Deck 1: Introduction

Question 1

To improve his deficit, Jeremiah's non-affected limb was constrained, forcing him to use the affected limb. This therapy is called

A) constraint-applied therapy.
B) constraint-induced movement therapy.
C) restraint therapy.
D) restraint-applied therapy.
E) forced movement therapy.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A researcher explains aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder as an example of general laws that apply to all people. This situation fits

A) generalization.
B) reductionism.
C) separatism.
D) functionalism.
E) validity.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A neuroscientist removes the eyes of a frog to determine if the frog will still respond to light and dark in the environment. This experiment would be an example of

A) generalization.
B) reductionism.
C) separatism.
D) functionalism.
E) validity.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Ancient Greek culture before Hippocrates considered the ________ to be the seat of thought and emotion.

A) gut
B) heart
C) brain
D) pineal gland
E) stomach

Question 5

Imagine that you now experience such an overly strong fear of dogs that you refuse to leave your house for fear of encountering a dog. A learning theorist would suggest that the roots of your fear can be attributed to past classical conditioning, in which you associated the sight and sound of a dog with some aversive experience. This type of explanation would involve the process of

A) rationalization.
B) pseudoscience.
C) reductionism.
D) generalization.
E) dualism.

Question 6

Research in neuroscience should focus on

A) reductionism, generalization, and functionalism.
B) reductionism.
C) generalization.
D) functionism.
E) evolution.

Question 7

Your textbook author asserts that the primary function of the brain is to

A) allow us to appreciate art and music.
B) allow for the experience of emotions.
C) control movement.
D) create memories of our experiences.
E) interpret our sensory experiences.

Question 8

________ is the belief that the mind and body are separate entities.

A) Contralateral neglect
B) Monism
C) Blindsight
D) Dualism
E) Animism

Question 9

Generalization is to __________, whereas reductionism is to __________.

A) identify general rules that govern behavior across multiple organisms; identify simple causes of complex behaviors
B) identify simple causes of complex behaviors; identify general rules that govern behavior across multiple organisms
C) organize data in terms of general rules; identify the smallest piece of a neuron
D) identify the smallest piece of a neuron; organize data in terms of general rules
E) organize data in terms of general rules; identify general rules that govern behavior across multiple organisms

Question 10

"You can't teach an old dog new tricks" was commonly believed, since it was assumed that neurons cannot be generated past a certain age. Recent research, however, suggests that _______________ is less limited than previously thought.

A) neurogenesis
B) brain grafting
C) connectionism
D) collateral sprouting
E) neural migration

Question 11

A scientist who holds a monistic philosophy would be comfortable with which of the following statements?

A) The universe is a mental construction.
B) The left hemisphere of the brain is the location of the mind.
C) The mind is not composed of matter.
D) Everything is made of matter and energy.
E) The body is physical whereas the mind is spiritual.

Question 12

The key deficit suffered by Jeremiah in the chapter vignette was _______________ caused by _____________.

A) excessive movements; seizures
B) impaired movements; seizures
C) excessive movements; stroke
D) impaired movements; stroke
E) visual difficulties; stroke

Question 13

Which of the following statements is consistent with the monistic view of the mind-body question?

A) Mind and body are separate.
B) The body can influence the mind through the actions of the pineal gland.
C) The mind is spiritual, while the body is made from matter.
D) The mind can exist apart from the body.
E) The mind is generated through the physical actions of the brain.

Question 14

The mind-body question

A) asks about the nature of the mind and the body.
B) was originally posed by neuroscientists.
C) has been solved.
D) usually involves choosing a dualistic view.
E) is no longer relevant to behavioral neuroscience.

Question 15

You notice that your roommate has difficulty sleeping after consuming heavily caffeinated drinks. You know from your courses that caffeine can stimulate brain neurons that produce arousal (and that such arousal disturbs sleep function). If you suggest to your roommate that his/her insomnia reflects the action of caffeine on brain function, your explanation would involve the process of

A) reduction.
B) superordinate causality.
C) generalization.
D) induction.
E) falsification.

Question 16

Constraint-induced movement therapy involves

A) using both limbs to perform complex tasks.
B) constraining the patient's stroke-affected limb to promote rewiring of the brain.
C) constraining the patient's non-affected limb to promote rewiring of the brain.
D) engaging in whole body movements.
E) repeated physical therapy on both limbs.

Question 17

A scientific explanation of a complex phenomenon that is cast in terms of a simpler one involves the process of

A) rationalization.
B) falsification.
C) generalization.
D) deduction.
E) reduction.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Reduction uses complicated processes to explain simple ones.
B) The goal of reduction is to predict a phenomenon under study.
C) Generalization and reduction are important tools in science.
D) Scientists only use reductionistic explanations.
E) Most scientific studies use on-human experimental subjects.

Question 19

The author of the first psychology text was ________ and the text was entitled ________.

A) Rene Descartes; A Primer of Psychology
B) Sigmund Freud; Dream Interpretation After Cocaine Ingestion
C) Neil Carlson; Foundations of Physiological Psychology
D) Luigi Galvani; Frog Legs and Psychologic Function
E) Wilhelm Wundt; Principles of Physiological Psychology

Question 20

________ represent explanations used by all scientists.

A) Generalizations
B) Falsifications
C) Hallucinations
D) Syllogisms
E) Rationalizations

Question 21

René Descartes would be considered to hold a ________ view of the mind-body problem.

A) monist
B) reductionist
C) pluralist
D) dualist
E) animist

Question 22

_________ conducted experimental ablation in animals, whereas ________ applied the concept experimental ablation to humans.

A) Flourens; Broca
B) Broca; Flourens
C) Müller; Flourens
D) Müller; Broca
E) Broca; Müller

Question 23

René Descartes asserted that

A) humans cannot understand the nature of the real world.
B) the heart is the seat of thought and emotion.
C) the brain acts to cool the passions of the heart.
D) animals are mechanical creatures controlled by environmental stimuli.
E) the mind is an emergent property of the brain.

Question 24

________ was a physiologist who proposed the doctrine of specific nerve energies.

A) Johannes Müller
B) Paul Broca
C) Rene Descartes
D) Ivan Pavlov
E) Wilhelm Wundt

Question 25

Which of the following comments on brain function would be most likely to be made by Aristotle?

A) The mind acts through the pineal body to control the body.
B) The brain serves to cool the passions of the heart.
C) The brain is the seat of emotion, but not thought.
D) The brain routes sensory information to the heart
E) Injury to the brain alters emotion and thought.

Question 26

Which scientist was among the first to advocate the use of experimental techniques in the study of physiology?

A) John Watson
B) Rene Descartes
C) Aristotle
D) Johannes Müller
E) Charles Darwin

Question 27

Which of the following is consistent with the doctrine of specific nerve energies?

A) Electrical stimulation of a sensory nerve can evoke a specific sensation.
B) All nerves carry dissimilar electrical messages.
C) Exerting pressure on the eyeball can evoke the sensation of sound.
D) Nerves can be activated by psychological stimuli.
E) The height of the action potential depends on which sensory system has been activated.

Question 28

The doctrine of specific nerve energies was proposed by

A) Rene Descartes.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Pierre Flourens.
D) Johannes Müller.
E) Paul Broca.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is consistent with Descartes's explanation of the mind-body question?

A) The brain contains air-filled chambers.
B) Nerves are filled with air and are under minimal pressure.
C) Muscle activation requires no input from the brain.
D) Electrical stimulation of a nerve evokes contraction of a detached muscle.
E) The pineal body controls the body muscles.

Question 30

Descartes, who first described and studied reflexes, was a

A) monist.
B) reductionist.
C) pluralist.
D) dualist.
E) animist.

Question 31

In a simple experiment, Galvani disproved the hydraulic nerve-muscle model proposed by Descartes. Galvani removed a nerve and its attached muscle fibers from a frog and showed that ________ of the nerve caused ________ of the muscle.

A) electrical stimulation; relaxation
B) electrical stimulation; contraction
C) chemical stimulation; contraction
D) pressurization; relaxation
E) chemical stimulation; relaxation

Question 32

Descartes's view of the mind-body was unique in that he argued that

A) the heart is the organ that controls emotions.
B) the muscles are activated by electrical nerve signals.
C) unlike animals, human bodies do not show reflexes.
D) a reflex is a process controlled by the mind.
E) the mind controls the movements of the body.

Question 33

The philosopher ________ attributed thought and emotion to the brain, whereas ________ considered the function of the brain as important for cooling the heart.

A) Aristotle; Hippocrates
B) Galen; Aristotle
C) Hippocrates; Aristotle
D) Plato; Galen
E) Hippocrates; Plato

Question 34

Descartes argued that

A) the heart is the organ that controls emotions.
B) the muscles are activated by electrical nerve signals.
C) unlike animals, human bodies do not show reflexes.
D) nerves produce bodily movements by inflating muscles with fluid.
E) the mind is not linked to the brain.

Question 35

Pierre Flourens is known

A) for his use of the experimental ablation technique to examine brain function.
B) as the father of modern philosophy.
C) for proposing the theory of evolution.
D) for his study of language abilities in stroke victims.
E) as a dualist philosopher.

Question 36

Paul Broca performed an autopsy of the brain of a patient who had been unable to speak after suffering a stroke. Broca concluded that

A) the control of speech is a function of the left hemisphere.
B) the pineal body controls speech production.
C) damage to the right hemisphere impairs speech.
D) muscle atrophy after a stroke is the result of a fluid pressure drop in the ventricles.
E) the corpus callosum is critical for speech production.

Question 37

According to Descartes, the ________ was the point of interaction in the brain where the mind controlled the physical body.

A) hypothalamus
B) corpus callosum
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus
E) pineal body

Question 38

Galvani's experiment involving a frog leg proved that

A) the heart is the organ that controls emotions.
B) the muscles are activated by electrical nerve signals.
C) unlike animals, human bodies do not possess reflexes.
D) a reflex is a process controlled by the mind.
E) the pineal gland pushes fluid through nerves into the muscles.

Question 39

The technique of experimental ablation involves

A) comparing the relative size of brains across different species.
B) measurements of conduction velocity rates in damaged and intact nerves.
C) chronic chemical stimulation of the brain.
D) low-level electrical stimulation of the brain.
E) assessment of behavioral changes after the intentional damage to a portion of the brain.

Question 40

Johannes Müller proposed

A) an important role for natural selection in the evolution of behavior.
B) that language is a function of the right hemisphere.
C) that the brain is divided into different functional areas with each receiving signals from a different set of nerves.
D) that the pineal body allows the brain to control the mind.
E) that the heart is the seat of thought and emotion.

Question 41

Hermann von Helmholtz estimated that nerve conduction velocity is about

A) 9 feet/second.
B) 90 feet/second.
C) 900 feet/second.
D) 9000 feet/second.
E) 90,000 feet/second.

Question 42

Over successive generations, moths develop spots that resemble eyes on their wings that scare off predators. This characteristic would be a ___________.

A) selective advantage
B) genetic susceptibility
C) general advantage
D) selective disadvantage
E) genetic predisposition

Question 43

Which is the correct match between scientist and idea?

A) Paul Broca; doctrine of specific nerve energies
B) Pierre Flourens; use of ablation to study brain-behavior relations
C) Fritsch and Hitzig; language is localized within the left hemisphere
D) Rene Descartes; doctrine of specific nerve energies
E) Sigmund Freud; use of ablation to study brain-behavior relations

Question 44

________________ used the Golgi staining technique to examine individual neurons in the brain.

A) Camillo Golgi
B) Jan Purkinje
C) Hermann von Helmholtz
D) Luigi Galvani
E) Santiago y Cajal

Question 45

In 1870, Fritsch and Hitzig reported that electrical stimulation of the ________ in dogs resulted in muscle contractions of ________.

A) pineal gland; the facial muscles
B) parietal cortex; the opposite side of the body
C) corpus callosum; both hind legs
D) primary motor cortex; the opposite side of the body
E) globus pallidus; the same side of the body

Question 46

Functionalism is demonstrated by

A) no brain differences between different songbird species.
B) same-sized spatial reasoning areas in the brains in a species that primarily hunts and one that does not.
C) more activity in the amygdala in an aggressive species.
D) equal levels of activity in the amygdala for calm and aggressive species.
E) no differences in degree of development of the cerebral cortex between dolphins and snakes.

Question 47

Charles Darwin proposed the principle of

A) specific nerve energy.
B) primary motor cortex.
C) experimental ablation.
D) natural selection.
E) functionalism.

Question 48

Neurons that terminated on cardiac cells that were responsible for controlling contractions of the heart are known as

A) cardiac cells.
B) neurofibrillary cells.
C) Purkinje fibers.
D) myocardium fibers.
E) cardiac fibers.

Question 49

Hermann von Helmholtz is known for

A) his contributions to the study of philosophy.
B) his contributions to the study of learning and memory.
C) his invention of the electroencephalograph.
D) measuring the speed of light.
E) his measurements of nerve cell conduction velocity.

Question 50

Purkinje cells can be found in the

A) medulla.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) tegmentum.
D) cerebellum.
E) amygdala.

Question 51

Praying mantises are typically green or brown in color to allow them to blend into their surroundings. If a group of praying mantises were born a different color, they would be at a disadvantage. This change, although not advantageous for the mantis, could happen naturally through

A) mutation.
B) gene splicing.
C) genetic alteration.
D) natural selection.
E) genetic predisposition.

Question 52

In his studies of nerve conduction velocity, Hermann von Helmholtz noted that

A) electrical signal speeds differ from nerve to nerve.
B) nerve conduction velocity is at the speed of light.
C) nerves conduct signals faster than do electrical wires.
D) the velocity of nerve conduction is slower in nerves than in wires.
E) different sensory systems use different conduction speeds.

Question 53

The principle of natural selection proposes that certain characteristics that ________ will become more prevalent in a species.

A) are associated with multiple genetic mutations
B) inhibit reproductive behaviors
C) increase reproductive success
D) impair adaption to the local environment
E) reduce reproductive success

Question 54

John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser, and Edvard Moser were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize for

A) developing amplifiers to detect weak electrical signals.
B) developing neurochemical techniques to analyze chemical changes within cells.
C) discovering mirror neurons.
D) discovering a spatial positioning system in the brain.
E) treating depression with deep brain stimulation.

Question 55

_____________ refers to a situation when a particular characteristic allows an organism to be more reproductively successful, causing the characteristic to become more prevalent.

A) Darwinism
B) Natural selection
C) Artificial selection
D) Mutation
E) Selective advantage

Question 56

The physiological mechanisms of an organism that give rise to certain behaviors

A) can be said to have purpose.
B) can be understood in terms of whether the behaviors produce useful functions.
C) are thought to be different from species to species.
D) are not subject to evolutionary principles.
E) are present at birth and do not require environmental stimulation for complete expression.

Question 57

The belief that the natural characteristics of an organism exert useful effects is termed

A) reductionism.
B) positivism.
C) functionalism.
D) consolidation.
E) adaptation.

Question 58

____________________ won a Nobel Prize in 1906 for his work in describing the structure of the nervous system.

A) Camillo Golgi
B) Jan Purkinje
C) Hermann von Helmholtz
D) Luigi Galvani
E) Santiago y Cajal

Question 59

This scientist discovered neurons that terminated on cardiac cells that were responsible for controlling contractions of the heart.

A) Jan Purkinje
B) Hermann von Helmholtz
C) Luigi Galvani
D) Johannes Müller
E) Pierre Flourens

Question 60

Mutations involve

A) adverse neural development caused by drug ingestion in adulthood.
B) accidental changes in the genetic information of the chromosomes.
C) poor adaptation to the environment.
D) improved reproductive success.
E) only beneficial changes in the characteristics of an organism.

Question 61

________ refers to the concept that human brain maturation takes a long time relative to that of other species.

A) Adaptation
B) Mutational drift
C) Schizotemy
D) Neoteny
E) Maladaptation

Question 62

Which of the following statements would LEAST likely be made by an animal rights activist?

A) Animal research is unethical.
B) Animals have the same degree of rights as do humans.
C) The use of animals in research can be justified by the benefits of such research.
D) Animal research must be supervised by veterinarians.
E) There should be limits to the types of studies that are done using animals.

Question 63

Which of the following is an argument made by the text author regarding the use of animals by humans?

A) Owning a pet requires permission from a veterinarian.
B) Pet homes are regularly inspected by the government.
C) More suffering occurs with pet owning than with research.
D) More animals die in research projects than when used as pets.
E) No animal research has been useful for understanding and treating human disease.

Question 64

Traits that can be altered via genetic mutations

A) are beneficial.
B) are unobservable.
C) are physical.
D) exert direct actions on behavior.
E) mostly involve psychological function.

Question 65

Which of the following is true of the hominid species?

A) Homo sapiens left Africa around 1.7 million years ago.
B) Homo erectus made tools from stone.
C) Homo sapiens eventually killed off Homo neanderthalis through armed conflicts.
D) Modern humans are known as Homo sapiens.
E) Homo sapiens evolved directly from Homo neanderthalis.

Question 66

An adult human brain undergoes a ______-fold increase in weight relative to that of the newborn brain.

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight
E) ten

Question 67

Research with animals is

A) highly regulated.
B) largely unregulated because animals are not viewed as having rights.
C) only partially regulated with chimpanzees having greatest protections.
D) only partially regulated with marine life having greatest protections.
E) only partially regulated with rodents having greatest protections.

Question 68

With regard to the surviving members of the primate family tree,

A) members of the family tree share 78.8% of their DNA.
B) members of the family tree share 98.8% of their DNA.
C) chimpanzees and gorillas share 50% of their genes.
D) humans share only 1.2% of their genes with other members of the family tree.
E) there is little genetic similarity between primate groups.

Question 69

Recent research has shown that intelligence is dictated by

A) the number of neurons not dedicated to set functions, like walking.
B) the number of neurons dedicated to movement and other set functions.
C) ratio of larger brain to body size.
D) ratio of smaller brain to body size.
E) degree of connections between neurons.

Question 70

A benefit of using animals for research purposes includes

A) the ability of the researcher to mistreat the research animals.
B) the ability to test hypotheses in a non-controlled environment.
C) the ability to control the history of the animals.
D) the ability to experimentally produce ailments in humans.

Question 71

Which of the following is correct with regard to the relation between brain size and body size?

A) Human brains are larger than other species when expressed relative to total body weight.
B) Human brains are larger than elephant brains in terms of absolute size.
C) The human brain is more than 5% of total body weight.
D) The elephant brain is larger than the human brain in terms of percent of body weight.
E) Larger brains require smaller bodies.

Question 72

The development of perception that allowed for color differentiation was a functional development; not all animals have this ability. What made it functional?

A) It allowed the ability to breed at night.
B) It allowed for night vision.
C) It allowed for differentiation of ripe fruits.
D) It enabled bipedalism.
E) It allowed for contrast detection.

Question 73

The key benefit of genetic diversity for a species is that

A) diversity allows the species to adapt to different environments.
B) mutations are kept to a minimum.
C) diversity promotes neural development.
D) diversity reduces reproductive success.
E) harmful mutations are increased in the species.

Question 74

In humans, the brain reaches adult size by

A) adolescence.
B) infancy.
C) early childhood.
D) middle childhood.
E) old age.

Question 75

Animal rights activists are most concerned with the

A) issue of hunting and trapping of animals.
B) eating of animals as food.
C) use of animals as companions to humans.
D) use of animals as a source of fur for human clothing.
E) use of animals as subjects for research.

Question 76

The process of evolution

A) does not involve genetic mutations.
B) can occur in the absence of natural selection.
C) rests on the doctrine of specific nerve energies.
D) refers to a gradual change in the structure and function of a species.
E) was proven correct by experimental ablation experiments.

Question 77

Your textbook author views ________ as an indispensable use of animals.

A) research for the treatment of human disease
B) use as a source of food
C) use as companions to humans
D) use as a source of fur
E) value as entertainment

Question 78

________ is thought to be an advantage associated with the development of color vision in primates.

A) The ability to breed at night
B) The ability to move in the forest at night
C) The capacity to discriminate ripe from unripe fruit
D) The capacity to communicate using symbols
E) Rapid nerve conduction

Question 79

Which of the following was the key characteristic of early humans that allowed them to effectively out-compete other species?

A) Color vision allowed for the detection of ripe fruit and game.
B) Mastery of fire allowed for provision of warmth in shelters.
C) Agile hands allowed for the creation and use of tools.
D) Mastery of fire allowed food to be cooked.
E) A larger brain allowed for more complicated behavior.

Question 80

Genetic mutations

A) have mostly beneficial effects.
B) usually increase the survivability of offspring.
C) rarely result in problems for the offspring.
D) are usually deleterious.
E) always confer selective advantages to the offspring.