Deck 11: Emotion

Question 1

The amygdala is

A) located within the frontal lobes.
B) comprised of three key nuclei.
C) important for the planning of motor behaviors.
D) located within the temporal lobes.
E) comprised of six key nuclei.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The ________ amygdaloid nucleus is important for the expression of emotional responses to aversive stimuli.

A) cortical
B) lateral
C) medial
D) central
E) postero-lateral

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The emotional components that comprise fear are integrated by neurons within the

A) amygdala.
B) medial hypothalamus.
C) orbitofrontal cortex.
D) thalamus.
E) reticular activating system.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The autonomic component of an emotional response functions to

A) mobilize energy for vigorous movement.
B) restore physiological balance after an emotional experience.
C) promote digestion of nutrients.
D) facilitate healing of damaged tissue.
E) alter skin coloring so as to provide an emotional cue to observers.

Question 5

The major components of an emotional response include

A) feelings and behavior.
B) behavior and moods.
C) hormonal secretions and cognition.
D) behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions.
E) autonomic activity, moods, and behaviors.

Question 6

In addition to partial paralysis after a stroke, Mr. V. showed a loss of

A) verbal intelligence.
B) the capacity to read and write.
C) the capacity to recall recent events.
D) the ability to speak.
E) understanding of the long-term implications of his stroke.

Question 7

Inactivation of the central amygdaloid nucleus results in

A) increased signs of agitation.
B) gastric ulcers.
C) reduced blood levels of stress hormones.
D) increased signs of fear.
E) deficits in procedural memory.

Question 8

Infusion of excitatory amino acid glutamate into the central nucleus of the amygdala of a rat would be expected to elicit

A) behavioral signs of fear.
B) agitation but not fear.
C) timidness when handled by humans.
D) lower levels of stress hormones.
E) reduced secretion of gastric acid.

Question 9

An intact ________ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure.

A) orbitofrontal cortex
B) lateral hippocampus
C) lateral hypothalamus
D) medial nucleus of the amygdala
E) periaqueductal gray matter

Question 10

In experiments by LeDoux and others on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the unconditional emotional response is elicited by

A) foot shock.
B) a heat stimulus.
C) a loud tone.
D) electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra.
E) food stimuli.

Question 11

Infusion of ________ into the central nucleus of the amygdala would be expected to promote fear and agitation.

A) Prozac
B) glutamate
C) an opiate receptor antagonist
D) a cholinergic receptor agonist
E) a benzodiazepine receptor agonist

Question 12

Which of the following is a key function of the hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion?

A) formation of glucose within the muscles
B) decreased blood flow to the muscles
C) formation of glycogen within the muscles
D) increased blood flow to the digestive organs
E) stimulation of defecation

Question 13

Neurons within the amygdala are activated by

A) ascending tactile signals.
B) texture cues within the environment.
C) detection of emotionally relevant stimuli.
D) motor signals arising from the caudate nucleus.
E) all classes of sensory signals.

Question 14

Based on the evidence cited in your text, which brain region would be considered as a key target for pharmacological modification to provide relief for a person suffering from overly intense emotional reactions?

A) the central nucleus of the amygdala
B) the ventromedial hypothalamus
C) the medial nucleus of the thalamus
D) the corpus callosum
E) the entire basal forebrain

Question 15

Behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal emotional responses are elicited by activation of the

A) medial geniculate nucleus.
B) central nucleus of the amygdala.
C) orbitofrontal cortex.
D) nucleus accumbens.
E) posterior intralaminar thalamic nucleus.

Question 16

Exposure to ________ will automatically produce a fear reaction in most species.

A) snakes
B) spiders
C) open spaces
D) weapons of mass destruction
E) loud unexpected noises

Question 17

Activation of the ________ nucleus of the amygdala elicits an emotional response.

A) medial
B) lateral
C) cortical
D) central
E) postero-lateral

Question 18

Most of the research on emotions has focused on

A) those associated with reproductive behaviors.
B) those associated with success or anger.
C) fear and euphoria.
D) anger and fear.
E) those experienced during a good meal.

Question 19

Damage to the ________ would be expected to disrupt the integration of fear.

A) thalamus
B) medial hypothalamus
C) orbitofrontal cortex
D) amygdala
E) reticular activating system

Question 20

The text author asserts that ________ have key consequences for survival and reproduction.

A) emotional behaviors
B) emotional feelings
C) internal stirred-up states
D) moods
E) brief perturbations of affect

Question 21

Rats previously exposed to a tone followed by a brief intense electrical shock will show ________ when subsequently exposed to the tone (without shock).

A) reduced fear
B) an unconditional emotional response
C) reduced plasma levels of stress hormones
D) behavioral arrest (freezing)
E) grooming behavior

Question 22

A human male who has a long record of assault, arson, and murder would be expected to show ________ levels of ________ in his cerebrospinal fluid.

A) elevated; GABA
B) reduced; GABA
C) elevated; 5-HIAA
D) reduced; 5-HIAA
E) elevated; opiates

Question 23

The ________ cortical region plays a key role in the analysis of social situations.

A) occipital
B) parietal
C) ventromedial prefrontal
D) temporal
E) cingulate

Question 24

Alzheimer's disease patients who show degeneration of the ________ are more likely to forget emotionally traumatic events such as the Kobe earthquake in 1995.

A) basal ganglia
B) anterior forebrain
C) cingulum bundle
D) amygdala
E) substantia nigra

Question 25

In the chapter vignette on violence and aggression, Steve

A) developed tobacco addiction.
B) showed mediocre college grades.
C) exhibited signs of manic-depressive disorder.
D) received a life sentence in prison.
E) developed cocaine and heroin addiction.

Question 26

Imagine that all members of your class have been tested to determine the level of the serotonin metabolite Which of the following would you predict using this information?

A) Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive ten years from now.
B) Low 5-HIAA levels will be associated with good exam performance.
C) High 5-HIAA levels will be associated with poor sleep patterns in males.
D) Male classmates with high 5-HIAA levels will not be alive ten years from now.
E) Those with low 5-HIAA levels will be the thinnest persons in the class.

Question 27

Which of the following is true of threat behaviors?

A) Threat behaviors resolve conflicts without hurting the involved organisms.
B) Attacks are more common in nature than are threat behaviors.
C) Threat behaviors are always followed by attack behaviors.
D) Submissive behaviors elicit threat behaviors.
E) Unlike actual attacks, threat behaviors are consistent across species.

Question 28

The drug ________ would be expected to inhibit aggression.

A) haloperidol
B) cocaine
C) methysergide
D) fluoxetine (Prozac)
E) amphetamine

Question 29

Which of the following distinguishes predation from most types of aggression?

A) Predation is accompanied by sympathetic activation in the predator.
B) The object of predatory attack experiences more sympathetic activation than that seen when two members of the same species engage in aggression.
C) A predator is highly likely to terminate the attack when the prey shows submissive behaviors.
D) The aim of a predatory attack is to kill and consume a food source.
E) Predation is an example of a rodent reproductive behavior.

Question 30

Humans report fear upon electrical stimulation of the

A) hypothalamus.
B) ventral tegmental area.
C) periaqueductal gray matter.
D) amygdala.
E) reticular activating system.

Question 31

________ involves an attack by one animal on a member of another species in order to eat them.

A) Defensive attack
B) Offensive attack
C) Predation
D) Inter-male aggression
E) Sex-related aggression

Question 32

Elevated brain levels of the transmitter ________ function to inhibit aggression.

A) glutamate
B) GABA
C) dopamine
D) serotonin
E) acetylcholine

Question 33

Electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in the cat produces

A) submissive behavior.
B) defensive rage behavior.
C) predatory behavior.
D) prey behavior.
E) threat behaviors.

Question 34

The expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the

A) lateral amygdala.
B) central nucleus of the amygdala.
C) lateral hypothalamus.
D) ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
E) dorsolateral accumbens.

Question 35

A species-typical defensive response for a rat would include

A) freezing of motor movements.
B) sniffing the fear stimulus.
C) approach to the fear stimulus.
D) eating.
E) grooming.

Question 36

A formal definition of aggressive behaviors

A) does not include verbal attacks against another organism.
B) suggests that aggression is rarely associated with reproduction.
C) is that aggression must involve an actual attack.
D) includes those behaviors involved in predation.
E) does not include self-defense attacks.

Question 37

Electrical stimulation of the ventral periaqueductal gray matter in the cat can produce

A) submissive behavior.
B) defensive behavior.
C) predatory behavior.
D) prey behavior.
E) threat behaviors.

Question 38

The text author suggests that serotonin exerts a controlling effect on

A) risky behaviors.
B) frustration.
C) anger.
D) feeding.
E) aggression.

Question 39

In experiments on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the conditioned stimulus is

A) a loud tone.
B) foot shock
C) a food pellet.
D) a bright light.
E) a heat stimulus

Question 40

Some careers involve daily exposure to dangerous situations, which can lead to emotional burnout. A person with damage to the amygdala would have a selective advantage for a career as a

A) copy editor for an Iowa newspaper.
B) high-wire artist working on the 4th of July in a rainstorm.
C) teacher.
D) accountant for Exxon.
E) movie critic in Hollywood.

Question 41

The combination of inadequate activation of the ________ and enhanced activation of the ________ may result in excessive anger that results in harm to other persons.

A) cortex; reticular activating system
B) prefrontal cortex; hypothalamus
C) prefrontal cortex; amygdala
D) amygdala; prefrontal cortex
E) noradrenergic system; serotonergic systems

Question 42

Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his

A) occipital cortex.
B) ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
C) cingulate cortex.
D) primary motor cortex.
E) primary sensory cortex.

Question 43

Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with other females

A) just prior to menstruation.
B) just after menstruation.
C) only when threatened by the arrival of a new female in the social group.
D) near the time of ovulation.
E) during menopause.

Question 44

A female rodent exposed to high levels of testosterone while in the mother's uterus is likely to

A) show more interfemale aggression as an adult.
B) be a poor mother.
C) fail to ovulate in adulthood.
D) show no interfemale aggression as an adult.
E) show enhanced sexual drive as an adult.

Question 45

Which of the following is true of the impact of testosterone on aggressive behavior in males?

A) Prenatal androgenization decreases aggressiveness in primates.
B) Androgens have organizational effects after puberty.
C) Castration of sex-offenders may reduce aggressive sexual attacks.
D) Testosterone exerts effects on muscles before puberty.
E) Physical castration does not alter aggression.

Question 46

Intermale aggression is reduced in

A) mice whose vomeronasal nerves have been surgically damaged.
B) rats after cutting the vagus nerve.
C) mice after cutting the vagus nerve.
D) mice that have been sprayed with urine from an intact male mouse.
E) male mice prior to copulation.

Question 47

Impulsive aggression may reflect ________, which can be treated with ________.

A) overactivity of prefrontal neurons; fluoxetine
B) amygdaloid damage; GABA releasers
C) impaired serotonin prefrontal activity; fluoxetine
D) serotonin hypothalamic activity; fluoxetine
E) amygdaloid damage; glutamate releasers

Question 48

Aggressiveness is reduced in adult rodents by castration whereas injections of testosterone reinstate adult male rodent aggression. These effects are an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect.

A) activational
B) defeminization
C) organizational
D) subcortical
E) biphasic

Question 49

Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with male monkeys

A) just prior to menstruation.
B) just after menstruation.
C) only when threatened by the arrival of a new female in the social group.
D) near the time of ovulation.
E) during puberty.

Question 50

The prefrontal cortex is ________ by ________ projection neurons.

A) activated; serotonergic
B) facilitated; dopaminergic
C) inactivated; serotonergic
D) inactivated; cholinergic
E) facilitated; noradrenergic

Question 51

A female mouse given daily injections of ________ for two weeks is more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse.

A) estradiol
B) progesterone
C) prolactin
D) testosterone
E) leptin

Question 52

A female mouse given daily injections of ________ for two weeks is not more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse.

A) estradiol
B) progesterone
C) prolactin
D) testosterone
E) leptin

Question 53

Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the

A) hypothalamus.
B) hippocampus.
C) ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala.
E) nucleus accumbens.

Question 54

A general function of the prefrontal cortex may be to

A) promote sexual arousal.
B) generate rage and anger.
C) facilitate gambling decisions.
D) dampen or inhibit emotional reactions.
E) guide the planning of motor acts.

Question 55

The capacity of early testosterone exposure to sensitize brain circuits for aggression is an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect.

A) activational
B) feminization
C) organizational
D) subcortical
E) biphasic

Question 56

Intermale aggression will be reinstated in castrated male rats after implants of testosterone into the

A) ventromedial hypothalamus.
B) substantia nigra.
C) medial preoptic area.
D) lateral geniculate nucleus.
E) spinal cord.

Question 57

A male mouse housed alone in a home cage will readily attack a male mouse placed into the home cage, but will not attack a female mouse. Which of the following is a key factor as to whether the resident male mouse decides to attack or not attack the strange male mouse?

A) Male mice are smaller than females (thus size is the issue).
B) The mouse uses ultrasounds to distinguish male from female.
C) Female mice show a hop-dart movement that male mice do not.
D) The mouse must be able to detect male pheromones.
E) The coat color of a female mouse is lighter than that of a male mouse.

Question 58

________ is an example of a personal moral dilemma.

A) stealing a bus in order to drive people to safety during a hurricane
B) allowing a lifeboat to sink to save your own life
C) stealing a drug to feed your addiction.
D) throwing a switch that diverts a train into a crowd of people
E) throwing another person onto a grenade in order to save a larger group

Question 59

Aggressive behavior is most strongly related to

A) feeding.
B) reproduction.
C) termination of pain.
D) pleasure.
E) anxiety.

Question 60

Recent research suggests that emotions may play the most important role in the formation of

A) moral judgments.
B) feelings of empathy.
C) career decisions.
D) religious judgments.
E) gambling habits.

Question 61

With regard to facial emotional expression,

A) the sides of the face are equivalent during emotional expression.
B) positive emotions are more strongly displayed on the right side of the face.
C) negative emotions are more strongly displayed on the right side of the face.
D) positive emotions are more strongly expressed than are negative emotions.
E) negative emotional expressions are more intensely expressed on the left side of the face.

Question 62

PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion on the basis of word meaning increased the activity of the

A) left and right frontal cortex.
B) left hemisphere.
C) right hemisphere.
D) anterior potion of the corpus callosum.
E) caudal hypothalamus.

Question 63

Which of the following is true of the role of the amygdala for the recognition of emotion?

A) Amygdala damage impairs the ability to use tone of voice cues for emotion recognition.
B) Amygdala damage impairs the ability to use facial expressions for emotion recognition.
C) The amygdala receives input from the visual cortex via the thalamus.
D) Conscious awareness is required for the facial expression of emotion.
E) Activation of the amygdala improves mood and affect.

Question 64

The ability to recognize emotions expressed by others is most likely to be impaired after damage to the

A) left hemisphere.
B) basal ganglia.
C) right hemisphere.
D) cerebellum.
E) dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Question 65

A chimeric face

A) is another name for being deceptive.
B) is a happy face.
C) is a wrinkled face.
D) is created by pasting different facial images to form a single unit.
E) shows rapid shifts in emptional state.

Question 66

The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by the observation that

A) blind children show different facial emotional expressions than do sighted persons.
B) facial expressions of emotion vary by culture.
C) the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures.
D) facial expressions of emotion change over time in a culture.
E) some facial emotion expressions are only expressed in adulthood.

Question 67

Damage to the amygdala can impair recognition of ________ but not ________.

A) body posture; tone of voice
B) word meaning; the ability to speak a word
C) object identity; object movement
D) facial emotion expression; recognition of emotion using tone of voice
E) tone of voice; facial emotional expressions.

Question 68

Prenatal exposure to androgens

A) does not alter aggression but does modify sexual orientation.
B) has effects that are offset by socialization.
C) increases aggressive behavior in all studied species.
D) results in more intense attraction to toys and games preferred by girls.
E) increases aggression behavior in most nonhuman species.

Question 69

An example of an environmental effect on testosterone secretion would be when

A) castration reduces sexual aggression.
B) female prisoners with low testosterone levels are more aggressive.
C) increasing blood levels of testosterone produces more aggression.
D) increasing blood levels of testosterone suppresses aggression.
E) losing a tennis match results in lowered blood levels of testosterone.

Question 70

People with volitional facial paresis are unable to

A) voluntarily move the facial muscles.
B) cry.
C) comprehend other people's emotions.
D) recognize facial expressions.
E) use tone of voice to communicate their emotional states.

Question 71

Darwin argued that the expression of emotion in humans

A) varies greatly among individuals.
B) is learned during an early critical period.
C) is unique to each culture.
D) evolved from similar expressions in other animals.
E) involves muscle movements of the hands but not the face.

Question 72

Studies of hormone status and antisocial behavior in U.S. military veterans suggest that higher levels of antisocial activity are noted in

A) low socioeconomic status men with high testosterone levels.
B) women with low estrogen levels.
C) men with high socioeconomic status but low testosterone levels.
D) women with high estrogen levels.
E) persons with the longest service records.

Question 73

PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion from tone of voice increased the activity of the

A) left frontal cortex.
B) left hemisphere.
C) right hemisphere.
D) anterior potion of the corpus callosum.
E) right frontal cortex.

Question 74

The unique aspect of Patient S.P. is that after removal of her right amygdala, she

A) was unable to recognize individual faces.
B) was unable to recognize her own facial emotional expressions.
C) could accurately judge the age of other persons.
D) lost the ability to show emotion in her facial expressions.
E) could not perceive facial color.

Question 75

The emotion of disgust involves activation of neurons within the

A) hypothalamus.
B) left hemisphere.
C) insular cortex.
D) substantia nigra.
E) corpus callosum.

Question 76

A key function of the right hemisphere is

A) the use of visual cues to recognize emotions.
B) the recognition of emotions.
C) the capacity to recognize the emotional content of hand gestures.
D) the ability to discriminate among different facial expressions of emotion.
E) control vocal emotional pitch.

Question 77

The amygdala is involved in the recognition of ________communicated via ________.

A) fear; facial expression
B) happiness; tone of voice
C) fear; tone of voice
D) happiness; body posture
E) anger; tone of voice

Question 78

Which disorder would greatly impair the capacity of a person to succeed in acting?

A) volitional facial paresis
B) unilateral damage to the substantia nigra
C) unilateral damage to the caudate nucleus
D) emotional facial paresis
E) Broca's aphasia.

Question 79

The muscular movements that are involved in laughter are controlled by neurons within the

A) hypothalamus.
B) anterior cingulate cortex.
C) insular cortex.
D) substantia nigra.
E) corpus callosum.

Question 80

Studies using primates suggest that alcohol promotes aggression but only

A) in submissive male monkeys.
B) in dominant male monkeys during the mating season when testosterone levels are high.
C) in female monkeys at the time of ovulation.
D) in female monkeys just prior to menstruation.
E) when testosterone levels were at their lowest level.