Deck 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

Question 1

The cochlea is located within the

A) outer ear.
B) inner ear.
C) organ of Corti.
D) pinna.
E) middle ear.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The malleus, incus, and stapes

A) are tiny bones located within the outer ear.
B) are located within the inner ear.
C) provide a mechanical advantage for transferring sound energy to the inner ear.
D) are the formal names for the oval, round, and tympanic membranes, respectively.
E) comprise the pinna of the ear.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The ossicles are

A) receptive cells in the inner ear.
B) positioned within the pinna of the ear.
C) auditory receptors.
D) tiny bones located within the middle ear.
E) neurons that innervate the middle ear.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The ossicles are found within the

A) outer ear.
B) inner ear.
C) organ of Corti.
D) pinna.
E) middle ear.

Question 5

The loudness of a sound is related to

A) the amplitude of sound vibration.
B) the distance between the successive air vibrations.
C) the complexity of the sound waves.
D) its frequency of vibration.
E) the total duration of the sound stimulation.

Question 6

Sound can best be thought of as

A) compression of air molecules by an object.
B) changes in air pressure produced by the vibration of an object.
C) particles of energy that travel at better than 20 miles per hour.
D) packets of energy.
E) expansion of air molecules produced by an object as it moves through air.

Question 7

Which of the following pairs belong together?

A) amplitude; pitch
B) complexity; pitch
C) purity; timbre
D) amplitude; loudness
E) hue; wavelength

Question 8

The ear is considered to be a(n) ________ organ.

A) kinesthetic
B) synthetic
C) analytical
D) somatic
E) somesthetic

Question 9

Sound is funneled into the auditory canal via the

A) outer channel
B) inner ear.
C) tectorial membrane.
D) tympanic membrane.
E) pinna.

Question 10

Which of the following is a physical dimension of sound perception?

A) timbre
B) pitch
C) amplitude
D) saturation
E) loudness

Question 11

The hair-like appendages that extend from the ends of the auditory receptors are known as

A) cilia.
B) rods.
C) intrafusal fibers.
D) extrafusal fibers.
E) villi.

Question 12

Movement of the basilar membrane farthest away from the oval window is maximal for a

A) very low pitch.
B) low pitch.
C) medium pitch.
D) high pitch.
E) very high pitch.

Question 13

The pitch of a sound stimulus is related to the physical characteristic of

A) vibration amplitude.
B) the distance between the sound source and the detector.
C) sound wave complexity.
D) frequency of vibration.
E) sound intensity.

Question 14

Deafness caused by blockage of the ________ can be treated ________.

A) oval window; by cochlear implants
B) round window; by drilling a tiny hole to create a new round window
C) pinna; by the fenestration surgical procedure
D) middle ear; by high doses of ampicillin
E) scala media; by cochlear implants

Question 15

The case of Sara in the opening vignette makes the point that

A) pain is a valuable source of information to the body.
B) pain hurts.
C) audition is an important source of information for deaf people.
D) deaf persons can use sign language to communicate with blind people.
E) people who feel no pain learn new things faster because they are not distracted.

Question 16

The complexity of a sound wave determines the psychological dimension known as

A) hue.
B) pitch.
C) loudness.
D) saturation.
E) timbre.

Question 17

Humans can detect sound pressure waves that cycle between ________ and ________ times per second.

A) 30; 700
B) 25; 4,000
C) 30; 20,000
D) 25; 9,000
E) 300; 45,000

Question 18

Which of the following transforms sound into action potentials?

A) hair-cell cilia
B) the basilar membrane
C) the tympanic membrane
D) the tectorial membrane
E) Deiters's cells

Question 19

Another name for the eardrum is the

A) outer membrane.
B) basilar membrane.
C) tectorial membrane.
D) tympanic membrane.
E) pinna.

Question 20

The mechanical stimulus that induces movements of the hair cells is the

A) movement of the stapes against the oval window.
B) contraction of the muscle fibers within the middle ear.
C) movement of the malleus against the round window.
D) movement of the stapes against the round window.
E) movement of the scala tympani.

Question 21

The receptor potential of a hair cell is triggered by cilia movements that

A) allow the entry of sodium ions into the hair cell.
B) open a channel to potassium in the insertional plaque.
C) allow the efflux of potassium ions out of the hair cell.
D) close a channel to potassium in the insertional plaque.
E) allow chloride ions to flow into the cilia.

Question 22

Low-pitched sounds are detected by the use of ________ by the cochlea.

A) place coding
B) rate coding
C) phase coding
D) tonotopic codes
E) phase shifts

Question 23

The ratio of inner to outer hair cells in the human cochlea is approximately

A) 1:1.
B) 8:1.
C) 1:4.
D) 1:8.
E) 2:7.

Question 24

The anterior auditory stream involved in ________.

A) analysis of timbre.
B) analysis of sound intensity.
C) analysis of musical tunes.
D) complex sound analysis
E) sound localization

Question 25

The precise localization of sound vibration along the basilar membrane reflects

A) the contractile capacity of inner hair cells.
B) the loss of outer hair cells due to the aging process.
C) lateral inhibition of inner hair cells by outer hair cells.
D) the contractile capacity of outer hair cells.
E) longitudinal tension of the basilar membrane.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of hair cells?

A) Most afferent axons form connections with the outer hair cells.
B) Damage to the inner hair cells impairs hearing.
C) Outer hair cells play a more important role in hearing than do inner hair cells.
D) Thin unmyelinated axons form connections with inner hair cells.
E) Thick myelinated axons form connections with outer hair cells.

Question 27

Which of the following is true of the neurons of the cochlear nerve?

A) The neurons of this nerve are of the bipolar type.
B) The cell bodies of these neurons are located within the medulla.
C) The neurons of this nerve are of the multipolar type.
D) These nerve cells are hyperpolarized by release of transmitter from the hair cells.
E) These cells conduct local potentials, which can produce action potentials in downstream nerve cells.

Question 28

The neurotransmitter at the afferent synapses of the auditory nerve is ________, while the efferent terminal buttons secrete _______.

A) acetylcholine; GABA
B) GABA; glycine
C) glutamate; dopamine
D) glutamate; acetylcholine
E) acetylcholine; dopamine

Question 29

The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound ________ can be displayed in a ________ map.

A) frequencies; retinotopic
B) intensities; somatotopic
C) intensities; tonotopic
D) frequencies; tonotopic
E) timbres; tonotopic

Question 30

The posterior auditory stream starts in the ________ and is involved in ________.

A) posterior parabelt region of the anterior temporal region; sound localization
B) posterior occipital cortex; sound localization
C) parabelt region of the anterior temporal region; complex sound analysis
D) posterior parietal cortex; complex sound analysis
E) posterior parietal cortex; sound localization

Question 31

Which of the following is true of rate coding along the basilar membrane?

A) Rate coding occurs for frequencies greater than 500 Hz.
B) The basal end of the basilar membrane shows the greatest movement to a frequency of less than 200 Hz.
C) Frequencies lower than 200 Hz are coded by a rate of firing that is cued to the movement of the apical end of the basilar membrane.
D) Cochlear implants can be used to signal frequencies of 200-2000 Hz.
E) Damage to outer hair cells improve pitch discrimination.

Question 32

Whether ion channels open or close within the hair cell cilia

A) is a function of the voltage of the cilia membrane.
B) reflect the action of a second messenger within the cilia.
C) is controlled by ionotropic membrane receptors.
D) reflects tension exerted by the tip links on the insertional plaques.
E) involves the breakdown of cyclic AMP.

Question 33

Cochlear implants restore the ability to understand speech by

A) electrically stimulating the 8th cranial nerve at > 500 pulses per second.
B) allowing pressure changes to occur within the cochlea.
C) opening a larger aperture within the round window.
D) electrically stimulating different regions of the basilar membrane.
E) changing the overall rate of firing of cochlear cells.

Question 34

Which of the following outcomes strongly supports the notion that a place code is involved in detecting medium to high-pitched sounds?

A) Antibiotics can kill hair cells in a basal to apical direction and produce corresponding deficits in pitch perception.
B) Damage to the posterior temporal cortex impairs hearing.
C) Mutant mice that lack inner hair cells are unable to hear.
D) Overgrowth of bone over the round window impairs hearing of high-, but not low-, pitched sounds.
E) Antibiotics can degenerate hair cells in an apical to basal direction and produce corresponding deficits in intensity perception.

Question 35

Adjacent cilia on a hair cell are joined together by

A) strands of actin.
B) the outer edges of the tectorial membrane.
C) tip links.
D) insertional plaques.
E) intrafusal fibers.

Question 36

Higher-frequency sounds produce maximal distortion of the basilar membrane

A) near the stapes.
B) at the apical end of the membrane.
C) farthest from the stapes.
D) farthest from the basal end of the membrane.
E) nearest the tympanic membrane.

Question 37

A mutation that resulted in the loss of inner hair cells within the organ of Corti would be expected to result in

A) a difficulty in locating the source of a sound.
B) total impairment of hearing.
C) the inability to detect differences in sound intensity.
D) the inability to detect differences between different musical instruments.
E) difficulty in recognizing the voice of another person.

Question 38

The branch of the eighth cranial nerve that conducts auditory signals to the brain is called the

A) auditory lemniscus.
B) organ of Corti.
C) somatoacoustic nerve.
D) trigeminal nerve.
E) cochlear nerve.

Question 39

The force that causes the tips of the hair cells to bend in response to movement of the basilar membrane arises from the

A) linkage between the hair cells and the tectorial membrane.
B) mechanical linkage between the hair cells and the tympanic membrane.
C) movement of the round window.
D) movement of the hair cells through the tectorial membrane.
E) movement of fluid past the tips of the hair cells.

Question 40

Identify the correct pathway by which auditory information flows to the brain:

A) auditory nerve -> superior olivary nuclei -> medial geniculate -> superior colliculus -> auditory cortex
B) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
C) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary nuclei -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
D) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary nuclei -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
E) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior colliculus -> lateral geniculate -> auditory cortex

Question 41

The minimum movement of the hair-cell tips that will generate a perceptible sound is

A) 1-5 picometers.
B) 100-200 picometers.
C) 300-500 picometers.
D) 1-100 picometers.
E) 500-900 picometers.

Question 42

The labyrinths of the inner ear are comprised of the cochlea, the ________, and the ________.

A) vestibular sacs; semicircular canals
B) organ of Corti; semicircular canals
C) vestibular sacs; ampulla
D) hair cells; ampulla
E) ampulla; vestibular sacs

Question 43

The ________ sense sudden rotation of the head.

A) semicircular canals
B) utricles
C) dendrites
D) cochlea
E) organs of Corti

Question 44

The ________ sense sudden changes in the rotation of the head.

A) cochlear microphones
B) semicircular canals
C) organs of Corti
D) vestibular sacs
E) utricles

Question 45

A sound source that is located directly in front of a person

A) can be easily detected.
B) will generate maximal firing rates in "coincidence detectors."
C) will generate stimulation of the eardrums that is 180 degrees out of phase.
D) will require analysis of timbre for detection.
E) is harder to hear than a source that is above the person.

Question 46

The utricle and saccule are components of the

A) middle ear.
B) cochlea.
C) vestibular sacs.
D) semicircular canals.
E) pain reactivity system.

Question 47

The capacity to detect whether a high-frequency sound comes from the left or right of a person reflects an analysis of

A) the fundamental overtones.
B) a sonic shadow that reflects differences in loudness.
C) differences in arrival times at the eardrums.
D) differences in sound phase.
E) differences in movement of the tympanic membrane.

Question 48

A unique aspect of the loss of function shown by Patient I.R. after aneurysm surgery involved her

A) inability to understand verbal and written instructions.
B) inability to perceive or produce music.
C) ability to recognize the emotional tone of a musical piece but not the melody.
D) apparently normal hearing.
E) inability to read sheet music.

Question 49

In the human auditory system, the analysis of "what" corresponds to ________, whereas the analysis of "where" corresponds to ________.

A) sound identity; location of a sound
B) object form; object location
C) location of a sound; loudness
D) loudness; pitch
E) loudness; timbre

Question 50

The lowest and usually most intense frequency of a complex sound is its

A) attack phase.
B) decay phase.
C) overtone.
D) characteristic frequency.
E) fundamental frequency.

Question 51

The ability to estimate the elevation of a sound

A) is a genetic trait.
B) involves analysis of left-right phase arrival differences.
C) is a function of experience.
D) is better in blind than sighted people.
E) involves the analysis of right-left loudness differences.

Question 52

Low-frequency stimulation of the vestibular sacs would be expected to produce

A) no definable sensation.
B) a low humming sound.
C) dizziness.
D) nystagmus.
E) nausea.

Question 53

Match up the auditory system structure with the correct music analysis function:

A) timing of musical rhythms; inferior frontal cortex
B) recognition of harmony; inferior frontal cortex
C) perception of underlying beat; left auditory cortex
D) perception of harmony; cerebellum
E) musical emotional tone; cerebellum

Question 54

The recognition of auditory patterns is accomplished by

A) cells within the 8th cranial nerve.
B) neural circuits within the superior olivary complex.
C) coincidence detectors within the medial geniculate thalamic nuclei.
D) circuits within the auditory cortex.
E) the inner hair cells.

Question 55

Functional imaging studies of human association cortex indicate that judgments of sound ________ activate the ________.

A) timbre; dorsal stream
B) identity; posterior stream
C) timbre; ventral stream
D) timbre; anterior stream
E) pitch; dorsal stream

Question 56

Neurons that use binaural differences in loudness as a cue to the source of a sound are located within the

A) lateral superior olivary complex.
B) medial geniculate.
C) parabelt region.
D) medial superior olivary complex.
E) organ of Corti.

Question 57

The anterior stream of the human auditory system performs analyses of ________, while the posterior stream provides analyses of ________.

A) sound location; sound loudness
B) object form; object location
C) complex sounds; perception of form
D) loudness; pitch
E) tone loudness; timbre

Question 58

Damage to the auditory association cortex can

A) induce deafness.
B) produce auditory hallucinations similar to those of schizophrenia.
C) impair the understanding of sound meaning but not impair hearing.
D) produce auditory-visual synesthesia.
E) alter the function of the vestibular system.

Question 59

Congenital amusia is found in about ________ percent of the population.

A) 0.1
B) 0.4
C) 2
D) 4
E) 8

Question 60

Hair cells within the semicircular canals are activated by

A) traveling sine waves.
B) distortion of the tympanic membrane.
C) movements of the otoconia.
D) movements of the cupula.
E) movement of the basilar membrane.

Question 61

The function of a nociceptor is to detect

A) pain.
B) cold.
C) heat.
D) salt in a food.
E) the bitterness of a drink.

Question 62

The term "glabrous," as it pertains to skin, means

A) smooth.
B) thin.
C) hairy.
D) thick.
E) rough.

Question 63

Glabrous ________ skin is usually found on the ________.

A) hairy; soles of the feet
B) non-hairy; legs
C) hairy; top of the head
D) non-hairy; top of the head
E) non-hairy; palm of the hand

Question 64

________ are the largest sensory organs of the skin.

A) Ruffini corpuscles
B) Free nerve endings
C) Meissner's corpuscles
D) Pacinian corpuscles
E) Dieter's cells

Question 65

The kinesthesia system provides information about

A) the direction of gravity.
B) head orientation.
C) body movement and position.
D) the overall state of muscle tone.
E) environmental temperature.

Question 66

Which of the receptors below are used by the body to detect vibration?

A) Ruffini corpuscles.
B) free nerve endings.
C) Meissner's corpuscles.
D) Pacinian corpuscles.
E) Dieter's cells.

Question 67

The presence of chemicals that induce inflammation is uniquely detected by

A) free nerve endings.
B) TRPA1 receptors.
C) Pacinian corpuscles.
D) Ruffini corpuscles.
E) ATP-sensitive free nerve endings.

Question 68

Hair cells within the vestibular sacs are activated by

A) movements of the otoconia.
B) distortion of the tympanic membrane.
C) a traveling sine wave.
D) movements of the cupula.
E) movements of the basilar membrane.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of receptors involved in the detection of warm and cold?

A) Feelings of warmth and cold are absolute.
B) The response to a light touch is a function of the prior skin temperature.
C) Warmth receptors can also detect cold.
D) Some areas of skin lack warm receptors.
E) The six known thermal receptors are members of the TRP family.

Question 70

Damage to fibers containing the TRPM8 receptor would be expected to

A) impair sensing of extreme cold.
B) increase the emotional response to a painful stimulus.
C) alter reactivity to high-temperature stimuli.
D) alter reactivity to mechanical stimuli.
E) impair the detection of itch.

Question 71

Patient G.L. suffered damage to large-diameter myelinated axons that serve her face; we would expect that she would have difficulty in detecting a(n)

A) cold probe applied to the face.
B) warm probe applied to the face.
C) tickle of her forehead.
D) slap of her cheek.
E) itch on her nose.

Question 72

Cutaneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with

A) the external surface of the skin.
B) the hair cells of the vestibular sacs.
C) receptors of the muscles.
D) receptors that line the surfaces of internal organs.
E) muscles of the gut.

Question 73

Which of the following is a similarity between hair cells of the cochlea and those of the vestibular sacs?

A) Hair cell activation is accompanied by closing of membrane sodium ion channels.
B) Each hair cell is comprised of a single cilium.
C) Each hair cell is activated by a shearing force exerted on the cilia.
D) The ciliary membrane of each is depolarized by the entry of chloride ions into the cell.
E) Each hair cell contains TRPA9 molecules.

Question 74

The pain associated with bone cancer is partly caused by activation of

A) free nerve endings with mechanoceptor properties.
B) TRPV1 receptors.
C) Pacinian corpuscles.
D) Ruffini corpuscles.
E) ATP-sensitive free nerve endings.

Question 75

The connection of the vestibular system with the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves allows the vestibular system to

A) adjust eye movements to compensate for head movements.
B) maintain posture.
C) provide inhibitory feedback onto the auditory system during exposure to loud stimuli.
D) generate a cue that promotes the sensation of depth in a visual scene.
E) localize body movements in space.

Question 76

________ are a component of the somatosenses.

A) Free nerve endings in the skin
B) Stretch receptors in cardiac muscle
C) Receptors located within the semicircular canals
D) Hair cells within the cochlea
E) Cilia within the otoconia

Question 77

The primary function of the Meissner corpuscle is to detect

A) edge contours.
B) cold.
C) heat.
D) texture.
E) harmful stimulation.

Question 78

Cutaneous receptors signal information regarding

A) cardiac pressure.
B) blood flow to the muscles.
C) events that damage the skin.
D) brain temperature.
E) head movement.

Question 79

High-threshold free nerve endings are sensitive to

A) eating chili peppers.
B) intense pressure.
C) angina or migraine.
D) overheating of the skin.
E) intense mechanical stimulation.

Question 80

________ detect changes in temperature and pain.

A) Ruffini corpuscles
B) Free nerve endings
C) Meissner's corpuscles
D) Pacinian corpuscles
E) Dieter's cells