Deck 18: Human Agency: Individuals and Groups in Society Changing Social Structures

Question 1

We do not have to be passive actors who accept society's ________ as inevitable.

A) institutional imperatives
B) structural forces
C) cultural values
D) norms

Answer 1

A

Question 2

________ seek radical changes and go beyond reform by seeking to replace the existing social institutions with new ones that conform to a radically different vision of society.

A) Resistance movements
B) Insurgency movements
C) Reform movements
D) Revolutionary movements

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Movements that seek to reverse legislation and judicial acts that make abortion legal or easy to obtain or oppose teaching of evolution and seek to have the schools teach creationism are examples of ________.

A) resistance movements
B) insurgency movements
C) reform movements
D) revolutionary movements

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The view of social ________ is too strong because, while society constrains what we do, it does not determine what we do.

A) human agency
B) determinism
C) voluntarism
D) Marxism

Question 5

We can promote social justice in many situations or thwart it; in each instance, our actions have ______ implications.

A) political
B) cultural
C) structural
D) institutional

Question 6

The social movement in the institutionalization stage can face the following danger(s):

A) goal displacement
B) power struggles within the movement
C) leadership elite trying to use its power to keep power as well as status and rewards that come with power
D) all of the above

Question 7

The paradox of sociology-the power of society over its members versus the power of social actors to change society-has the following implication(s):

A) Society is not a static entity; it is created, sustained, and changed by people.
B) The social forms that people create often take on a sacred quality that constrains behavior in socially prescribed ways.
C) Since social structures are created and sustained by people, they are imperfect.
D) All of the above

Question 8

A social movement focuses on organization during the ________ or formalization stages when a once-unfocused number of people become an organization.

A) bureaucratization
B) solidification
C) integration
D) administration

Question 9

A common danger of institutionalization is ________, which happens when the goal of maintaining the formal structure of the movement's organization supersedes the original goals of the social movement.

A) social integration
B) goal displacement
C) formalization
D) bureaucratization

Question 10

A ________ is a collective attempt to promote or resist change that arises when people are sufficiently discontented that they will work for a better system.

A) social movement
B) social construction
C) civil rights movement
D) social revolution

Question 11

The social forms that people create often take on a sacred quality that constrains behavior in ________ ways.

A) unpredictable
B) predetermined
C) socially prescribed
D) inflexible

Question 12

If a social movement is successful, it will become ________ into society.

A) co-opted
B) integrated
C) accepted
D) connected

Question 13

The key to the success of a social movement is ________.

A) organizational skills
B) ideology
C) money
D) persistence

Question 14

Society is not a rigid, static entity composed of robots, as is evidenced by the fact that people, in ________, are the architects of society in an ongoing project.

A) coalitions
B) pressures
C) structures
D) interaction

Question 15

The set of ideals that explains reality, provides guidelines for behavior, and expresses the interest of a group is referred to as a/an ________.

A) ideology
B) value set
C) belief system
D) culture

Question 16

Social movements are inherently ________ because they seek to affect public policy.

A) political
B) reformist
C) revolutionary
D) conservative

Question 17

A social movement is an enduring ________ with leaders, a division of labor, an ideology, a blueprint for collective action, and a set of roles and norms for members.

A) coalition
B) organization
C) structure
D) construction

Question 18

________ movements seek to alter a specific part of society and commonly focus on a single issue.

A) Resistance
B) Insurgency
C) Reform
D) Revolutionary

Question 19

At some point, where it was once ________, leadership of a social movement comes to comprise administrators and managers.

A) insurgent
B) authoritarian
C) inspirational
D) charismatic

Question 20

The emergence of the ________ was instrumental in promoting progress in women's sports.

A) Feminist Coalition
B) National Organization for Women
C) NAACP
D) NCAA

Question 21

When the goals of the movement have been accomplished, the stage of ________ has been reached.

A) focused implementation
B) co-optation
C) charismatic leadership
D) institutionalization

Question 22

In the history of black people in the United States, a group of people called ________ were significant in their fugitive reaction to white oppression.

A) citizen councils
B) outliers
C) night riders
D) none of the above

Question 23

Which of the following illustrates a reform movement?

A) global warming
B) gay rights
C) women's rights
D) all of the above

Question 24

The third stage of a social movement involves

A) the mobilization of resources.
B) institutionalization.
C) emergence of a leader.
D) social unrest.

Question 25

The second stage of a social movement occurs when

A) a societal condition causes unrest.
B) organization develops.
C) grievances become focused.
D) the movement initially fails.

Question 26

Berger's point of view, as expressed earlier, suggests that

A) society controls our movements.
B) the structures of society become the structures of our own consciousness.
C) society shapes our identity.
D) all of the above

Question 27

The essence of agency is to

A) recognize the manifest and latent functions of social structures.
B) analyze the social system.
C) change the structure of society through collective action.
D) all of the above

Question 28

When Peter Berger claims that "the structures of society become the structures of our consciousness," he is presenting a ________ point of view.

A) sociological
B) psychological
C) deterministic
D) common sense

Question 29

According to Kammeyer (et al), people can break through the social constraints that overwhelm them through the vehicle of

A) primary groups.
B) social movements.
C) secondary groups.
D) socialization.

Question 30

In short, the third stage is a ________ stage.

A) bureaucratization
B) charismatic
C) unfocused
D) integrated

Question 31

Resistance movements are fostered

A) in periods of rapid social change.
B) through progressive leaders.
C) by means of a specific incident.
D) with widespread societal support.

Question 32

The sociological insight into socially constrained behavior is that

A) such constraints are sacred.
B) these constraints are unchangeable.
C) such behavior can be reconstructed.
D) this behavior approximates social reification.

Question 33

Over 100 years ago, the Progressive movement began as a reaction to

A) unchecked capitalism.
B) economic exploitation.
C) political corruption.
D) all of the above

Question 34

People ________ society.

A) create
B) sustain
C) change
D) all of the above

Question 35

To illustrate revolutionary movements, the example of ________ is used.

A) foreign sweatshops
B) people with disabilities
C) Eastern Europe
D) anti-abortion

Question 36

Which of the following is not a social movement?

A) resistance
B) reform
C) revolutionary
D) all of the above are social movements

Question 37

For a social movement to develop, there must be a/an ________ that causes ________.

A) leader / turmoil
B) condition / unrest
C) focus / institutionalization
D) institution / breakdown

Question 38

In the third stage of a social movement

A) a formal structure is developed.
B) rules, policies, and procedures are followed.
C) power is centralized.
D) all of the above

Question 39

Reform movements typically have

A) goals to stop a trend.
B) aims to seek radical changes.
C) an aggrieved group.
D) a radically different vision of society.

Question 40

Macro dimensions of agency refer to

A) those collective actions that change and overcome societal constraints.
B) actions of random individuals who try to effect change.
C) uncoordinated activity by people to resist social change.
D) all of the above

Question 41

Two people who galvanized the civil rights movement in 1955 were

A) Malcolm X and James Farmer.
B) Jesse Jackson and Martin Luther King.
C) Emmitt Till and Rosa Parks.
D) Mickey Schwerner and Andrew Goodman.

Question 42

While human agency is important, we should not minimize the power of the structures that subordinate people, making change difficult or, at times, impossible.

Question 43

The first documented execution of a slave who dared to revolt against his master was

A) Dred Scott.
B) Gabriel Prosser.
C) Elias Johnson.
D) Philip Dorn.

Question 44

When human beings cope with, adapt to, and change social structures to meet their needs, whether as individuals acting alone or with others, these actions constitute voluntarism.

Question 45

The 1896 Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson reaffirmed

A) The Emancipation Proclamation.
B) "Jim Crow" laws.
C) right-to-work laws.
D) the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments.

Question 46

The Supreme Court ruling ________ was a setback for women's equality in sports.

A) Roe v. Wade
B) Grove City v. Bell
C) Tampa v. Steing
D) Syracuse v. Boeheim

Question 47

The power society holds over its members versus the power of social actors to change society is referred to as the agency-structure dichotomy.

Question 48

Human agency refers to the process of shaping social life by coping with, adapting to, and changing social structures.

Question 49

Political struggles at the micro level are illustrated by

A) work situations.
B) neighborhoods.
C) church organizations.
D) all of the above

Question 50

While ________ was prohibited from racial discrimination, ________ was segregated during World War II.

A) the defense industry / the military
B) the Army / the Navy
C) the military / Army housing
D) public transportation / interstate commerce

Question 51

According to Bill Gilbert and Nancy Williamson (1973), the sharpest example of discrimination operated against

A) black students.
B) female athletes.
C) gay men.
D) divorced women.

Question 52

Blacks were freed from slavery and given certain rights through the ________ Amendment(s) to the Constitution.

A) Thirteenth
B) Fourteenth
C) Fifteenth
D) all of the above

Question 53

Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act of 1972 was a result of the effort of

A) NCAAA.
B) NAACP.
C) NOW.
D) National Urban League.

Question 54

Society, which many consider to be sacred and therefore unchangeable, is a political creation and it can, therefore, not be reconstructed.

Question 55

A major contribution of the National Organization of Women was

A) securing the right to vote.
B) changing divorce laws to protect the divorced woman.
C) developing right-to-work laws.
D) the lobbying effort for national legislation to correct gender inequities.

Question 56

At the macro level, the most important struggles address issues of

A) order and disorder.
B) rapid change and gradual change.
C) resistance and accommodation.
D) exploitation and domination.

Question 57

One of the most significant movements toward the definition of freedom for black families in the South was

A) removal of women from the agricultural work force.
B) acquisition of the right to vote.
C) ownership of property.
D) ability to own a gun.

Question 58

The Supreme Court ruling that found "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" was the ________ case.

A) Brown v. Board of Education
B) Plessy v. Ferguson
C) Birmingham, Alabama
D) Dred Scott

Question 59

Resistant social movements that seek to reverse change include antiabortion groups, opposition of same-sex marriage movements, and opposition to evolution theory in science classes and the teaching of sex education.

Question 60

The Black Codes were passed by Southern states and dealt with

A) land ownership by blacks.
B) vagrancy laws.
C) black termination of contracts with white landowners.
D) all of the above

Question 61

A set of ideals that explains reality, provides guidelines for behavior, and expresses the interest of a group is referred to as a doctrine.

Question 62

If a social movement is successful it eventually becomes integrated into society.

Question 63

The civil rights movement is the result of a single event, such as Rosa Parks being arrested for not giving up her seat to a white on a bus.

Question 64

At some point, where once leadership was charismatic, it becomes comprised of administrators and managers.

Question 65

Social movements promote, but do not resist change.

Question 66

The civil rights movement as a movement was not the result of one event, but the "inevitable outcome of centuries of mistreatment of black people by white people and their governments."

Question 67

In Peter Berger's statement that the structures of society become the structures of our consciousness, he is presenting a deterministic point of view.

Question 68

A social movement focuses on organization during the bureaucratization or formalization stages where a once-unfocused number of people become an organization.

Question 69

While civil rights battles have been won, equality has not been achieved, as evidenced in residential and school segregation, lower incomes, and higher poverty rates for blacks.

Question 70

Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 that outlawed discrimination on the basis of sex was resisted vigorously by the male establishment.

Question 71

Society's structural arrangements are not inevitable; human beings are agents of change if they choose to be.

Question 72

Since Title IX was enacted, there has been an increase in the number of women's teams, but a decrease in the proportion of women's teams with women in leadership positions (coach, administrator) at both the high school and college levels.

Question 73

The emergence of the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) was the single most instrumental factor in promoting gender equality in sports.

Question 74

Goal displacement occurs when the goal of maintaining the formal structure of the movement's organization supersedes the original goals of the social movement.

Question 75

Reform movements seek radical changes and go beyond reform by seeking to replace the existing social institutions with new ones that conform to a radically different vision of society.

Question 76

Resistance movements are organized to prevent changes or they are reactionary in that they seek to reverse changes that have already occurred and to restore traditional values.

Question 77

Macro dimensions of agency refer to socializing forces directing behavior to be consistent with cultural norms.

Question 78

A common danger of social movements is bureaucratization, which happens when the goal of maintaining the formal structure of the movement's organization supersedes the original goals of the social movement.

Question 79

When there is collective action to change and overcome societal constraints, macro dimensions of agency operate.

Question 80

Social movements are inherently political because they seek to affect public policy.