Deck 3: The Duality of Social Life: Order and Conflict

Question 1

One's answer to the question of "What is violence?" depends on one's vantage point in society's ________ structure, which shapes how violence is defined.

A) order
B) power
C) organized
D) polarizing

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Central questions for ________ theorists include "What is the nature of the social bond?" and "What produces social cohesion?"

A) evolutionary
B) integrative
C) conflict
D) order

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The analysis of society begins with a ________ of its structure, which is a mental image of how the society is organized and structured.

A) consensus
B) perspective
C) theory
D) model

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The existence of ________ is the basis for the two prevailing models of society.

A) integration
B) power structure
C) segmentation
D) organization

Question 5

The ________ of society may result from differences in age, race, sex, physical prowess, wisdom, or any other characteristic considered important by its members.

A) segmentation
B) social integration
C) power
D) integration

Question 6

________ societies are characterized by members who hold similar beliefs and who are much alike.

A) Complex
B) Less complex
C) Modern
D) Differentiated

Question 7

Durkheim focused on social ________ by determining the manifest and latent consequences of social structures.

A) competition
B) integration
C) dissent
D) violence

Question 8

The ________ attributes to society the essential characteristics of cohesion, consensus, cooperation, reciprocity, stability, and persistence.

A) conflict model
B) order model
C) interactionist model
D) evolutionary model

Question 9

The order model is sometimes referred to as

A) social integration.
B) functionalism.
C) segmentation.
D) dialectic.

Question 10

The ________ views disharmony as a normal feature of social life.

A) conflict model
B) order model
C) interactionist model
D) evolutionary model

Question 11

________ is the term order theorists use to refer to the unintended consequence of a societal function; for instance, the fact that the punishment of crime is the societal reaffirmation of what is to be considered moral.

A) Dysfunctions
B) Manifest consequences
C) Latent consequences
D) Inequalities

Question 12

________ theorists believe that there is a high degree of cooperation (and societal integration) that arises because of the high degree of consensus that exists regarding societal goals and cultural values.

A) Conflict
B) Order
C) Integrative
D) Evolutionary

Question 13

________ among members occurs through the collective holding of beliefs.

A) Conflict
B) Solidarity
C) Dissent
D) Integration

Question 14

________ are the negative, malintegrative consequences and functions of social structures and activities.

A) Dysfunctions
B) Manifest consequences
C) Latent consequences
D) Inequalities

Question 15

Emile Durkheim believed that ________ holds modern complex societies together.

A) common morality
B) division of labor
C) traditions
D) religion

Question 16

The ________ views the parts of the system as basically in harmony with each other.

A) evolutionary model
B) interactionist model
C) conflict model
D) order model

Question 17

An even greater proportion of the public has become more __________ because of changes in the media.

A) integrated
B) structured
C) organized
D) polarized

Question 18

________ are characterized by members whose activities are differentiated and interdependent.

A) Complex societies
B) Simple societies
C) Functional societies
D) Bureaucracies

Question 19

________ was the sociologist who provided the classic discussion of the order model.

A) Ralf Dahrendorf
B) Karl Marx
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Max Weber

Question 20

According to the order perspective, ________ are the intended result of a particular function in society.

A) dysfunctions
B) manifest consequences
C) latent consequences
D) inequalities

Question 21

Allen Wheelis describes the ________ process as the desire for technological change to find new and more efficient techniques to achieve goals.

A) evolutionary
B) instrumental
C) revolutionary
D) institutional

Question 22

Conflict results from the ________ goals and interests of social groups.

A) similar
B) dysfunctional
C) dissimilar
D) complementary

Question 23

Marx focused attention on ________ between the oppressors and the oppressed, the dominant and the dominated, the powerful and the powerless.

A) equality
B) cooperation
C) inequality
D) consensus

Question 24

Conflict theorists criticize order theorists for

A) non-scientific analysis.
B) blaming the victim.
C) subversion.
D) false consciousness.

Question 25

Conflict theorists believe there are two groups who are the sources of division and exploitation: ______ and ______.

A) owners / workers
B) laborers / bureaucrats
C) bureaucrats / politicians
D) politicians / owners

Question 26

________ include violations of normative expectations and values of society.

A) Social problems
B) Segmentations
C) Dysfunctions
D) Social changes

Question 27

________ include societally induced conditions that harm any segment of the population.

A) Dysfunctions
B) Social change
C) Social problems
D) Conflict

Question 28

From the order perspective, it is argued that sport contributes to the ________ of society.

A) stability
B) integration
C) structure
D) dysfunction

Question 29

________ believed that there exists in every society a dynamic tension between two groups which is the source of division and exploitation.

A) Auguste Comte
B) Max Weber
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Karl Marx

Question 30

________ see the remedy to deviance as rehabilitating deviants so that they conform to societal norms.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Interactionist theorists
C) Order theorists
D) Evolutionary theorists

Question 31

________ argue that to focus on the individual deviant is to locate symptom, not the disease.

A) Evolutionary theorists
B) Interactionist theorists
C) Order theorists
D) Conflict theorists

Question 32

Conflict theorists emphasize that any unity present in society results from ________ and not ________.

A) coercion / consensus
B) competition / cooperation
C) consensus / coercion
D) stability / conflict

Question 33

From the ________, it is argued that sport reflects the interests of the powerful.

A) order perspective
B) interactionist perspective
C) conflict perspective
D) evolutionary perspective

Question 34

According to Allen Wheelis, the ________ process designates all those activities that are dominated by the quest for certainty.

A) dialectic
B) instrumental
C) revolutionary
D) institutional

Question 35

Identify which of the following is not an assumption of the order model.

A) Societies are characterized by harmony and stability.
B) Different parts of society, such as different classes, have complementary interests.
C) Change occurs rapidly, after which social order is promptly restored.
D) Unity is a result of shared values of the members of society.

Question 36

Historically, the most important conflict theorist was

A) Emile Durkheim.
B) Max Weber.
C) Karl Marx.
D) Auguste Comte.

Question 37

________ believe that deviance represents society's failure to meet the needs of its individual members.

A) Evolutionary theorists
B) Interactionist theorists
C) Conflict theorists
D) Order theorists

Question 38

According to conflict theorists, because individuals and groups of society engage in ________ for advantage, the degree of social integration in society is minimal and tenuous.

A) competition
B) cooperation
C) solidarity
D) collective action

Question 39

The contradictions between the instrumental and institutional constitute the ________, or opposing forces, of society.

A) dialectic
B) instrumental
C) revolutionary
D) institutional

Question 40

Dahrendorf believed that ________ means that power is distributed unequally between "haves" and "have-nots."

A) organization
B) competition
C) social integration
D) functional integration

Question 41

________ is the set of beliefs held by oppressed people that are damaging to their own interests.

A) Class consciousness
B) False consciousness
C) Functional integration
D) Social integration

Question 42

Identify which of the following does not contribute to the competition and dissent that are always present between groups in societies.

A) incompatible interests
B) scarcity of resources
C) unequal rewards
D) social cooperation

Question 43

Although they recognize that conflict, disharmony, and division occur within societies, order theorists stress cooperation, harmony, and

A) polarizing.
B) consolidating.
C) solidarity.
D) organizing.

Question 44

________ influences aid in explaining contemporary conflict and social change.

A) Segmenting
B) Consolidating
C) Unifying
D) Organizing

Question 45

The most important unifying factor in holding society together is

A) the phenomenon of functional integration.
B) an insignificant division of labor.
C) the absence of interdependence between different segments of society.
D) the self-sufficiency of each group.

Question 46

The myth of ________ refers to the incorrect belief that disadvantaged groups have gained their share of power, prosperity, and respectability without violence throughout U.S. history.

A) peace and harmony
B) peace and equality
C) peaceful progress
D) peaceful dissent

Question 47

History shows that groups have consistently used ________ to secure rights and privileges.

A) violent means
B) consensus building
C) democratic processes
D) empirical evidence

Question 48

History shows that groups have consistently used ____________ to secure rights and privileges.

A) race
B) integration
C) ethnicity
D) violence

Question 49

Which of the following groups used violent means to secure rights and privileges?

A) revolutionary colonists
B) native Americans
C) exploited farmers
D) all of the above

Question 50

The Presidential Commission on Civil Disorders and Violence has

A) supported those in power.
B) laid bare the inaccurate ideas people have of the effectiveness of peaceful protest.
C) suggested patience by minorities to remedy their injustices.
D) recognized that the social system offers much hope for change through peaceful means.

Question 51

The primary tactic used by organized labor to achieve its aims has been

A) assassinations.
B) the strike.
C) an attack on minorities.
D) the vote.

Question 52

The ________ of societies implies the differential allocation of power.

A) solidarity
B) structure
C) stability
D) organization

Question 53

Hostility by immigrants have, most often, been aimed at

A) the dominant group.
B) white people.
C) W.A.S.P.s.
D) groups with less power.

Question 54

________ in power are manifested in two ways: differentials in decision making and the system of social stratification.

A) Consensuses
B) Conflicts
C) Social problems
D) Inequalities

Question 55

The revolts of Native Americans illustrate that

A) violence does not always work.
B) violence is legitimate and effective.
C) powerful groups yield to protest.
D) violence is foreign to American society.

Question 56

The opposing forces generate tension because the ________ forces are always pressing society's institutions to change when it is not their nature to do so.

A) dialectic
B) institutional
C) revolutionary
D) instrumental

Question 57

According to the order perspective, ________ is effected through the regular interaction and interdependence among different groups.

A) functional integration
B) class consciousness
C) social integration
D) discrimination

Question 58

Order theorists assume that commonly held values among diverse groups in the United States

A) are non-existent.
B) offer little hope for unification.
C) resemble social glue binding groups together.
D) result in conflict.

Question 59

________ is viewed by order theorists as the unity among divergent elements of society that results from a specialized division of labor.

A) Class consciousness
B) Discrimination
C) Functional integration
D) Social integration

Question 60

A society comprises numerous ________, including groups, organizations, and communities.

A) subsystems
B) competing interests
C) cooperating factions
D) segmentation

Question 61

The normal way society is organized minimizes harm to people (e.g., minorities) in terms of health care, wages, and systems of justice and education.

Question 62

Which two models of society will be used in this textbook?

A) order and conflict
B) social class and caste
C) interactionism and exchange
D) liberal and conservative

Question 63

External threats to a society's existence tend to ________ its members.

A) fragment
B) exclude
C) unify
D) create conflict among

Question 64

Heterogeneous organizations like political parties, religious denominations, and veterans' organizations allow members the chance to interact with others like themselves and to join in a/an

A) common cause.
B) innate appeal for violence.
C) exclusive organization.
D) nature of conflict.

Question 65

America today is experiencing an increase in ethnic and __________diversity.

A) political
B) generational
C) age
D) religious

Question 66

There is widespread intolerance of and discrimination toward those whose sexual orientation differs from the majority. The behaviors of gay men and lesbian women are defined as deviant and are ____________by many members of society.

A) stigmatized
B) forgiven
C) embraced
D) accepted

Question 67

Contrary to Karl Marx's prediction,

A) most Americans see themselves as have-nots.
B) most Americans see themselves as could-be haves.
C) significant polarization has developed along economic lines.
D) perceived oppression is increasing in American society.

Question 68

Illegitimate forms of protest include

A) riots.
B) bombings.
C) guerrilla warfare.
D) all of the above

Question 69

A critical examination of society is the primary thrust of ________ theorists.

A) order
B) interactionist
C) exchange
D) conflict

Question 70

Order itself can be very destructive to some categories of persons (e.g., caste and class systems).

Question 71

The myth of peaceful progress is a result of

A) the success of disadvantaged groups in gaining power and prosperity without violence.
B) the complete virtual assimilation.
C) the belief that the system works for the advantage of all.
D) the proof that compromise between groups is impossible.

Question 72

The technique of co-optation refers to

A) appointing a dissident group member to a policy-making body.
B) inter-group consensus.
C) ethnic animosities.
D) the development of racial harmony.

Question 73

The order perspective assumes that the social structure is basically

A) corrupt.
B) right and proper.
C) outmoded.
D) rigid and inflexible.

Question 74

Conflict theorists view society as consisting of interdependent and complementary parts that function together to meet society's needs.

Question 75

The media

A) can shape public action.
B) reinforce the values and norms of society.
C) do not usually rock the boat of society.
D) all of the above

Question 76

Priority placed on the high rates of mortality and preventable disease that prevail among the poor and powerless is evidence of the relationship between the power structure and social problems.

Question 77

The world is in the midst of a ________ revolution.

A) communist
B) communications
C) right wing
D) religious

Question 78

What sociologists look for, what they see, and how they explain the phenomena that occur within society is affected by the analytical model they use.

Question 79

Conflict is

A) avoidable in society.
B) bad for society.
C) endemic to social organization.
D) always destructive.

Question 80

The existence of exclusive organizations

A) creates tension among excluded people who wish to be included.
B) is a myth in American society.
C) results in a cohesiveness among all members of the society.
D) does not create feelings of superiority.