any serious long-term consequences of rape and molestation in adult women.
C) the validity of recovered (formerly repressed) memories of abuse.
D)the validity of women's reports of rape.

Question 60

The most recent studies of satisfactory outcome from sex reassignment surgery find

A) most individuals are satisfied
B) few individuals are satisfied
C) satisfaction depends upon whether the operation involves a male-to-female or a female-to-male change.
D) satisfaction depends on the length of time that individuals live as the gender they wish to become prior to the surgery.

Question 61

Post-traumatic stress disorder, when caused by a rape,

A) is now called acute stress syndrome.
B) only occurs when the rapist is unknown to the victim.
C) is often associated with severe sexual symptoms.
D) is more severe when a woman knows her attacker.

Question 62

Statutory rape

A) describes sexual activity that occurs under actual or threatened forcible coercion.
B) is sexual activity with a person who is under the age of 18.
C) is sexual activity with a person who is legally defined to be under the age of consent.
D) has only occurred when the rape victim has said "no."

Question 63

Ted is a rapist. If he is typical of most convicted rapists, he

A) has never committed a crime before.
B) is under 25 and has a prior criminal record.
C) is well-educated, charming, and middle-class.
D) was a close friend or lover of the rape victim.

Question 64

Most rapes

A) involve more than one offender.
B) occur during the day.
C) occur near where the rapist lives.
D) occur on impulse.

Question 65

What do rape and incest have in common?

A) Both involve sex with an unwilling partner.
B) The accuracy of prevalence estimates is questioned.
C) Both are motivated primarily by aggression.
D) There is much debate as to how they are defined.

Question 66

Which of the following suggests that rape is motivated by sex, not just aggression?

A) The age distribution of rape victims
B) Women who are more physically attractive are more likely to be rape victims
C) The high incidence of rape within the context of a committed relationship
D) Reports of victims.

Question 67

The newest classification system for types of rapists (McCabe & Wauchope) varies in terms of

A) amount of violence.
B) amount of sexual and aggressive motives.
C) whether the rapists know their victims.
D) whether they target children or adults.

Question 68

Which of the following is most likely to be a victim of incest?

A) A son
B) A stepdaughter
C) A daughter
D) A stepson

Question 69

________ often desire mastery or dominance over their partners, believe that their partners will benefit from sexual contact, and some tend to idealize their partners for their simplicity and innocence.

A) Masochists
B) Pedophiles
C) Fetishists
D) Voyeurs

Question 70

Rape shield laws

A) limit the amount of information about the defendant's past crimes that can be used in court.
B) limit the amount of information that can be used in court about the mental health status of the defendant.
C) limit the amount of information about a victim's past sexual history that can be used in court.
D) are no longer used.

Question 71

Incest offenders differ from extrafamilial child molesters in that the incest offenders

A) don't show arousal to pictures of children.
B) typically have more victims.
C) typically choose girls as victims.
D) are more introverted.

Question 72

The most common personality characteristic of rapists is

A) sexual sadism.
B) impulsivity.
C) empathy.
D) extraversion.

Question 73

Which of the following people best illustrates the most common type of pedophile?

A) Werner, who is sadistic and enjoys causing pain.
B) Frank, who is interpersonally unskilled and feels in control when dominating a child.
C) Norman, who is bisexual and but who cannot respond sexually to adult men or women.
D) Ben, who has low self-esteem and fantasizes about being dominated by others in sexual relationships.

Question 74

Incest

A) is an accepted practice in many cultures.
B) commonly occurs in most animal species.
C) has only occurred when the parties involved are blood relatives.
D)was once used to protect the royal blood in Egypt.

Question 75

The most common form of incest is between

A) brother and sister.
B) father and daughter.
C) mother and son.
D) brother and brother.

Question 76

Studies of sex offenders

A) support the feminist view of rape.
B) find that few rapists are violent.
C) suggest that all rapists have both aggressive and sexual motives.
D) find that rapists tend to have both Axis I and Axis II disorders.

Question 77

Males who have been raped

A) show similar long-term psychological distress as women do.
B) show less long-term psychological distress than women.
C) show different long-term psychological symptoms than women.
D) never report it.

Question 78

"Victim-precipitated rape" is

A) more common today than in previous decades.
B) less common today than in previous decades.
C) a concept often used in the past by defense attorneys.
D)an experimentally established phenomenon.

Question 79

"Victim-precipitated rape"

A) is what we commonly refer to as "date rape."
B) is a concept consistent with the view of rape as a sexually motivated act.
C) involves no true victim.
D) does not have any lasting psychological impact.

Question 80

The recidivism rate for rapists

A) suggests that neither incarceration nor treatment is an effective approach to dealing with this type of crime.
B) is much higher than is suggested by the media.
C) has been declining since the introduction of mandatory chemical castration.
D) decreases steadily with age.