Deck 12: Gender Inequality

Question 1

In most societies of the world, the ________ is the world of women and the ________ is the world of men.

A) domestic and familial / public and political
B) less important / more important
C) gathering / hunting
D) planting / harvesting

Answer 1

A

Question 2

________ is a way of organizing the social world based on sexual identity and a key linking process in the matrix of domination structured along the lines of race, class, and gender.

A) Enforced heterosexuality
B) Gendering
C) Sexuality
D) Male dominance

Answer 2

C

Question 3

________ refers to beliefs, values, and cultural meanings that give higher value and prestige to masculinity than to femininity, that value men over women, and that institutionalize male control of socially-valued resources.

A) Male dominance
B) Gender structure
C) Anti-feminism
D) Masculinity

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Identify which of the following is not one of the factors used to support the contention that there are social bases for gender roles.

A) Every society has certain expectations for both women and men.
B) Cross-culturally, there is a high degree of consistency in expectations for men and women.
C) The social roles assigned to women and men do not vary randomly.
D) None of the above

Question 5

________ is found even where gender roles are becoming more flexible and androgynous.

A) Asexual socialization
B) Gendered socialization
C) Homosexual socialization
D) Pathological socialization

Question 6

According to the ________ perspective, men's economic roles in the public sphere assure them control of highly valued resources and give rise to male privilege.

A) order
B) conflict
C) bias
D) deficiency

Question 7

________ theorists are critical of the ________ model because it neglects the most important aspect of gender roles-that they are unequal in power, resources, and opportunities.

A) Behavioral/conflict
B) Order/conflict
C) Order/behavioral
D) Conflict/order

Question 8

______ refers to the ranking of the sexes in such a way that women are unequal in resources, power, and opportunities.

A) Gender
B) Gender stratification
C) Gender differentiation
D) Male dominance

Question 9

The ________ perspective holds that the traditional division of labor is beneficial for society and that traditional roles promote family stability.

A) bias
B) conflict
C) order
D) deficiency

Question 10

______ refers to ranking the sexes in such a way that men have more power, resources, prestige, and presumed worth.

A) Social stratification
B) Gendering
C) Gender stratification
D) Feminization of poverty

Question 11

Femininity and masculinity are modeled differently ________.

A) from one culture to another and within one culture over time
B) over the course of all men's and women's lives
C) between and among different groups of women and men, depending on class, race, ethnicity, and sexuality
D) all of the above

Question 12

________ refers to the beliefs and placement that value men over women and that institutionalize male control of socially valued resources.

A) Male classification
B) Male differentiation
C) Male exploitation
D) Male dominance

Question 13

How gender is learned depends on many social conditions affecting the ______ practices applied to boys and girls.

A) genderfication
B) gendering
C) socialization
D) tracking

Question 14

________ is the term used for forms of social organization in which men are dominant over women.

A) Paternalism
B) Patrimony
C) Patriarchy
D) Patricide

Question 15

Taking a ________ means supporting women's equality; it's a proposed way to look at gender inequality.

A) masculine approach
B) feminist approach
C) gendered approach
D) democratic approach

Question 16

From the ________ perspective, traditional division of labor provides social order and assures that the important societal tasks are accomplished.

A) behavioral
B) order
C) conflict
D) interactionist

Question 17

The ______ approach argues that gender stratification is an outcome of differential roles that men and women hold within the economic structure of society. The division between domestic and public spheres of activity constrains women and is advantageous to men.

A) behavioral
B) order
C) conflict
D) interactionist

Question 18

________ imposes negative sanctions on those who are homosexual or bisexual. It shapes the gender order by discouraging attachment with members of the same sex.

A) Compulsory heterosexuality
B) Sex discrimination
C) Sex role
D) Gender role

Question 19

Socially defined differences between men and women legitimize ________.

A) female dominance
B) male dominance
C) male subordination
D) none of the above

Question 20

The ________ perspective argues that sex roles are unequal in power, resources, and prestige.

A) conflict
B) order
C) bias
D) deficiency

Question 21

________ refers to the integration of traditional feminine and masculine characteristics in the same individual.

A) Androgyny
B) Asexual socialization
C) Pathological socialization
D) Gender play

Question 22

Although girls are encouraged to play with video games, ________ underlie these new activities.

A) fear of technology
B) traditional gender stereotypes
C) inferior spatial reasoning
D) inability to compete

Question 23

In the professions, a ________ system of informal interactions among colleagues limit women's mobility because their sex status limits or excludes their involvement in that system.

A) patron-client
B) sponsor-protege
C) protege-associate
D) formal-association

Question 24

Those who blame socialization alone to explain women's inferior place in society are guilty of ________, and this perspective can be misused in such a way that it blames women themselves for gender inequality.

A) structuring blame
B) blaming the victim
C) bias
D) None of the above

Question 25

The ________ is used to refer to the invisible obstacles that limit women's mobility despite their motivation and their capacity for positions of power and prestige.

A) gender barriers
B) glass ceiling
C) glass elevator
D) gender structures

Question 26

Identify which of the following is not an example of evidence that the earnings gap persists.

A) Women are concentrated in lower-paying occupations the gender segregation problem.
B) Women enter the labor force at different and lower-paying levels than men do.
C) Women as a group have less education and experience than do men; therefore, they are paid less.
D) Women tend to work much more overtime than do men.

Question 27

Advertising aimed at the ________ places additional stresses on women and at the same time upholds male privilege.

A) traditional man
B) new man
C) traditional woman
D) new woman

Question 28

Gender is the basis for

A) dividing labor.
B) assigning roles.
C) allocating social rewards.
D) all of the above.

Question 29

The economic well-being of women and their children suffers from the concentration of minority women in the ________ sectors of the labor market.

A) middle management
B) low-wage
C) competitive
D) skilled

Question 30

The feminist approach

A) rejects male involvement in the family.
B) supports women's equality.
C) argues for the separation of the sexes.
D) agrees with gender stratification.

Question 31

Which of the following is not a reason to explain the persistence of the earnings gap between men and women?

A) Women are concentrated in lower-paying occupations.
B) Women are less efficient at their jobs because, as a rule, they assume additional responsibilities of caring for home and family.
C) Women enter the labor force at different and lower-paying levels than do men.
D) Women as a group have less education and experience than do men; therefore, they are paid less than men.
)

Question 32

Worldwide, women

A) perform an estimated 60% of the work.
B) earn 30% of the income.
C) own 40% of the land.
D) head 70% of single-parent households.

Question 33

As the level of education ________ , the proportion of ________ teachers declines.

A) increases / female
B) decreases/ female
C) increases / male
D) decreases / male

Question 34

The impressive gains women have made in some professions is ________.

A) only because they were almost completely excluded previously
B) mainly due to a shortage of men workers in those jobs
C) only because they were interested in women's jobs before
D) mainly because they previously preferred not to get the education required for those jobs

Question 35

Identify which of the following is not evidence of dominant patterns of non-verbal communication by men and women.

A) Men intrude less on other peoples personal space than women do.
B) Men touch women more than women touch men.
C) Women engage in more eye contact and smile more than men do.
D) Women generally exhibit behavior associated with low status.

Question 36

According to Candace West and Don Zimmerman, the nonverbal modes of communication that we all follow unconsciously to maintain differences between the sexes is called

A) doing gender.
B) political correctness.
C) cultural dialects.
D) gender slang.

Question 37

Because of the connections between the class relations of production and the hierarchical gender relations of its society, the U.S. is a ________, where male supremacy keeps women in subordinate roles at work and in the home.

A) capitalist patriarchy
B) matrix of domination
C) cultural patriarchy
D) None of the above

Question 38

________ and ________ both argued that the shift to a capitalist economy widened the gap between the power and value of men and women. As production moved out of the home, the gendered division of labor left men with the greater share of economic and other forms of power.

A) Marx / Weber
B) Durkheim / Engels
C) Marx / Engels
D) Weber / Durkheim

Question 39

The biggest factors in the wage gap that exists in the United States is ________ in the labor market that blocks women's access to better paying jobs through hiring or promotion practices or simply paying women less.

A) institutional sex discrimination
B) individual job preferences
C) individual capabilities
D) institutional rules and policies

Question 40

________ refers to the pattern of women and men being situated in different jobs throughout the labor force.

A) Gender roles
B) Gender differentiation
C) Gender segregation
D) Gender preferences

Question 41

According to Campenni (1999), there is a breakdown of traditional play patterns and socialization for

A) neither boys nor girls.
B) both boys and girls.
C) boys only.
D) girls only.

Question 42

According to order theorists

A) gender roles are unequal in power.
B) gender stratification is an outcome of how men and women are tied to the economic structure of society.
C) male privilege is a result of the man's control of higher valued resources.
D) clear-cut gender roles promote stable institutions.

Question 43

Barrie Thorne's 1993 study of gender play in multiracial school settings found that boys

A) had no interest in controlling space in the play area.
B) played in games that were shorter in time than girls' games.
C) treated girls as contaminating.
D) ignored girls' activities.

Question 44

Today, toys for boys tend to encourage

A) exploration.
B) creativity.
C) manipulability.
D) nurturance.

Question 45

The hormone difference between males and females

A) is extremely pronounced.
B) explains in part why women could be as aggressive as men.
C) is very slight.
D) is especially significant in explaining behavior due to the absence of androgen in females.

Question 46

In capitalistic societies, women's domestic labor

A) is not important for survival.
B) ranks low in prestige and power.
C) produces exchangeable commodities.
D) is more valued than in socialist societies.

Question 47

West and Zimmerman's phrase "doing gender" refers to

A) following the rules expected of us as males or females.
B) using genderlects.
C) communication styles.
D) communication misunderstandings.

Question 48

The most complex, demanding, and all-involving role that a member of society must learn to play is that of

A) mother/father.
B) son/daughter.
C) male/female.
D) husband/wife.

Question 49

Sports in U.S. high schools and colleges has historically been a male preserve. The truth of this observation is evident if one compares the ________ by gender.

A) number of participants
B) financial support
C) facilities
D) all of the above

Question 50

By moving the battleground on abortion to the state legislatures, the Supreme Court

A) has protected the Roe v. Wade ruling.
B) returned the nation to a pre-Roe patchwork of laws that challenge legal choice.
C) made abortions more readily available.
D) eliminated mandatory waiting periods for abortions.

Question 51

Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act (1972)

A) outlawed sex discrimination in public schools.
B) outlawed the so-called "hidden curriculum".
C) implemented tax revenue to parochial schools.
D) eliminated racial discrimination in inner-city public schools.

Question 52

Sexual differentiation

A) is not a universal.
B) always leads to low female status.
C) is found in all societies.
D) leads inevitably to male dominance.

Question 53

An analysis of television commercials indicates that women

A) appear less frequently in ads than men.
B) are seen more in work settings.
C) endorse a wide array of consumer products.
D) are the major characters in prime-time programs.

Question 54

Femininity and masculinity

A) are uniformly shaped from genetic makeup.
B) are modeled differently depending on class, race, ethnicity, and sexuality.
C) are similar, in definition, from one culture to another.
D) maintain a consistency over the course of a man or woman's life.

Question 55

A socialization approach to the analysis of sex roles could be misused in such a way that this approach

A) denies the existence of gender inequities.
B) accuses the social system of causing sex inequality.
C) plays into the "blaming the victim" ideology.
D) promotes sex inequality.

Question 56

An ironic consequence of Title IX has been

A) a decrease in opportunities for female athletes.
B) a contraction in athletic programs for female athletes.
C) a decline in women holding coaching and administrative positions.
D) a decline in budgets for women's sports.

Question 57

Most U.S. religions believe that women and men

A) must meet the same standards of behavior.
B) have different missions in life.
C) are not equal in the eyes of the deity.
D) are equal to each other.

Question 58

The "stained-glass ceiling" refers to

A) the struggle of female clergy for equal rights.
B) the concealment of sexual abuse in the Christian churches.
C) the pay differential for women in the workplace.
D) the unequal treatment of women in the legal system.

Question 59

Janet Lever's research on children's play groups found that boys, more than girls,

A) played outdoors.
B) played in larger groups.
C) played in age-heterogeneous groups.
D) all of the above.

Question 60

Dichotomous gender experience may be more characteristic among ________ children.

A) African-American
B) white middle class
C) lower class
D) upper class

Question 61

0.69. Male dominance is

A) homogenous.
B) compulsory.
C) heterogeneous.
D) natural.

Question 62

Sex, not gender, refers to one's biological identity as male or female.

Question 63

0.68. Which of the following is not true regarding the power of men?

A) They are universally dominant.
B) Socially defined differences legitimize male dominance.
C) Entire institutions are patterned by gender.
D) Some men have great power over other men.

Question 64

Sex refers to the social and cultural definitions of feminine and masculine.

Question 65

Although males are on the average more aggressive than females, greater difference may be found among males than between males and females.

Question 66

Patriarchy is the term used for forms of social organization in which men are dominant over women.

Question 67

0.71. Which apostle in the New Testament of the Bible was especially adamant in arguing for the primacy of males over females?

A) Thomas
B) Judas
C) Paul
D) John

Question 68

In the 200-year history of the United States

A) there has never been a female president.
B) there has never been a female vice president.
C) up to 1993, there was only one female justice on the Supreme Court.
D) all of the above.

Question 69

0.66. Sociologists treat gender as

A) innate biological differences between men and women.
B) masculinity and femininity that should be viewed cross-culturally.
C) a social creation deeply imbedded in society.
D) the basis of most economies.

Question 70

Women in the United States received the right to vote

A) with the Declaration of Independence.
B) when the American Revolution ended.
C) with the Emancipation Proclamation.
D) with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Question 71

0.65. Worldwide, women only earn ___________ of the income.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 72

The gender system denies both women and men the full range of human and social possibilities.

Question 73

For the majority of activities, societies are uniform in their gendered division of labor.

Question 74

The feminist approach refers to the ranking of the sexes in such a way that women are superior in power, resources, prestige, and presumed worth.

Question 75

Worldwide, women perform around 60% of all work, but receive 10% of the income and own only 10% of the land.

Question 76

The earnings gap persists because women

A) are leaving lower paying occupations.
B) are now entering the labor force at higher paying levels than men.
C) tend to work less overtime than men.
D) bring higher education to the workplace.

Question 77

0.67. Body and facial hair, a deeper voice, broader shoulders, and a muscular body in males and pubic hair, menstruation, the ability to lactate, prominent breast, and broad hips in females are

A) primary sex characteristics.
B) primordial sex characteristics.
C) secondary sex characteristics.
D) tertiary sex characteristics.

Question 78

0.70. The idea that gender inequality can be explained by the divisions of labor and power between women and men and the different values placed on their work originated in the work of

A) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
B) Talcott Parsons and Janet Lever.
C) Karen Martin and Barrie Thorne.
D) Joyce Ladner and Linda Peterson.

Question 79

The "trickle-down" effect in employment for women refers to

A) white women improving their occupational status.
B) a disappearance of the earnings gap.
C) an emergence of the pay gap.
D) women of color moving into male-dominated professions.

Question 80

Although every society has certain expectations for both women and men, cross-culturally, there is little consistency in expectations for men and women.