Deck 11: Emotion

Question 1

Most of the research on emotions has focused on

A) those associated with reproductive behaviors.
B) those associated with success or anger.
C) fear and euphoria.
D) anger and fear.
E) those experienced during a good meal.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

An intact ________ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure.

A) orbitofrontal cortex
B) lateral hippocampus
C) lateral hypothalamus
D) medial nucleus of the amygdala
E) periaqueductal gray matter

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When it is your turn to read your poem aloud in the class, your heart starts to thump in your chest and your palms get sweaty. This act is the ____________ component of emotion.

A) behavioral
B) autonomic
C) somatic
D) hormonal
E) emotional

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The emotional components that comprise fear are integrated by neurons within the

A) amygdala.
B) medial hypothalamus.
C) orbitofrontal cortex.
D) thalamus.
E) reticular activating system.

Question 5

Neurons within the amygdala are activated by

A) ascending tactile signals.
B) texture cues within the environment.
C) detection of emotionally relevant stimuli.
D) motor signals arising from the caudate nucleus.
E) all classes of sensory signals.

Question 6

In a laboratory setting, a rat has experienced shock each time it has been placed inside Chamber A. Over time, the rat shows a fear response as soon as it is placed in the chamber. After the destruction of the ____________ of the amygdala, the animal no longer shows a fear response when placed in the chamber.

A) central nucleus
B) lateral nucleus
C) basal nucleus
D) dorsal nucleus
E) medial nucleus

Question 7

The amygdala is located in the ____________ lobe(s).

A) occipital
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) frontal
E) prefrontal

Question 8

A rat experiences a shock paired with the sound of a bell. The animal now experiences fear, demonstrated by freezing behavior, when it hears a bell. The bell is the

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.
E) neutral stimulus.

Question 9

The ________ amygdaloid nucleus is the single most important part of the brain for the expression of emotional responses evolved by aversive stimuli.

A) cortical
B) lateral
C) medial
D) central
E) postero-lateral

Question 10

Activation of the ________ nucleus of the amygdala elicits an emotional response.

A) medial
B) lateral
C) cortical
D) central
E) postero-lateral

Question 11

If the central nucleus of the amygdala were stimulated, a monkey will

A) show fear towards a snake.
B) show fear, regardless of the target.
C) not respond fearfully to a snake.
D) not show fear, regardless of the target.
E) show fear to another monkey.

Question 12

The text author asserts that ________ have key consequences for survival and reproduction.

A) emotional behaviors
B) emotional feelings
C) internal stirred-up states
D) moods
E) brief perturbations of affect

Question 13

Which of the following is a key function of the hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion?

A) formation of glucose within the muscles
B) decreased blood flow to the muscles
C) formation of glycogen within the muscles
D) increased blood flow to the digestive organs
E) stimulation of defecation

Question 14

In the amygdala, the basal nucleus receives information from the

A) lateral nucleus.
B) central nucleus.
C) lateral and central nuclei.
D) amygdaloid complex.
E) thalamus.

Question 15

The major components of an emotional response include

A) feelings and behavior.
B) behavior and moods.
C) hormonal secretions and cognition.
D) behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions.
E) autonomic activity, moods, and behaviors.

Question 16

Infusion of excitatory amino acid glutamate into the central nucleus of the amygdala of a rat would be expected to elicit

A) behavioral signs of fear.
B) agitation but not fear.
C) timidness when handled by humans.
D) lower levels of stress hormones.
E) reduced secretion of gastric acid.

Question 17

A gorilla beats on its chest in a dominance display when threatened. This act is the __________ component of emotion.

A) behavioral
B) autonomic
C) somatic
D) hormonal
E) emotional

Question 18

Based on the evidence cited in your text, which brain region would be considered as a key target for pharmacological modification to provide relief for a person suffering from overly intense emotional reactions?

A) the central nucleus of the amygdala
B) the ventromedial hypothalamus
C) the medial nucleus of the thalamus
D) the corpus callosum
E) the entire basal forebrain

Question 19

In experiments on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the conditioned stimulus is

A) a loud tone.
B) foot shock.
C) a food pellet.
D) a bright light.
E) a heat stimulus.

Question 20

Infusion of ________ into the central nucleus of the amygdala would be expected to promote fear and agitation.

A) Prozac
B) glutamate
C) an opiate receptor antagonist
D) a cholinergic receptor agonist
E) a benzodiazepine receptor agonist

Question 21

Aggressive behavior is most strongly related to

A) feeding.
B) reproduction.
C) termination of pain.
D) pleasure.
E) anxiety.

Question 22

Humans report fear upon electrical stimulation of the

A) hypothalamus.
B) ventral tegmental area.
C) periaqueductal gray matter.
D) amygdala.
E) reticular activating system.

Question 23

Aggressiveness is reduced in adult rodents by castration, whereas injections of testosterone reinstate adult male rodent aggression. These effects are an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect.

A) activational
B) defeminization
C) organizational
D) subcortical
E) biphasic

Question 24

The pathway that leads to defensive behavior is the

A) basal nucleus to dorsal PAG.
B) central nucleus to ventral PAG.
C) lateral hypothalamus to ventral PAG.
D) basal nucleus to ventral PAG.
E) central nucleus to dorsal PAG.

Question 25

A serotonin agonist would

A) promote aggression.
B) reduce aggressive attack.
C) reduce serotonin synthesis.
D) increase risk-taking behavior.
E) increase depression.

Question 26

A species-typical defensive response for a rat would include

A) freezing of motor movements.
B) sniffing the fear stimulus.
C) approach to the fear stimulus.
D) eating.
E) grooming.

Question 27

The expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the

A) lateral amygdala.
B) central nucleus of the amygdala.
C) lateral hypothalamus.
D) ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
E) dorsolateral accumbens.

Question 28

Electrical stimulation of the ventral periaqueductal gray matter in the cat can produce

A) submissive behavior.
B) defensive behavior.
C) predatory behavior.
D) prey behavior.
E) threat behaviors.

Question 29

A human male who has a long record of assault, arson, and murder would be expected to show ________ levels of ________ in his cerebrospinal fluid.

A) elevated; GABA
B) reduced; GABA
C) elevated; 5-HIAA
D) reduced; 5-HIAA
E) elevated; opiates

Question 30

In humans, bilateral lesioning of the amygdala results in

A) increased memory of emotional aspects of a narrated story.
B) increased experiences of fear.
C) increased experiences of aggression.
D) unchanged fear but increased aggression.
E) decreased memory of emotional aspects of a narrated story.

Question 31

Some careers involve daily exposure to dangerous situations, which can lead to emotional burnout. A person with damage to the amygdala would have a selective advantage for a career as a

A) copy editor for an Iowa newspaper.
B) high-wire artist working on the 4th of July in a rainstorm.
C) teacher.
D) accountant for Exxon.
E) movie critic in Hollywood.

Question 32

Electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in the cat produces

A) submissive behavior.
B) defensive rage behavior.
C) predatory behavior.
D) prey behavior.
E) threat behaviors.

Question 33

The capacity of early testosterone exposure to sensitize brain circuits for aggression is an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect.

A) activational
B) feminization
C) organizational
D) subcortical
E) biphasic

Question 34

The _______________ is involved in aggressive attack, predation, and regulation of pain.

A) periaqueductal gray
B) parietal lobe
C) superior colliculus
D) inferior colliculus
E) tectum

Question 35

Imagine that all members of your class have been tested to determine the level of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in their cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following would you predict using this information?

A) Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive ten years from now.
B) Low 5-HIAA levels will be associated with good exam performance.
C) High 5-HIAA levels will be associated with poor sleep patterns in males.
D) Male classmates with high 5-HIAA levels will not be alive ten years from now.
E) Those with low 5-HIAA levels will be the thinnest persons in the class.

Question 36

Rats previously exposed to a tone followed by a brief intense electrical shock will show ________ when subsequently exposed to the tone (without shock).

A) reduced fear
B) an unconditional emotional response
C) reduced plasma levels of stress hormones
D) behavioral arrest (freezing)
E) grooming behavior

Question 37

A serotonin antagonist would

A) inhibit aggression.
B) facilitate aggressive attack.
C) promote serotonin synthesis.
D) decrease risk-taking behavior.
E) decrease depression.

Question 38

Alzheimer's disease patients who show degeneration of the ________ are more likely to forget emotionally traumatic events such as the Kobe earthquake in 1995.

A) basal ganglia
B) anterior forebrain
C) cingulum bundle
D) amygdala
E) substantia nigra

Question 39

Elevated brain levels of the transmitter ________ function to inhibit aggression.

A) glutamate
B) GABA
C) dopamine
D) serotonin
E) acetylcholine

Question 40

Drugs that act as __________ for ____________ might help to reduce aggressive behavior.

A) agonists; serotonin
B) antagonists; serotonin
C) agonists; dopamine
D) antagonists; dopamine
E) agonists; epinephrine

Question 41

A female mouse given daily injections of ________ for two weeks is not more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse.

A) estradiol
B) progesterone
C) prolactin
D) testosterone
E) leptin

Question 42

A female mouse given daily injections of ________ for two weeks is more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse.

A) estradiol
B) progesterone
C) prolactin
D) testosterone
E) leptin

Question 43

A ___________ female is more likely to exhibit interfemale aggression.

A) 0M
B) 1M
C) 2M
D) 3M
E) 4M

Question 44

In a fear inducing situation, individuals who show courage are likely experiencing activation of the

A) subgenual anterior cingulate cortex.
B) orbitofrontal cortex.
C) frontal cortex.
D) posterior cingulate cortex.
E) anterior cingulate cortex.

Question 45

Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his

A) occipital cortex.
B) ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
C) cingulate cortex.
D) primary motor cortex.
E) primary sensory cortex.

Question 46

Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with male monkeys

A) just prior to menstruation.
B) just after menstruation.
C) only when threatened by the arrival of a new female in the social group.
D) near the time of ovulation.
E) during puberty.

Question 47

Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with other females

A) just prior to menstruation.
B) just after menstruation.
C) only when threatened by the arrival of a new female in the social group.
D) near the time of ovulation.
E) during menopause.

Question 48

A male mouse housed alone in a home cage will readily attack a male mouse placed into the home cage, but will not attack a female mouse. Which of the following is a key factor as to whether the resident male mouse decides to attack or not attack the strange male mouse?

A) Male mice are smaller than females (thus size is the issue).
B) The mouse uses ultrasounds to distinguish male from female.
C) Female mice show a hop-dart movement that male mice do not.
D) The mouse must be able to detect male pheromones.
E) The coat color of a female mouse is lighter than that of a male mouse.

Question 49

An example of an environmental effect on testosterone secretion would be when

A) castration reduces sexual aggression.
B) female prisoners with low testosterone levels are more aggressive.
C) increasing blood levels of testosterone produce more aggression.
D) increasing blood levels of testosterone suppress aggression.
E) losing a tennis match results in lowered blood levels of testosterone.

Question 50

Which of the following is true of the impact of testosterone on aggressive behavior in males?

A) Prenatal androgenization decreases aggressiveness in primates.
B) Androgens have organizational effects after puberty.
C) Castration of sex-offenders may reduce aggressive sexual attacks.
D) Testosterone exerts effects on muscles before puberty.
E) Physical castration does not alter aggression.

Question 51

The ________ cortical region plays a key role in the analysis of social situations.

A) occipital
B) parietal
C) ventromedial prefrontal
D) temporal
E) cingulate

Question 52

Intermale aggression was _____________ in mice by cutting the ________________.

A) increased; vomeronasal nerve
B) decreased; trigeminal nerve
C) abolished; vomeronasal nerve
D) increased; trigeminal nerve
E) increased; vagus nerve

Question 53

Michael, a two-year-old, yells all day. He yells if someone gets near him. He yells if his train falls off the wooden track. He is angry, seemingly, all day. Given his developmental stage, his continuous anger probably comes from a fully developed _________ and an underdeveloped ___________.

A) amygdala; prefrontal cortex
B) prefrontal cortex; amygdala
C) amygdala; granular frontal cortex
D) granular frontal cortex; prefrontal cortex
E) granular frontal cortex; amygdala

Question 54

Intermale aggression will be reinstated in castrated male rats after implants of testosterone into the

A) ventromedial hypothalamus.
B) substantia nigra.
C) medial preoptic area.
D) lateral geniculate nucleus.
E) spinal cord.

Question 55

Prenatal androgenization increases aggressive behavior in

A) monkeys.
B) all primates.
C) rats.
D) cats.
E) all species studied to date.

Question 56

The _____________ plays an important role in provoking anger and violent emotional reactions, and the ____________ plays an important role in suppressing such behavior by making us see its negative consequences.

A) amygdala; prefrontal cortex
B) prefrontal cortex; amygdala
C) amygdala; granular frontal cortex
D) granular frontal cortex; prefrontal cortex
E) granular frontal cortex; amygdala

Question 57

Prenatal exposure to androgens

A) does not alter aggression but does modify sexual orientation.
B) has effects that are offset by socialization.
C) increases aggressive behavior in all studied species.
D) results in more intense attraction to toys and games preferred by girls.
E) increases aggression behavior in most nonhuman species.

Question 58

Studies of hormone status and antisocial behavior in U.S. military veterans suggest that higher levels of antisocial activity are noted in

A) low socioeconomic status men with high testosterone levels.
B) women with low estrogen levels.
C) men with high socioeconomic status but low testosterone levels.
D) women with high estrogen levels.
E) persons with the longest service records.

Question 59

Studies using primates suggest that alcohol promotes aggression but only

A) in submissive male monkeys.
B) in dominant male monkeys during the mating season when testosterone levels are high.
C) in female monkeys at the time of ovulation.
D) in female monkeys just prior to menstruation.
E) when testosterone levels were at their lowest level.

Question 60

The combination of inadequate activation of the ________ and enhanced activation of the ________ may result in excessive anger that results in harm to other persons.

A) cortex; reticular activating system
B) prefrontal cortex; hypothalamus
C) prefrontal cortex; amygdala
D) amygdala; prefrontal cortex
E) noradrenergic system; serotonergic systems

Question 61

Research shows people with antisocial personality disorder have an 11 percent reduction in volume of the gray matter of the

A) amygdala.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) cingulate gyrus.
D) granular frontal cortex.
E) periaqueductal gray.

Question 62

The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by the observation that

A) blind children show different facial emotional expressions than do sighted persons.
B) facial expressions of emotion vary by culture.
C) the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures.
D) facial expressions of emotion change over time in a culture.
E) some facial emotion expressions are only expressed in adulthood.

Question 63

Pure word deafness is produced by damage to the ________ cortex.

A) left temporal
B) right orbitofrontal
C) left parietal
D) right temporal
E) right parietal

Question 64

Research suggests impulsive behavior is caused by decreased __________ activation in the ____________ prefrontal cortex.

A) serotonergic; medial
B) serotonergic; lateral
C) dopaminergic; medial
D) dopaminergic; lateral
E) cholinergic; medial

Question 65

Impulsive aggression may reflect ________, which can be treated with ________.

A) overactivity of prefrontal neurons; fluoxetine
B) amygdaloid damage; GABA releasers
C) impaired serotonin prefrontal activity; fluoxetine
D) serotonin hypothalamic activity; fluoxetine
E) amygdaloid damage; glutamate releasers

Question 66

Research indicates that _____________ input to the prefrontal cortex activates this region.

A) serotonergic
B) cholinergic
C) dopaminergic
D) adrenergic
E) serotonergic and dopaminergic

Question 67

Individuals with lesions to the vmPFC are

A) less likely to feel strong emotional responses in moral judgments.
B) more likely to feel strong emotional responses in moral judgments.
C) less likely to pick sacrificing one person to save five.
D) more likely to find personally killing one individual to save five morally reprehensible.
E) less likely to partake in moral judgments at all.

Question 68

The observation that a person with ________ cannot understand speech but can infer emotion from ________ suggests that word recognition and emotional vocal recognition are independent functions.

A) pure word deafness; body posture
B) Broca's aphasia; use of emotional words
C) affective blindsight; body posture
D) pure word deafness; tone of voice
E) word deafness; use of emotional words

Question 69

Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the

A) hypothalamus.
B) hippocampus.
C) ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala.
E) nucleus accumbens.

Question 70

________ is an example of a personal moral dilemma.

A) Stealing a bus in order to drive people to safety during a hurricane
B) Allowing a lifeboat to sink to save your own life
C) Stealing a drug to feed your addiction
D) Throwing a switch that diverts a train into a crowd of people
E) Throwing another person onto a grenade in order to save a larger group

Question 71

Which of the following is true of the role of the amygdala for the recognition of emotion?

A) Amygdala damage impairs the ability to use tone of voice cues for emotion recognition.
B) Amygdala damage impairs the ability to use facial expressions for emotion recognition.
C) The amygdala receives input from the visual cortex via the thalamus.
D) Conscious awareness is required for the facial expression of emotion.
E) Activation of the amygdala improves mood and affect.

Question 72

A child who is born blind will

A) never learn how to smile.
B) have to be told how to move the facial features to elicit a smile.
C) learn to smile on a similar trajectory as sighted children.
D) smile as sighted children do, but will have to be taught how to facially express sadness.
E) smile at birth.

Question 73

Damage to the amygdala can impair recognition of ________ but not ________.

A) body posture; tone of voice
B) word meaning; the ability to speak a word
C) object identity; object movement
D) facial emotion expression; recognition of emotion using tone of voice
E) tone of voice; facial emotional expressions

Question 74

Because the amygdala receives input from cortical and subcortical sources, a person made blind by cortical damage

A) can recognize body posture.
B) is unable to infer emotion from tone of voice.
C) can recognize object movement.
D) is unable to express their emotion using tone of voice.
E) can recognize facial emotional expressions.

Question 75

Darwin argued that the expression of emotion in humans

A) varies greatly among individuals.
B) is learned during an early critical period.
C) is unique to each culture.
D) evolved from similar expressions in other animals.
E) involves muscle movements of the hands but not the face.

Question 76

PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion from tone of voice increased the activity of the

A) left frontal cortex.
B) left hemisphere.
C) right hemisphere.
D) anterior potion of the corpus callosum.
E) right frontal cortex.

Question 77

A key function of the right hemisphere is

A) the use of visual cues to recognize emotions.
B) the recognition of emotions.
C) the capacity to recognize the emotional content of hand gestures.
D) the ability to discriminate among different facial expressions of emotion.
E) control vocal emotional pitch.

Question 78

When presented with the moral dilemma of whether to physically push Person A onto a trolley track to stop a trolley car from killing 5 other people, individuals with damage to the ____________ will choose to push Person A and stop the trolley, demonstrating no moral dilemma with this choice.

A) ventromedial prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) subgenual anterior cingulate cortex
D) orbitofrontal cortex
E) prefrontal cortex

Question 79

The ability to recognize emotions expressed by others is most likely to be impaired after damage to the

A) left hemisphere.
B) basal ganglia.
C) right hemisphere.
D) cerebellum.
E) dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Question 80

Recent research suggests that emotions may play the most important role in the formation of

A) moral judgments.
B) feelings of empathy.
C) career decisions.
D) religious judgments.
E) gambling habits.