Deck 2: Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior

Question 1

Hippocrates suggested marriage as a cure for

A) impotence.
B) hysteria in women.
C) phrenitis (brain fever) in men.
D) melancholia.

Answer 1

hysteria in women.

Question 2

Each of the following is one of the "four humors" EXCEPT

A) blood.
B) phlegm.
C) phrenitis.
D) bile.

Answer 2

phrenitis.

Question 3

The physicians of Alexandria, Egypt, in the era after Alexander the Great were most likely to treat mental patients by

A) putting them in prisons.
B) using brutal forms of exorcism.
C) having them make sacrifices to gods.
D) providing activities, massage, and education.

Answer 3

providing activities, massage, and education.

Question 4

According to Hippocrates, mental disorders were part of which three general categories?

A) Schizophrenia, mania, and melancholia.
B) Schizophrenia, mania, and phrenitis.
C) Melancholia, mania, and phrenitis.
D) Melancholia, mania, and anxiety.

Question 5

What is Galen credited with?

A) Providing the first biological explanation for mental disorders
B) Performing the first human autopsies
C) Demonstrating that the doctrine of the four humors was flawed
D) Recognizing that psychological disorders could have both biological and psychological causes

Question 6

Compared to the West, in the Chinese "Dark Ages," views of mental illness

A) began at a more sophisticated level but regressed, like the West, to belief in the supernatural forces, although not for as long or with as negative a reaction to patients.
B) began at a less sophisticated level but regressed, like the West, to belief in the supernatural forces, although they regressed earlier and with a more negative reaction to patients.
C) always believed that mental illness was due to supernatural forces. This belief is still prevalent in China.
D) were always more sophisticated than the West; the focus was always on medical causes and humane treatment.

Question 7

According to your textbook, which mental disorder received the most attention from early scholars?

A) Phobias
B) Depression
C) Schizophrenia
D) Multiple personality disorder

Question 8

Aristotle believed that

A) mental disorders could be caused by psychological factors.
B) mental disorders could not be caused by psychological factors.
C) bodily fluids had nothing to do with mental illness.
D) mental illness was due to demonic possession.

Question 9

In ancient societies, if a person's abnormal conduct consisted of speech that appeared to have a religious or mystical significance, then the person was

A) assumed to have willingly entered into a pact with the devil.
B) thought to be a witch.
C) thought to be possessed by a good spirit or god.
D) assumed to have something physically wrong with the heart.

Question 10

Prayer, incantations, and noise-making were all techniques for

A) altering a person's brain functioning.
B) improving a person's dreams.
C) helping a person become possessed by good spirits.
D) exorcising demons.

Question 11

According to early beliefs, what would characterize an individual with an excess of blood?

A) Depression
B) Schizophrenia
C) Irritability
D) Cheerfulness

Question 12

The doctrine of the four humors

A) was an attempt to support moral management.
B) was an explanation for personality traits.
C) was an early suggested treatment for melancholy.
D) was the first psychological explanation of mental disorders.

Question 13

Which statement about treatment of abnormal behavior in the Middle Ages is accurate?

A) Although the Hippocratic tradition was continued in most of Europe, Islamic countries emphasized demonology.
B) Scientific reasoning and humane treatments were valued in both European and Islamic societies.
C) Islamic forms of treatment were more humane than European approaches.
D) The Chinese emphasized prayer, the Europeans emphasized exercise, and the Islamic peoples emphasized balancing the four bodily humors.

Question 14

Cicero was feeling depressed. He sought help from Hippocrates. Hippocrates would probably have

A) prescribed the roots of certain plants and unusual elixirs.
B) utilized a talking cure.
C) prescribed exercise, tranquility, and celibacy.
D) performed an exorcism.

Question 15

One of Aristotle's major contributions to psychology was

A) his belief that dreams explained most mental disorders.
B) his theory that psychological disorders were due to psychological rather than physical factors.
C) his description of personality traits.
D) his description of consciousness.

Question 16

Archaeology and early writing indicate that the first people to think that the brain was the site of mental functions were the

A) ancient Egyptians.
B) ancient Greeks.
C) Chinese.
D) Hebrews.

Question 17

The belief in the four humors as a means of explaining temperament

A) is inconsistent with a biological explanation for mental illness.
B) has yet to be disproven.
C) proposed that mental disorders were the result of an imbalance.
D) provides that first indication that ancient people recognized the significance of the brain in determining behavior.

Question 18

Early writings show that the Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks often attributed abnormal behavior to

A) poor parenting.
B) physical disease.
C) demonic possession.
D) chemical imbalance in the brain.

Question 19

Plato was one of the first to argue for

A) medical treatment of mental illness.
B) demonic possession in mental illness.
C) different punishments for mentally disturbed individuals.
D) the use of bleeding as a treatment for mental illness.

Question 20

Chung Ching wrote two well-known medical works around A.D. 200 and has been referred to as the ____________ of China.

A) Aristotle
B) Galen
C) Plato
D) Hippocrates

Question 21

What is "mass madness"?

A) An exhibition of disordered behavior by a group of people that appears to be caused by hysteria
B) A reaction to the harsh and inhumane treatment of the mentally ill during the Middle Ages
C) A reference to the increased incidence of schizophrenia seen 16 years after a flu epidemic
D) A reaction to hallucinogenic compounds taken as part of religious rituals in ancient Egypt

Question 22

What trend was observed during the Middle Ages in Europe?

A) Belief in theology was declining.
B) Approaches to mental disorders were becoming increasingly scientific.
C) Supernatural explanations for mental disorders grew in popularity.
D) Humane treatments were developed.

Question 23

How did early treatment of mental patients in the United States compare to that offered in Europe?

A) Treatment in the United States was more humanitarian.
B) It was comparable to that offered in Europe.
C) The techniques employed were more scientifically based than those used in Europe.
D) The treatment approaches used in the United States were more effective than those used in Europe.

Question 24

People in the Middle Ages

A) believed that mentally ill people were witches.
B) believed that witches were mentally ill.
C) believed that mentally ill witches should be treated differently than other types of witches.
D) believed that most witches and mentally ill people were possessed by demons, but in different ways.

Question 25

Johann Weyer, in the early 1500s,

A) was a popularly accepted writer who argued that mental illness was due to demon possession.
B) was a popularly accepted writer who argued that mental illness was due to imbalances in the four humors.
C) wrote a book that was condemned by many, arguing that many witches were actually mentally ill.
D) wrote a book that was scorned by many, arguing that mental illness was due to bodily magnetism.

Question 26

Recent historical reviews of the literature indicate that the typical accused witch in the Middle Ages in Europe was

A) a person we would now consider to have a mental illness.
B) a priest who was a rival of a more powerful priest.
C) an ill-tempered, impoverished woman.
D) a person we would now consider to have mental retardation.

Question 27

The approaches to treatment of the mentally ill during the Middle Ages in Europe are best characterized as

A) superstitious.
B) humane.
C) medical.
D) scientific.

Question 28

Who was one of the first physicians in the early 1500s to criticize the idea that mental illness was due to demon possession (although he did believe the moon influenced the brain)?

A) Paracelsus
B) Galen
C) Pinel
D) Hippocrates

Question 29

If you visited an asylum in the 16th Century in Europe you would likely find

A) a place which mixed together the mentally ill, the poor, criminals, and the physically ill.
B) exorcisms being done by priests.
C) a place where people were given good food, work, and rest so they could recover.
D) mentally ill people living in conditions of filth and cruelty.

Question 30

The disorder Koro, where males fear that their genitals have retracted into their body, possibly leading to death, is similar to the episodes of mass madness during the Black Death because

A) both demonstrated that mass madness is primarily a physiological disorder.
B) both demonstrated the effect that sociocultural stressors can have on mental functioning of large groups of people.
C) both demonstrated that the responses of other people to the person with mass madness determines whether the person will recover.
D) both demonstrated that it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to discover the cause of mass madness.

Question 31

In 1983, a large group of West Bank Palestinian girls showed signs of illness. Some thought they were poisoned, but later it was discovered that psychological factors played a key role in most cases. This incident best illustrates

A) St. Vitus's dance.
B) exorcism.
C) lycanthropy.
D) mass madness.

Question 32

The emergence of humanism brought about changes in all of the following EXCEPT

A) an increase in the belief in supernatural causes of behavior.
B) scientific questioning.
C) more humane treatment.
D) fewer superstitious beliefs about demonic possession.

Question 33

The fact that episodes of mass madness peaked at the time of the Black Death illustrates that

A) mass hysteria usually has a biological basis.
B) mental and physical illnesses commonly occur together.
C) phenomena that impact the society and its structure may also affect mental health.
D) mental illnesses really are caused by imbalances in the four bodily humors.

Question 34

What was the purpose of the early asylums?

A) To remove those who could not care for themselves from society
B) To provide exorcisms
C) To offer humanitarian treatment to those afflicted with mental illnesses
D) To offer biological approaches to the treatment of mental disorders

Question 35

A common treatment for mental illness during the Middle Ages in Europe was

A) exorcism.
B) fresh air and supportive surroundings.
C) banishment.
D) an early form of psychoanalytic dream interpretation.

Question 36

During the Middle Ages in Europe, which of the following was most likely to treat mental illness?

A) a priest
B) a physician
C) a scientist
D) a surgeon

Question 37

Exorcism is

A) still occasionally practiced today for the treatment of psychological problems, sometimes with fatal results.
B) a religious rite that is no longer used for the treatment of psychological problems.
C) a symbolic act that can still be useful in changing psychological functioning.
D) a treatment that, throughout history, was never a very popular method of treating psychological problems.

Question 38

The early asylums

A) were primarily warehouses for the mentally ill.
B) were designed to be places of refuge for the mentally ill.
C) were designed to treat the mentally ill with physiological treatments, such as bloodletting.
D) were similar to the places the early Greeks used for people with mental illness.

Question 39

Shackling a patient to a wall with little food or heat would be most typical of

A) the hospitals run by Philippe Pinel.
B) the sanatoriums of Alexandria, Egypt.
C) the early asylums in Europe.
D) the treatment advocated by Hippocrates.

Question 40

What is lycanthropy?

A) A form of mass hysteria characterized by wild dance-like movements
B) A condition in which people believe themselves to be possessed by wolves
C) A form of mass madness seen only in men
D) A form of mass hysteria now known to have been drug-induced

Question 41

Which of the following contributed to the virtual absence of moral management by the nineteenth century?

A) The fact that it was rarely effective in treating the mentally ill
B) The shrinking of the size of most mental hospitals
C) Society's displeasure with the idea that mentally ill people were morally inferior
D) Advances in biomedical science

Question 42

Benjamin Rush, who encouraged more humane treatment of the mentally ill in the United States, used as his principal remedies

A) rest and talk.
B) bloodletting and the tranquilizer chair.
C) exorcism and purging.
D) the tranquilizer chair and relaxation.

Question 43

Philippe Pinel

A) believed that mental illness was due to possession by demons and exorcism was the only useful treatment.
B) believed that mental patients needed to choose rationality over insanity, so treatment was aimed at making their lives as patients uncomfortable.
C) believed that mental patients were ill and needed to be treated as such - with kindness and caring.
D) believed that mental illness was purely a physiological phenomena, and could only be treated by physical means such as bloodletting.

Question 44

The moral management treatment

A) focused on the physiological problems that mental patients supposedly had rather than their mental state.
B) focused on the symptoms that mental patients had rather than on their moral character.
C) focused on warehousing and punishing mental patients, so that they would choose to become well.
D) focused on the moral and spiritual development of mental patients rather than their disorder.

Question 45

A contemporary of Pinel's in England who started a Quaker religious retreat for the mentally ill was

A) John Wesley.
B) Benjamin Rush.
C) Dorothea Dix.
D) William Tuke.

Question 46

Humanitarian treatment would be most typical of

A) the hospitals run by Philippe Pinel.
B) Bedlam.
C) the early asylums in Europe.
D) the early asylums in the United States.

Question 47

Which of the following approaches to treatment focuses almost exclusively on physical well-being?

A) Moral management
B) Mental hygiene
C) Humanitarian
D) Deinstitutionalization

Question 48

There is some debate about whether Philippe Pinel

A) was the first person to remove chains from mental patients in a French mental hospital.
B) was the first person to refute the idea of witchcraft as an explanation for abnormal behavior.
C) supported Mesmer's ideas of animal magnetism and hypnosis.
D) approved of the use of bleeding, beatings, and imprisonment for mental patients.

Question 49

The demise of moral management occurred for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) research showed that it had never been effective.
B) the rise of the moral hygiene movement put a focus on patient well-being.
C) the rise of biological explanations diminished the importance of the social environment.
D) hospital facilities got so large that it was difficult to maintain the staff-patient relationships necessary for moral management.

Question 50

Which of the following is credited with continuing the work of Pinel in the United States?

A) John Wesley
B) Benjamin Rush
C) John Connolly
D) Samuel Hitch

Question 51

All of the following were likely to be part of moral treatment in the 1800s EXCEPT

A) manual labor.
B) spiritual discussions.
C) character development.
D) antipsychotic medication.

Question 52

Benjamin Rush is credited with all of the following EXCEPT

A) signing the Declaration of Independence.
B) encouraging more humane treatment of the mentally ill.
C) taking a scientific approach to the study and treatment of mental disorders.
D) being the first American to organize a course in psychiatry.

Question 53

Which one of the following increased the availability of treatment for the mentally ill in the United States?

A) Dorothea Dix
B) Benjamin Rush
C) Emil Kraepelin
D) Philippe Pinel

Question 54

Which of the following was a consequence of the rise of the mental hygiene movement and the occurrence of biomedical advances?

A) The social and psychological environments of mental patients were ignored.
B) Biological causes for most mental disorders were identified.
C) Physical comfort was neglected.
D) Most humanitarian gains were lost.

Question 55

In the United States, an early treatment involved the belief that

A) patients needed to choose rationality over insanity and treatments were designed to intimidate patients into choosing correctly.
B) patients were demonically possessed and needed to be made uncomfortable to get the demons to leave.
C) patients were medically ill and needed physiological treatments.
D) patients were basically animals and were treated as such.

Question 56

"Bedlam" in London was one of several hospitals for the mentally ill in different countries that

A) treated the mentally ill with physiological treatments.
B) exhibited their patients for profit.
C) viewed themselves as religious houses for the demonically possessed.
D) allowed patients a lot of freedom.

Question 57

Who is considered the founder of American psychiatry?

A) William Tuke
B) Dorothea Dix
C) Benjamin Rush
D) Clifford Beers

Question 58

The level of success achieved with the use of moral management is surprising because

A) most mental illnesses are not treatable.
B) the drugs used were usually inappropriate.
C) the majority of those hospitalized for mental illness were schizophrenic.
D) many patients suffered from syphilis that was, at the time, incurable.

Question 59

Dorothea Dix

A) urged that religious conversion was a primary means of treatment for the mentally disturbed.
B) was a major impediment to the mental hygiene movement in this country.
C) was a leading force in the emphasis on finding biological cures for mental disorders.
D) is credited with establishing numerous humane mental hospitals in many countries.

Question 60

Which of the following was a form of treatment that addressed a patient's social, individual, and occupational needs?

A) Moral management
B) The treatments provided at the Geel Shrine
C) Anton Mesmer's approach to treating the mentally ill
D) The treatment started by the Nancy School

Question 61

Which of the following was an effect of the deinstitutionalization movement?

A) A large number of psychiatric hospitals remained open.
B) Mental hospital populations were re-institutionalized in medical hospitals.
C) Most of the services once offered on an inpatient basis were available at community health centers.
D) Some of those released would have been better off remaining hospitalized.

Question 62

Which of the following was a reason for the growth of the deinstitutionalization movement?

A) A desire to involve the family in the care of the mentally ill.
B) It was thought to be more humane.
C) New medications were not successful.
D) It was less cost effective than institutionalization.

Question 63

Medications for psychological disorders

A) were first used centuries ago.
B) were first used only recently.
C) still currently use some ancient ingredients, such as "mummy powder."
D) made the search for the causes of disorders more difficult.

Question 64

In the early nineteenth century, psychiatrists were referred to as

A) alienists.
B) lunatics.
C) soothsayers.
D) purgatists.

Question 65

During the early twentieth century,

A) more asylums and mental hospitals were established.
B) most of the institutionalized mentally ill received moral therapy.
C) hospital stays tended to be brief.
D) housed very few people.

Question 66

During the late nineteenth century, alienists

A) focused on removing evil demons from the psyche.
B) employed techniques such as drugging, restraint, and bleeding.
C) did not view mental illnesses as treatable.
D) incorporated moral management therapy into treatments.

Question 67

Imagine that it is 1885. A man complains of "shattered nerves." He is lacking in energy and shows low mood. Physicians specializing in mental conditions (alienists) would likely consider this person

A) a morally deficient individual.
B) as suffering from neurasthenia.
C) as suffering from hysteria.
D) as untreatable because the condition was biological.

Question 68

What is Clifford Beers known for?

A) He developed the first effective antidepressant.
B) His efforts lead to the establishment of over thirty mental hospitals.
C) He vigorously rejected the Victorian idea that sexual fantasies caused mental disorders.
D) He publicized the brutal treatment that many mental patients received.

Question 69

The "neurasthenia" recognized in the 1800s resembles today's diagnosis of

A) anxiety.
B) schizophrenia.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) depression.

Question 70

By the end of the nineteenth century

A) effective treatments had been developed for many forms of mental illness.
B) little was known about most mental illnesses.
C) asylums were recognized as humanitarian institutions that served an important function.
D) most mental hospitals effectively addressed the physical needs of patients, but ignored other needs.

Question 71

At the start of the twentieth century in America, public attitudes toward the mentally ill

A) had become enlightened and humane.
B) associated mental disorder with "tainted genes" and divine retribution.
C) had become a conviction that the mentally ill were incurable and should be executed or jailed for the rest of their lives.
D) were characterized by fear, horror, and ignorance.

Question 72

The work of Dorothea Dix has been criticized for

A) interfering with the provision of moral therapy.
B) increasing the use of unproven treatment approaches.
C) popularizing humanitarian approaches.
D) preventing the development of biomedical approaches to mental illness.

Question 73

Which of the following individuals is credited with emphasizing the link between brain pathology and mental illness?

A) Dix.
B) Skinner.
C) Bandura.
D) Kraepelin.

Question 74

Why was malarial therapy effective in treating general paresis?

A) The fever that was induced killed off the cause of the observed symptoms.
B) General paresis was caused by malaria, and malarial therapy triggered an immune response that destroyed the existing infection.
C) Malarial therapy prevented the syphilis spirochetes from entering the brain.
D) There is no known treatment for general paresis.

Question 75

During the first half of the twentieth century, mental hospital care would best be characterized as

A) effective.
B) humane.
C) moral.
D) punitive.

Question 76

Which of the following served to publicize the plight of the mentally ill in the mid 1940s?

A) The publication of "A Mind That Found Itself"
B) The publication of "The Snake Pit"
C) The research funded by the National Institutes of Mental Health
D) The passage of the Community Health Services act

Question 77

The insanity associated with general paresis

A) has no known physical cause.
B) is caused by excessive alcohol consumption.
C) is seen only in the aging who have compromised health.
D) results from an infection of the brain.

Question 78

The rationale behind deinstitutionalization was

A) a belief that physicians could better medicate and give physical treatment to patients in their own homes.
B) a concern that prolonged hospitalization could keep patients from being able to adjust to and function in the outside world.
C) a belief that most mental patients were faking and would cease to do so if they were not "rewarded" by allowing them to stay in the hospital.
D) a concern that mental hospitals were such unpleasant places that for mental patients, living on their own could only be better.

Question 79

The Hill-Burton Act

A) ended the moral hygiene movement.
B) contributed to the practice of warehousing the mentally ill.
C) provided funding for mental health treatment in the community.
D) legislated the creation of 50% more inpatient facilities for the mentally ill.

Question 80

Which of the following occurred in the late twentieth century?

A) The establishment of large inpatient facilities for the mentally ill
B) A movement of the mentally ill from institutions to the community
C) Dramatic increases in the cost of caring for the mentally ill
D) The inpatient mentally ill population doubled