Deck 18: Drug Abuse

Question 1

Match up the correct pairing of a drug with its site of action:

A) cocaine; blocks reuptake of dopamine
B) ethanol;release of norepinephrine
C) amphetamine; release of acetylcholine
D) ketamine; blocks reuptake of dopamine
E) cannabis; nicotinic ACh receptor agonist

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The meaning of the Latin word addicere is

A) to alleviate.
B) to relieve.
C) to sentence.
D) to require.
E) to suffer.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The drug _______ is an agonist at CB1 receptors.

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) LSD
D) cocaine
E) nicotine

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A person who is compelled to continue drug taking, despite adverse consequences, is said to suffer from

A) addiction.
B) psychic dependence.
C) tolerance.
D) physical dependence.
E) euphoria.

Question 5

Early changes in the brain during exposure to addictive drugs involves the insertion of ________ receptors into neuron membranes located within the ________.

A) GABA; hippocampus
B) D2; nucleus accumbens
C) AMPA; VTA
D) glycine; VTA
E) AMPA; amygdala

Question 6

Microdialysis studies indicate that administration of ________ will enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.

A) alcohol, PCP, or amphetamine
B) glycine
C) caffeine
D) LSD
E) GABA antagonists

Question 7

The key property of addictive drugs relates to

A) their capacity to produce tolerance.
B) the withdrawal that follows termination of the drug.
C) their rapid reinforcing effects.
D) their ability to inhibit dopamine in brain.
E) their ability to produce rapidly physical dependence.

Question 8

Match up the correct pairing of a drug with its site of action:

A) cocaine; nicotinic ACh receptor agonist
B) ethanol; release of norepinephrine
C) amphetamine; release of dopamine
D) ketamine; blocks reuptake of dopamine
E) cannabis; nicotinic ACh receptor agonist

Question 9

People are most likely to have tried the drug ________ during their lifetime.

A) morphine
B) crack cocaine
C) alcohol
D) heroin
E) LSD

Question 10

The major issue John faced in the opening vignette of the drug abuse chapter was ________ addiction.

A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) heroin
D) cocaine
E) food

Question 11

Which of the following is an explanation of why drug addicts prefer heroin over morphine?

A) Heroin is cheaper than morphine.
B) Morphine enters brain faster than does morphine.
C) Heroin is less lipid-soluble than is morphine.
D) Heroin exerts effects on the brain faster than does morphine.
E) Morphine is cheaper than heroin.

Question 12

The use of ________ by pregnant women leads to reduced birth weight.

A) ethyl alcohol
B) marijuana
C) morphine in pill form
D) cocaine in powder form
E) nicotine in tobacco

Question 13

Your text suggests that ________ is the most universally used recreational drug.

A) ethyl alcohol
B) cannabis
C) morphine
D) cocaine
E) nicotine

Question 14

The drug _______ blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) LSD
D) cocaine
E) nicotine

Question 15

Drugs are reinforcing when

A) they cause good feelings.
B) there is a long interval between a response and the drug onset.
C) the drug onset is slow and steady.
D) they rapidly activate the reinforcement mechanism.
E) the drug has an extremely delayed onset of action.

Question 16

The common aspect of all natural reinforcers relates to

A) the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens.
B) the release of norepinephrine within the locus coeruleus.
C) the release of dopamine within the lateral hypothalamus.
D) inactivation of the frontal cortex.
E) activation of the medulla.

Question 17

Which of the following is an adverse consequence of the use of "designer drugs"?

A) stroke
B) toxic consequences of drug adulteration
C) diabetes
D) heart disease
E) lung cancer

Question 18

Activation of neurons within the ________ appears to play a key role in the early reinforcing actions of drugs.

A) thalamus
B) nucleus accumbens
C) amygdala
D) dorsal striatum
E) hippocampus

Question 19

Which of the following is true of the neural substrates of reinforcement?

A) Aversive stimuli do not increase dopamine levels within the accumbens.
B) Release of dopamine within the accumbens is a necessary condition for reinforcement.
C) Damage to brain dopamine systems enhances the reinforcing properties of addictive drugs.
D) Release of dopamine within the accumbens is a sufficient condition for reinforcement.
E) Drugs that increase dopamine by blocking reuptake are not addictive.

Question 20

Which of the following is a known negative consequence of alcohol addiction?

A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) lung cancer
C) stroke
D) cirrhosis of the kidney
E) psychotic behavior

Question 21

Which statement below is true of drug addiction?

A) Withdrawal symptoms and tolerance are the result of compensatory mechanisms.
B) The withdrawal symptoms that occur in heroin addicts are less dangerous than those that occur in alcoholics.
C) Withdrawal symptoms are usually less intense versions of the drug effect.
D) Drug addiction is caused by physical dependence.
E) Cocaine addiction is the result of physical dependence.

Question 22

Which of the following illustrates the concept of craving?

A) A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache.
B) A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet.
C) A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of a shock through the floor of the chamber.
D) A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush."
E) An injection of cocaine reinstates responding for intravenous cocaine in a rat that underwent extinction of cocaine responding.

Question 23

Neurons within the ________ facilitate drug craving.

A) medial prefrontal cortex
B) hippocampus
C) dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
D) hypothalamus
E) cerebellum

Question 24

The ________ plays a key role in the extinction of drug responding.

A) orbitofrontal cortex
B) ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus
E) dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.

Question 25

Infusions of the neuropeptide ________ into the ________ reinstates drug taking that was previously extinguished.

A) leptin; orbitofrontal cortex
B) insulin; nucleus accumbens
C) glycine; VTA
D) glutamate; nucleus accumbens
E) orexin; VTA

Question 26

________ refers to a compulsion to take a drug.

A) Drug tolerance
B) Allostasis
C) Craving
D) Homeostasis
E) Withdrawal

Question 27

Imaging studies suggest that the activity of the _______ is inversely proportional to the amount of cocaine that users take each week.

A) medial prefrontal cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) dorsal anterior cingulated cortex
D) nucleus accumbens
E) ventral tegmental area

Question 28

Which of the following illustrates the concept of negative reinforcement?

A) A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush."
B) A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet.
C) A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of a shock through the floor of the chamber.
D) A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache.
E) A child is sent to his room after screaming at the dinner table.

Question 29

Which of the following illustrates the concept of punishment?

A) A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache.
B) A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet.
C) A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of a shock through the floor of the chamber.
D) A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush."
E) A child is given a cookie after screaming at the dinner table.

Question 30

Which of the following factors is a predictor of your risk for hospitalization for schizophrenia?

A) your religious preference
B) smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day
C) whether you had served in the military
D) consuming at least 10 diet drinks per day
E) having a friend who developed schizophrenia

Question 31

Which of the following situations would be likely to induce the greatest craving in an alcoholic?

A) talking to a friend who has just been released from drug rehabilitation
B) sitting in his or her favorite bar during happy hour
C) viewing a television commercial for Budweiser
D) riding a bus through his or her childhood town
E) hearing glass break glass

Question 32

An important comorbidity of schizophrenia is

A) depression.
B) mania.
C) gambling disorder.
D) substance abuse disorder.
E) borderline personality disorder.

Question 33

Long-term drug use can result in

A) elevated dopamine production in the VTA.
B) greater activation of the prefrontal cortex.
C) structural abnormalities of the prefrontal cortex.
D) superior gambling performance.
E) longer life span and better mental adjustment.

Question 34

Imaging studies indicate that greater consumption of cocaine produces

A) increased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex.
B) increased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex.
C) increased blood flow in the anterior cingulate cortex.
D) decreased activation of the medial prefrontal cortex.
E) decreased dopamine production in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 35

Persons in the ________ age group are MOST likely to develop drug addiction.

A) 10-14
B) 20-30
C) 55-75
D) 15-18
E) 31-54

Question 36

The ________ plays a key role in the extinction of drug responding.

A) orbitofrontal cortex
B) ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus
E) amygdala

Question 37

A common factor that promotes relapse in recovered drug addicts is

A) the experience of stress.
B) taking up smoking.
C) going on a diet for weight loss.
D) inactivation of the central nucleus of the amygdala.
E) taking on a new career.

Question 38

Which of the following is a model for the study of drug craving?

A) intravenous self-administration
B) the homeostasis model
C) incentive salience conditioning
D) the reinstatement model
E) the rapid acquisition model

Question 39

Studies by Volkow indicate that cocaine addicts exhibit ________ during withdrawal from cocaine.

A) increased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex
B) increased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex
C) increased blood flow in the anterior cingulate cortex
D) decreased activation of the medial prefrontal cortex
E) decreased dopamine production in the nucleus accumbens

Question 40

A rat is trained to self-administer cocaine. Saline is substituted for the cocaine solution, which results in extinction of responding. In this situation, the capacity for a "free" shot of cocaine to reinstate responding for cocaine can be blocked by

A) injection of AMPA into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
B) injection of a dopamine agonist into the nucleus accumbens.
C) glutamate induced activation of the ventral tegmental area.
D) injection of a dopamine agonist into the prefrontal cortex.
E) injection of glycine into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. .

Question 41

Administration of an opiate drug that is an agonist at only kappa receptors would be expected to produce

A) hypothermia.
B) analgesia.
C) sedation.
D) reinforcement.
E) an aversive state.

Question 42

Research using antagonist-precipitated withdrawal indicates that the ________ plays a key role in producing opiate withdrawal symptoms.

A) amygdala
B) orbitofrontal cortex
C) hypothalamus
D) locus coeruleus
E) reticular formation

Question 43

Administration of an opiate

A) decreases locomotor activity.
B) raises body temperature.
C) induces pain.
D) causes arousal.
E) results in reinforcement.

Question 44

The experience of stress has been found to

A) increase the amount of cocaine self-administered by rats.
B) reduce the high produced by cocaine.
C) render rats resistant to the reinforcing effects of cocaine.
D) block the craving for cocaine in abstinent addicts.
E) inactivate orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 45

Which of the following drugs is addictive in humans but does not harm health or induce intoxication?

A) L-DOPA
B) corticotropin-releasing hormone
C) cocaine
D) caffeine
E) nicotine

Question 46

Match up the correct pairing of opiate receptor and opiate effect:

A) mu; sedating
B) delta; aversive
C) kappa; aversive
D) mu; aversive
E) kappa; reinforcing

Question 47

The analgesic effect of opiates is due to activation of neurons within the

A) cerebellum
B) medulla.
C) periaqueductal gray matter.
D) preoptic area.
E) spinal cord.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of opiate reinforcement?

A) Opiates cause release of dopamine within the hippocampus.
B) Injections of opiates into the spinal cord are reinforcing.
C) Injections of opiates into the VTA are reinforcing.
D) Natural rewards involve cholinergic and opiate systems.
E) Naloxone blocks cocaine reinforcement.

Question 49

The drug ________ is unique in that it will NOT support addiction.

A) nicotine
B) heroin
C) LSD
D) alcohol
E) cocaine

Question 50

Cocaine and amphetamine

A) each increase the reuptake of dopamine.
B) are less toxic than heroin and morphine, based on animal studies.
C) may cause psychotic behavior that resembles schizophrenia.
D) typically cause stereotyped movements after long-term exposure of several months.
E) are unlikely to be abused by adult humans.

Question 51

Which of the following is true of opiate addiction?

A) Heroin use is legal to use under medical supervision.
B) The opiate habit is inexpensive.
C) Opiates are not addictive.
D) Needle-using opiate addicts are at risk for contracting AIDS.
E) Rats will self-administer morphine but not heroin.

Question 52

You would expect that an injection of an opiate drug into the ________ would activate dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens.

A) ventral tegmental area
B) medial septal region
C) periaqueductal gray matter
D) preoptic area
E) cingulate cortex Difficulty 2
Question ID: 18.1-56

Question 53

Administration of a drug that is an agonist at only mu receptors would be expected to produce

A) hyperthermia.
B) arousal.
C) sedation.
D) reinforcement.
E) dysphoria.

Question 54

Opiate receptors in the ________ are responsible for the sedation caused by opiate drugs.

A) nucleus accumbens
B) preoptic area
C) periaqueductal gray matter
D) mesencephalic reticular formation
E) ventral segmental area

Question 55

Which of the following is true of cocaine?

A) Crack cocaine may be the most effective reinforcer of all available drugs.
B) Cocaine produces the same physical and behavioral effects as heroin.
C) Cocaine abuse causes strong physical dependence.
D) Cocaine is the least addictive of the psychostimulant drugs.
E) Cocaine is a dopamine antagonist.

Question 56

Opiate receptors in the ________ are responsible for the analgesia caused by opiate drugs.

A) nucleus accumbens
B) preoptic area
C) periaqueductal gray matter
D) mesencephalic reticular formation
E) ventral segmental area

Question 57

Match up the correct pairing of opiate receptor and opiate effect:

A) mu; sedating
B) delta; aversive
C) kappa; aversive
D) mu; aversive
E) mu; reinforcing

Question 58

Rats are made dependent on morphine and then given an injection of naloxone while housed in a novel cage. You would expect these rats to express

A) an aversion to the cage in which naloxone caused withdrawal.
B) fewer kappa receptors in the forebrain.
C) more mu receptors in the forebrain.
D) an attraction to the cage in which naloxone caused withdrawal.
E) more consumption of water in the home cage.

Question 59

The behavioral effects of amphetamine are due to

A) the blockade of reuptake of dopamine.
B) a change in transporter levels in the postsynaptic membrane.
C) its ability to directly release dopamine from the terminal buttons.
D) the blockade of reuptake of serotonin.
E) its ability to directly release serotonin from the terminal buttons.

Question 60

Which of the following statements about opiates is true?

A) The most commonly abused opiate is heroin.
B) Measles is a significant risk factor for many heroin users.
C) Opiates and LSD induce similar psychoactive effects.
D) Opiates are not addictive.
E) Opiate use in a pregnant woman does not produce a drug dependency in the child she is carrying.

Question 61

Which of the following statements about the effects of cocaine in laboratory animals are true?

A) Cocaine is more reinforcing in humans than in rats.
B) Rats do not self-inject cocaine.
C) Rats that self-injected cocaine were three times more likely to die from an overdose than rats who self-injected heroin.
D) Rats that learn to self-administer cocaine develop psychosis.
E) Cocaine decreases dopamine with the nucleus accumbens.

Question 62

The harmful effects of alcohol on learning and memory may reflect

A) release of GABA within the cerebellum.
B) damage to cholinergic cells in the hippocampus.
C) interference with NMDA receptors and long-term potentiation.
D) an upregulation of GABA transmission in brain.
E) loss of glial cells in layers 4-6 of the cortex.

Question 63

Infusion of an inhibitory drug into the _______ would be expected to reduce nicotine self-administration in rats.

A) dorsomedial PFC
B) anterior cingulate cortex
C) insula
D) hippocampus
E) amygdala

Question 64

At low doses, alcohol

A) inhibits cerebellar function.
B) has an anxiolytic effect.
C) reduces body temperature.
D) decreases GABA activity.
E) inhibits the spinal cord, thereby blocking incoming pain messages.

Question 65

The primary mode of action by which alcohol can produce apoptosis is as a(n)

A) direct agonist at GABAA receptors.
B) agonist at α1 adrenoceptors.
C) direct antagonist at GABAA receptors.
D) indirect antagonist at glycine receptors.
E) cholinergic agonist.

Question 66

Alcohol use produces negative reinforcement by

A) stimulating the emesis center in the brainstem.
B) activation of dopamine receptors within the VTA.
C) loosening of inhibitions.
D) activation of a hypothalamic satiety mechanism.
E) the relief of anxiety.

Question 67

The reinforcing effect of alcohol is due to

A) the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens.
B) loss of inhibition of brain cells.
C) the suppression of serotonin within the nucleus accumbens.
D) indirect changes in NMDA receptors.
E) the capacity to reduce anxiety.

Question 68

Withdrawal from alcohol use leads to seizures, which may reflect

A) damage to cholinergic cells in the hippocampus.
B) an upregulation of GABA transmission in brain.
C) facilitation of activity at NMDA receptors.
D) release of GABA within the cerebellum.
E) more long-term potentiation within the cortex.

Question 69

The anxiolytic effects of alcohol may be due to

A) increased sensitivity of GABA receptors.
B) release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.
C) inhibition of the limbic system.
D) release of glycine from cells within the spinal cord.
E) increased activity within the ventral tegmental area.

Question 70

Chronic abuse of methamphetamine reduces the number of dopamine transporters in the brain, which may explain why these addicts

A) are rarely overweight.
B) develop depression while using this drug.
C) are more prone to develop Parkinson's disease as they age.
D) move on to "harder" drugs as they get older.
E) are less prone to Parkinson's disease as they age.

Question 71

A person who is admitted to a hospital with symptoms of paranoid psychosis may actually suffer from

A) opiate addiction.
B) a chemical imbalance involving the dopamine system.
C) damage to the orbitofrontal cortex.
D) excessive use of caffeine.
E) excessive use of amphetamine or cocaine.

Question 72

The capacity of smoking to reduce appetite may result from

A) inhibition of lateral hypothalamic MCH neurons.
B) potentiation of dopamine cell activity in the ventral tegmental area.
C) release of glutamate in the lateral hypothalamus.
D) activation of lateral hypothalamic GABA receptors that excite MCH neurons.
E) activation of cells of the insula.

Question 73

Use of ________ by pregnant women is the leading cause of mental retardation in the United States.

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) nicotine
D) cocaine
E) ephedrine

Question 74

The reinforcing actions of nicotine are on ________ cells within the ________.

A) dopamine; ventral tegmental area
B) norepinephrine; nucleus accumbens
C) dopamine; nucleus accumbens
D) glutamate; ventral tegmental area
E) dopamine; lateral hypothalamus

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true of cocaine?

A) Cocaine administration decreases dopamine within the nucleus accumbens.
B) Damage to the amygdale impairs cocaine reinforcement.
C) Cocaine abuse can produce obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) Drugs that block GABA receptors within the nucleus accumbens impair cocaine reinforcement.
E) Rats will self-administer cocaine into their vascular system.

Question 76

Which of the following is an indication of the problems caused by nicotine?

A) Nicotine interacts with other factors to promote stroke.
B) Nearly 10 percent of long-term smokers will die from smoking-related causes.
C) It is estimated that in a few years, smoking will be the largest single health problem in the world.
D) Fetuses exposed to nicotine in utero show health problems.
E) Nicotine is less addictive than is LSD.

Question 77

The drug rimonabant

A) stimulates CB2 receptors in the brain.
B) facilitates nicotine self-administration in rats.
C) increases the release of dopamine with the nucleus accumbens.
D) blocks nicotine receptors.
E) diminishes craving for smoking during smoking cessation.

Question 78

Patients who suffered damage to their ________ were able to effortlessly quit smoking.

A) vmPFC
B) ventral tegmental area
C) accumbens
D) insula
E) hippocampus

Question 79

Which of the following may explain why smokers obtain more pleasure from smoking in the morning than late in the afternoon?

A) Nicotine receptors are in the open state in the morning.
B) Nicotine receptors are in the closed state in the evening.
C) Abstinence from nicotine has reset their nicotine receptors to the closed state.
D) Smoking decreases the number of nicotine receptors in the brain.
E) Smoking decreases the number of nicotine receptors outside the brain.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true of nicotine addiction?

A) Nicotine is addictive but is a harmless habit.
B) "Nicotine use is a habit, not an addiction."
C) Most smokers smoke every other day.
D) Smokers often continue to smoke after lung cancer or heart attacks.
E) Animals do not self-administer nicotine.