Deck 10: Reproductive Behavior

Question 1

If the Sry gene is present but there are faulty receptors for testosterone, it is likely that

A) the testes will not develop.
B) the testes will develop but the penis will not develop.
C) ovaries will develop instead of testes.
D) ovaries and testes will develop.
E) nothing will develop.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The genetic sex of a fetus is determined by

A) the hormones produced by the pituitary during fetal development.
B) a single gene on the X chromosome.
C) the gonads.
D) the father's sperm.
E) the phase of the menstrual cycle during which fertilization occurs.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The formation of the ovaries during prenatal development is controlled by

A) the Sry gene.
B) testosterone.
C) the X chromosome.
D) the Y chromosome.
E) no factor.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

All cells of the human body contain 23

A) pairs of chromosomes.
B) chromosomes.
C) pairs of genes.
D) genes.
E) alleles.

Question 5

The key distinction between an organizational hormone effect and an activational hormone effect is that

A) activational effects are permanent.
B) organizational effects are permanent.
C) organizational effects only occur during adulthood.
D) activational effects are mediated by receptors, whereas organizational effects are due to temporary changes in neurotransmitter secretion.
E) organizational effects only occur in the brain.

Question 6

The key factor that determines whether the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes is the

A) gene Sry located on the Y chromosome.
B) secretion of testosterone from the adrenals.
C) gene Sry located on the X chromosome.
D) 21st pair of chromosomes.
E) secretion of androgens from the gonads.

Question 7

A person's genetic sex is determined by

A) the sperm, which can carry either an X or Y chromosome.
B) the egg, which can carry either an X or Y chromosome.
C) the sperm, which can only carry X chromosomes.
D) the egg, which can only carry X chromosomes.
E) the sperm, which can only carry Y chromosomes.

Question 8

If you were to see the developing gonads of a 6-week-old male fetus, you would see

A) a clearly defined scrotum and penis.
B) a clearly defined Wolffian duct system.
C) gonads that are not differentiated for a male or female.
D) clearly defined ovaries.
E) a clearly defined Müllerian duct system.

Question 9

A female rhesus monkey is exposed to testosterone in utero. As a result, the animal displays some defeminized behaviors as an adult. In this case, the influence of the hormone exposure had a(n) _______________ effect.

A) activational
B) organizational
C) instrumental
D) masculinizing
E) feminizing

Question 10

The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the male requires

A) activation of the Müllerian system by anti-Müllerian hormone.
B) secretion of estradiol by the pituitary.
C) secretion of progesterone.
D) secretion of androgens.
E) secretion of progesterone.

Question 11

A hormone that prevents the prenatal development of the Müllerian system is said to have a(n)

A) defeminizing effect.
B) activational effect.
C) masculinizing effect.
D) feminizing effect.
E) nonselective action on the undifferentiated gonads.

Question 12

The Müllerian system structures are the precursors to the

A) male internal sex organs.
B) ovaries.
C) female internal sex organs.
D) testes.
E) penis and scrotum.

Question 13

A typical genetic female would have

A) XY chromosomes.
B) XX chromosomes.
C) XYY chromosomes.
D) XO chromosomes.
E) XXY chromosomes.

Question 14

Which of the following terms belong together?

A) Wolffian system; clitoris
B) Müllerian system; Fallopian tubes
C) Müllerian system; uterus
D) Wolffian system; uterus
E) Müllerian system; vas deferens

Question 15

The protein that dictates the conversion of the undifferentiated gonads into the testes is controlled by the

A) ob/ob protein.
B) leptin protein.
C) gene Tny.
D) gene Sry.
E) X chromosome.

Question 16

The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the female

A) requires the suppression of the Müllerian system by anti-Müllerian hormone.
B) requires secretion of estradiol by the pituitary.
C) is caused by secretion of progesterone.
D) requires no hormone.
E) requires secretion of androgens.

Question 17

A hormone that promotes the prenatal development of the Wolffian system is said to have a(n)

A) defeminizing effect.
B) activational effect.
C) masculinizing effect.
D) feminizing effect.
E) nonselective action on the undifferentiated gonads.

Question 18

A single egg contributes ________ to the developing zygote.

A) XX
B) X
C) Y
D) XY
E) XO

Question 19

The hormone ________ exerts a defeminizing action during prenatal development.

A) testosterone
B) dihydrotestosterone
C) estradiol
D) ghrelin
E) anti-Müllerian hormone

Question 20

Which of the following is considered to be a human sex organ?

A) ovaries
B) adrenal gland
C) pancreas
D) pituitary
E) thyroid

Question 21

The enzyme ________ converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone.

A) tyrosine hydroxylase
B) 5-alpha reductase
C) seminal hydroxylase
D) 3,4 galactase
E) tryptophan hydroxylase

Question 22

A secondary sex effect of androgens would be the

A) development of a penis.
B) growth of pubic hair.
C) raising of the voice.
D) growth of head hair.
E) suppression of the ovaries.

Question 23

The prenatal development of the external male genitalia requires the presence of

A) alpha-feto protein.
B) melatonin.
C) estradiol.
D) dihydrotestosterone.
E) anti-Müllerian hormone.

Question 24

In which disorder would the external genitals of a female develop in conjunction with testes?

A) adrenogenital syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Sry syndrome
D) persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
E) androgen-insensitivity syndrome

Question 25

An example of a secondary sex characteristic is

A) ovary development.
B) a deep voice.
C) development of a clitoris.
D) development of a vagina.
E) formation of a penis.

Question 26

The steps of the menstruation cycle are (in order)

A) follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, menses.
B) ovulation, follicular phase, luteal phase, menses.
C) follicular phase, luteal phase, ovulation, menses.
D) menses, luteal phase, ovulation, follicular phase.
E) ovulation, follicular phase, ovulation, menses.

Question 27

A person who suffers from androgen-insensitivity syndrome would be expected to

A) show male external genitalia.
B) have ovaries.
C) secrete androgens.
D) lack female internal reproductive structures.
E) lack anti-Mullerian hormone.

Question 28

The hormone ________ controls the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

A) leptin
B) LH
C) ghrelin
D) kisspeptin
E) cortisol

Question 29

Ovulation involves a surge in ________, which in turn ________.

A) estrogen; promotes the longevity of the uterine lining
B) estrogen; disrupts the ovarian follicle
C) leptin; promotes the loss of the uterine lining
D) follicle-stimulating hormone; causes the release of luteinizing hormone
E) luteinizing hormone; ruptures the ovarian follicle and releases an ovum

Question 30

________________ is/are found in both males and females.

A) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
B) Follicle stimulating hormone
C) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and testosterone
D) Testosterone
E) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and testosterone

Question 31

Individuals with a sex chromosome pair of XO have

A) Klinefelter's syndrome.
B) androgen insensitivity syndrome.
C) Turner's syndrome.
D) persistent Müllerian duct syndrome.
E) 5-α reductase deficiency.

Question 32

In ________, one might expect to observe both male and female internal reproductive structures.

A) adrenogenital syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Sry syndrome
D) persistent Müllerian duct syndrome in a genetic male
E) androgen-insensitivity syndrome

Question 33

Which of the following is known to speed up the onset of female puberty?

A) forced exercise and dieting
B) low levels of body fat
C) high plasma levels of leptin
D) malnutrition
E) consumption of a low-energy diet

Question 34

Which of the following is true of the rat estrous cycle?

A) The uterine lining is lost on day 4 of the cycle.
B) The estrous cycle is controlled by adrenal hormones.
C) Ovulation is not required for sexual behavior during the estrous cycle.
D) The rat estrous cycle lasts 4 days.
E) Removal of the ovaries does not disrupt the estrous cycle once it has been established in the adult female.

Question 35

The primary feature that distinguishes a menstrual cycle from an estrous cycle is that

A) females can mate at any time during the estrous cycle.
B) females can only mate around the time of ovulation in the menstrual cycle.
C) there is no cycle of growth/loss of the uterine lining in the estrous cycle.
D) the estrous cycle does not involve the secretion of estrogens.
E) the estrous cycle is longer than the menstrual cycle.

Question 36

A genetic male has a hormone receptor deficiency that resulted in this person having a penis and both sets of internal sex organs. The most likely explanation for this case is that the person might

A) lack the Y chromosome.
B) have undergone plastic surgery.
C) have persistent Müllerian duct syndrome.
D) have testes that oversecreted anti-Müllerian hormone.
E) have Turner's syndrome.

Question 37

Which hormone causes ovulation?

A) LH
B) estradiol
C) progesterone
D) FSH
E) testosterone

Question 38

An example of an activational effect induced by the hormone estradiol would be

A) growth of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle.
B) growth of axillary hair in females.
C) differentiation of the Wolffian system into the fimbriae, Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
D) maturation of the ovaries in a female.
E) alteration of the vocal cords to create a "deep" voice.

Question 39

The key principle demonstrated by Turner's syndrome is that

A) male fetuses produce Müllerian-inhibiting substances.
B) female secondary sexual characteristics appear without the ovaries.
C) ovaries are necessary for development of the Müllerian system.
D) different hormones are required to develop or to suppress the development of the male reproductive organs.
E) ovaries are NOT necessary for development of the Müllerian system.

Question 40

The key event that starts sexual maturation at the onset of puberty is that

A) the ovaries and testes release gonadotropic hormones.
B) estradiol and testosterone are released from the hypothalamus.
C) the pituitary secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones.
D) LH and FSH are released from the hypothalamus.
E) the adrenals release adrenaline.

Question 41

Sexual behavior in a female rodent would be reduced or prevented by

A) an ovariectomy.
B) targeted mutations of androgen receptors.
C) targeted mutations (deletions) of aldosterone receptors.
D) damage to the medial preoptic hypothalamus.
E) damage to the prefrontal cortex.

Question 42

Lordosis is considered to be an example of ________ in the female rat.

A) receptivity
B) perceptivity
C) proceptivity
D) attractivity
E) reactivity

Question 43

According to the Coolidge effect, a novel female

A) elicits motor responses that are incompatible with intromission.
B) strengthens the sexual refractory period after ejaculation.
C) diminishes the sexual refractory period of the male after ejaculation.
D) fails to elicit sexual satiety.
E) reduces the circulating levels of testosterone in the male rat.

Question 44

Impairment of oxytocin secretion in a ________ would be expected to ________.

A) male; reduce ejaculatory force
B) female; permanently lower the voice
C) male; produce hair loss
D) male; reduce sexual refractory periods
E) female; increase sexual desire

Question 45

If a female rat is ovariectomized and given T at birth, she will not perform lordosis for a male even when given estradiol and progesterone. In this case, the animal has experienced

A) behavioral defeminization.
B) behavioral masculinization.
C) activational effects of estradiol and progesterone.
D) organizational effects of estradiol and progesterone.
E) organizational effects of testosterone.

Question 46

In considering male sexual behavior, it is true that

A) orgasm requires intromission.
B) ejaculation refers to the discharge of semen from the penis.
C) intromission refers to a break between bouts of sexual behavior.
D) pelvic thrusting is limited to males.
E) the sexual behavior of human males requires high levels of testosterone.

Question 47

Sexual behavior in a female rat is ________ after removal of the ________.

A) absent; medial preoptic area
B) absent; ovaries
C) absent; nucleus accumbens
D) augmented; ovaries
E) augmented; nucleus accumbens

Question 48

Sexual behavior in the male rat requires the presence of

A) testosterone.
B) estrogen.
C) sensory factors.
D) adrenaline.
E) an X chromosome.

Question 49

A novel female will elicit another bout of sexual behavior in a sexually satiated male rat. This is referred to as the ________ effect.

A) Bruce
B) Vandenbergh
C) Lee-Boot
D) Coolidge
E) Whitten

Question 50

If a female rat is ovariectomized and given T at birth, she will not perform lordosis for a male. Instead, when given testosterone, she will mount. In this case, the animal has experienced

A) behavioral defeminization.
B) behavioral masculinization.
C) activational effects of estradiol and progesterone.
D) organizational effects of estradiol and progesterone.
E) organizational effects of testosterone.

Question 51

The physiological and behavioral cues in a female rat to which a male rat will respond are termed

A) receptive behaviors.
B) attractiveness.
C) perceptive behaviors.
D) proceptivity behaviors.
E) refractory behaviors.

Question 52

A receptive female rat will perform ____________ when mounted.

A) lordosis
B) ear wiggling
C) darting
D) escaping
E) startle

Question 53

A proposed function of lordosis is to

A) prevent sexual contact with the male rat.
B) expose the male rat to vaginal pheromones.
C) prepare the female rat for a rapid escape response from the male.
D) facilitate intromission by the male rat.
E) allow the female rat to release additional pheromones.

Question 54

Which sequence of hormone treatment is most likely to restore sexual receptivity in an ovariectomized female rat?

A) a small dose of estradiol alone
B) a small dose of oxytocin alone
C) an oxytocin dose followed thereafter by a progesterone dose
D) a small dose of progesterone alone
E) a small dose of estradiol followed by a progesterone dose

Question 55

A brain that is exposed to androgen during prenatal development will not show female sexual behavior in adulthood. This effect is referred to as

A) feminization.
B) emasculinization.
C) behavioral masculinization.
D) aromatization.
E) behavioral defeminization.

Question 56

After successfully mating, a male rat experiences __________ where he does not initiate sexual behavior again.

A) a refractory period
B) sexual satiety
C) sexual inhibition
D) the Coolidge effect
E) the cold-shower effect

Question 57

Menstruation is triggered by

A) reduced secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum.
B) implantation of a fertilized ovum in the uterus.
C) androgens from the adrenal cortex.
D) estrogens from the adrenal cortex.
E) increased secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum.

Question 58

Which of the following is true of the hormone oxytocin?

A) Oxytocin is released from the adrenal gland during orgasm.
B) Oxytocin relaxes smooth muscle.
C) Oxytocin release can induce the ejection of milk in a lactating female.
D) Orgasm causes the release of oxytocin only in females.
E) Oxytocin release is controlled by the anterior pituitary.

Question 59

The principle that best describes an organizational effect of androgens during prenatal development that enables an animal to engage in male sexual behavior as an adult is

A) feminization.
B) emasculinization.
C) behavioral masculinization.
D) aromatization.
E) behavioral defeminization.

Question 60

A male rat is castrated immediately after birth and then given injections of estradiol and progesterone in adulthood. This male rat would be expected to

A) exhibit enhanced inter-male aggression.
B) attempt to copulate with a female in heat.
C) show lordosis to another male.
D) attempt to copulate with a nonestrous female.
E) show maternal aggression.

Question 61

Both men and women appear to show increased secretion of ________ in anticipation of renewed sexual contact.

A) cortisol
B) kisspeptin
C) leptin
D) estradiol
E) testosterone

Question 62

Sensory cells of the vomeronasal organ project to the

A) olfactory bulb.
B) nasal cavity.
C) optic bulb.
D) accessory olfactory bulb.
E) dorsal nucleus of the amygdala.

Question 63

Research suggests that ______________ increases sexual activity and rate of orgasm for women.

A) estradiol
B) progesterone
C) LH
D) follicular hormone
E) testosterone

Question 64

A larger sexually dimorphic nucleus of the medial preoptic area is the result of ________________ in fetal development.

A) excess progesterone
B) high levels of androgens
C) absence of androgens
D) high levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
E) high levels of luteinizing hormone

Question 65

An adult rodent that was NOT exposed to prenatal androgens is injected estrogen and progesterone as an adult. You would expect that rodent to display

A) female sexual behaviors.
B) male sexual behaviors.
C) signs of behavioral depression.
D) defeminization.
E) a tendency to be timid in social situations.

Question 66

When a recently impregnated female mouse encounters a male mouse other than the one with which she mated, the pregnancy may spontaneously abort. This effect of pheromones is called the ____________ effect.

A) Bruce
B) Lee-Boot
C) Whitten
D) Vandenbergh
E) Coolidge

Question 67

A group of neurons in the lumbar region of the rat spinal cord projects to the posterior intralaminar thalamus, which may be involved in the pleasurable experience of orgasm. These neurons are known as

A) lumbar spinothalamic cells.
B) sacral spinothalamic cells.
C) lumbar spinotectal cells.
D) lumbar spinoreticular cells.
E) sacral lumbarthalamic cells.

Question 68

The ________ effect refers to the situation in which a group of female mice that are housed together show a slowing down and then a termination of their estrous cycles.

A) Whitten
B) Bruce
C) Bruce-Lee
D) Lee-Boot
E) Vandenbergh

Question 69

Imagine that you have developed a new pheromone that induces male subjects to approach females. You create a perfume laced with this pheromone, name it Passion, and then begin your marketing plan. Which of the following actions would you take as you introduce your pheromone-laced perfume to the market?

A) You would introduce your new product in early February.
B) You would advertise this perfume in men's magazines.
C) You would not hand out free samples during the cold and flu season.
D) Your advertising would suggest that Passion leads to passion.
E) You would advertise in hockey and hunting magazines.

Question 70

Which of the following is the current conclusion regarding the role of androgens in female sexual activity?

A) Androgens amplify the effects of estradiol.
B) Androgens' effects in women are no more than a placebo effect.
C) Androgens act to increase genital blood flow in older females.
D) Androgens inhibit the actions of estradiol in female sexual behavior.
E) Androgens and estradiol are interchangeable hormones for female sexual behavior.

Question 71

The Whitten effect and the Vandenbergh effect are induced in a female rodent by exposure to ________ from a(n) ________.

A) urine; intact male rodent
B) sweat; castrated male rodent
C) urine; intact female rodent
D) ultrasounds; stranger
E) sweat; pregnant female rodent

Question 72

Administration of a GnRH antagonist to human males is most likely to cause

A) a loss of tactile sensitivity.
B) a decrease in sexual interest and intercourse after two weeks of treatment.
C) a loss of erections during REM sleep, but no change in sex drive.
D) no change in sexual activity because the adrenals also secrete testosterone.
E) increased secretion of testosterone.

Question 73

Which of the following is true of pheromone action in humans?

A) Menstrual cycles are delayed by exposure to human sweat.
B) Women are attracted to the underarm sweat from men.
C) Men rate T-shirts worn by women during their fertile phase as more pleasant than T-shirts worn during their non-fertile phase.
D) Men and women show decreased sexual behavior after exposure to pheromones.
E) Men are quite attracted to the underarm sweat from women.

Question 74

What principle is demonstrated by the findings that mechanical stimulation of the genitals elicits sex-related behaviors in animals whose spinal cord has been cut?

A) Sexual reflexes cannot occur without the brain.
B) The brain is not required for the sexual reflexes of erection and ejaculation.
C) Sexual orientation is dependent on spinal mechanisms.
D) Pathways from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord are key to sexual behavior.
E) Male sexual behavior can at times appear to be brainless.

Question 75

Women are more likely to initiate sex during _______________, suggesting an influence of hormones on female sexual behavior.

A) ovulation
B) the luteal phase
C) menses
D) the follicular phase
E) the day

Question 76

A human female is more likely to initiate sexual activity with her partner

A) when her estradiol levels are lowest.
B) just prior to menstruation.
C) in the winter months.
D) just after a surge in testosterone from her adrenals.
E) at a point in the menstrual cycle when estradiol levels are highest.

Question 77

Research by Coolen suggests that the circuit for the ejaculation generator in the male rat is located

A) above the tenth thoracic segment.
B) below the cauda equina.
C) in the sexually dimorphic region of the medial preoptic area.
D) in the lumbar region.
E) within the thalamus.

Question 78

The ________ effect refers to the situation in which the odor of a male rodent will accelerate the onset of puberty in a female rodent.

A) Whitten
B) Bruce
C) Bruce-Lee
D) Lee-Boot
E) Vandenbergh

Question 79

The vomeronasal organ

A) projects to the accessory optic area.
B) of a human is heavily innervated.
C) is the receptive organ for pheromones.
D) is critical for sexual behavior in dolphins.
E) is found in all mammals.

Question 80

The odor of human female underarm sweat can

A) delay the onset of puberty.
B) synchronize menstrual cycles in women.
C) influence men's attractiveness to women.
D) enhance sexual activity in men, but not women.
E) induce the release of corticosterone from the adrenal glands.