Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

Ian is starting to eat baby food. He really likes it. Soon he gets really excited when he hears the pop occurs when the sealed bottles of baby food are opened. One day his mom is opening a bottle of mustard pickles. Ian comes running when he hears the pop. Ian's response to the popping of a sealed lid is exhibits that he has _________the popping sound from his baby food bottles.

A) generalized
B) extinguished
C) habituated
D) recovered spontaneously

Answer 1

generalized

Question 2

Janice is trying to teach her dog to heel, so she buys a choke collar. Every time the dog strains on the leash, the collar restricts around his neck. When the dog drops back to walk beside her, the collar loosens up. In theory, this should cause the dog to learn to walk beside Janice. What type of consequence is this?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Aversive/positive punishment (punishment by application)
D) Response cost/negative punishment (punishment by removal)

Answer 2

Negative reinforcement

Question 3

Stuart hates passing the neighbours' house on his walk home from school because the bulldog there barks at him. Because of this, Stuart became anxious around all dogs; however, his family recently adopted a Labrador retriever. The dog is very gentle and never barks at Stuart, and now Stuart is anxious only around the bulldog down the street. Stuart has learned to

A) generalize.
B) discriminate.
C) condition the bulldog.
D) condition the Labrador retriever.

Answer 3

discriminate.

Question 4

Bryn adopted her cat, Minnie, from the local shelter. She feeds Minnie dry food, but the previous owner fed her only canned food. Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator, her new cat comes running. Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator, however, so eventually the cat stops showing up. Once in a while, though, Minnie will come running when Bryn opens the refrigerator, as if food is forthcoming. This reappearance of Minnie's old behaviour is called

A) generalization.
B) extinction.
C) habituation.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 5

Jessie is a dog trainer who needs to coax a dog to put on a muzzle without being anxious. Since the dog is unlikely to spontaneously begin putting on the muzzle, Jessie first rewards his dog for going near the muzzle, then for touching the muzzle, then for putting his head in the muzzle, and so on until the dog puts on the muzzle easily. This process is called

A) habituation.
B) adaptation.
C) generalization.
D) shaping.

Question 6

Bryn adopted her cat, Minnie, from the local shelter. She feeds Minnie dry food, but the previous owner fed her only canned food. Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator, her new cat comes running. Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator, however, so eventually the cat stops showing up. The cat's learned response to the sound of the refrigerator being opened has been

A) generalized.
B) extinguished.
C) habituated.
D) recovered spontaneously.

Question 7

Angela's dog, Molly, got sprayed by a skunk. She spent the weekend cleaning the house and Molly. At work on Monday, one of his colleagues mentions that he might want to take a shower, because everyone can smell her when he walks into a room. She is confused, because he cannot smell the skunk. What has happened?

A) Angela has been on a variable-ratio schedule.
B) Angela has habituated to the smell of the skunk.
C) Angela is demonstrating escape conditioning.
D) Angela was biologically prepared to like this particular smell.

Question 8

When they go grocery shopping, Sonia's mother is often busy and doesn't pay very much attention to her. When Sonia throws a tantrum in the store, her mother pays attention and scolds her. Though she doesn't like being scolded, Sonia prefers getting some attention to having no attention at all. Sonia learns that when she wants her mother's attention, she should scream or cry. What is the reinforcer in this situation?

A) The mother's attention
B) The screaming
C) Sonia
D) The mother's busyness

Question 9

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, he was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats he feels queasy. In this situation, the conditioned stimulus is the

A) sea.
B) boat.
C) friend who invited Gavin.
D) nausea.

Question 10

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. At first, the dog wagged his tail only when they got outside; eventually, he began to wag his tail when she picked up the leash. Irinia recently locked herself out of her place, so she has begun picking up her keys and putting them in her pocket before she takes down the leash. Now the dog begins to wag his tail when she picks up her keys. What kind of learning has happened?

A) Operant conditioning
B) Discriminatory
C) Higher-order conditioning
D) Persistence

Question 11

Sonia's mother is often busy and doesn't pay very much attention to her, but when Sonia cries or screams, her mother scolds her. Though she doesn't like being scolded, Sonia prefers getting some attention to having no attention at all. Sonia learns that when she wants her mother's attention, she should scream or cry. Eventually, however, Sonia's mother realizes that Sonia only wants attention, so she stops coming over when Sonia cries and screams. What should happen as a result?

A) The mother will learn to discriminate against Sonia.
B) Higher-order conditioning.
C) Sonia's screaming behaviour will be extinguished.
D) Sonia's screaming behaviour will be reinforced.

Question 12

Kaori is playing on the floor while her mother cooks. Her mother sets a spoon on the counter and goes to the refrigerator. Kaori grabs the spoon, burns her fingers, jerks her hand away, and begins to cry. The next time her mother sets a spoon down on the counter, Kaori remembers that she got burned the last time and does not try to touch it. We can say that this experience produced a relatively enduring change in Kaori's behaviour; in other words, Kaori has _____________________ something.

A) discriminated
B) spontaneously recovered
C) learned
D) habituated

Question 13

Investigations of subconscious racial bias measures the ___________ between different ideas, such as race and crime. Faster reaction time is an indicator of a stronger link.

A) operant conditioning
B) spontaneous recovery
C) association
D) discrimination

Question 14

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when Irinia picks up the leash. The period of time in which the dog learned to associate the leash with walks is called the ____________________ interval.

A) acquisition
B) generalization
C) habituation
D) persistence

Question 15

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when Irinia picks up the leash. One day, Irinia is cleaning out her garage and pulls some old bungee cords out of a box. Her dog begins to jump around and wag his tail the same way he does when he thinks they are going for a walk. The dog has ___________________ the stimulus of the leash to the bungee cords.

A) discriminated
B) unconditioned
C) extinguished
D) generalized

Question 16

When they go grocery shopping, Sonia's mother is often busy and doesn't pay very much attention to her. When Sonia throws a tantrum in the store, her mother pays attention and scolds her. Though she doesn't like being scolded, Sonia prefers getting some attention to having no attention at all. Sonia learns that when she wants her mother's attention, she should scream or cry. Sonia's mother is unintentionally teaching her daughter using which type of learning?

A) Operant conditioning
B) Discriminatory
C) Higher-order conditioning
D) Classical conditioning

Question 17

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, he was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats he feels queasy. In this situation, the conditioned response is the

A) sea.
B) boat.
C) friend who invited Gavin.
D) nausea.

Question 18

Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when Irinia picks up the leash. In this case, what is the conditioned stimulus?

A) Irinia
B) The leash
C) Going for a walk
D) The wagging tail

Question 19

A key principle in many therapies that treat phobias and fears is that the phobia or fear is learned and can therefore be

A) adaptive.
B) unlearned.
C) counterconditioned.
D) habituated.

Question 20

Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, he was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats he feels queasy. This is an example of

A) habituation.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) discrimination.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 21

About 65 percent of adults over the age of 20 are overweight. Based on what we know about operant conditioning, which of the following may contribute to the problem?

A) Eating is pleasurable for most people. (Positive reinforcement for eating happens immediately.)
B) Punishment (gaining weight) happens right away.
C) People watch how the people who eat junk food gain weight (observational learning).
D) Eating is reinforced on a continuous scale which is prone to quick extinction.

Question 22

After Meg eats hamburger for the first time, she gets sick and vomits. The next time someone asks Meg if she wants a hamburger, she feels so nauseated she actually vomits. Meg has a

A) phobia.
B) conditioned taste aversion.
C) shaped response.
D) generalization.

Question 23

The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) says it is desirable that two or more compatible rats be housed together in an appropriate cage. Post-puberal males are usually compatible, particularly if they have been together since an early age. The CCAC is using another rat to _________.

A) provide an enriched environment which stimulates neural growth
B) stimulate the mirror neurons in the rat so they will both get along. Similar to how humans cry when watching sad movies
C) develop new cognitive maps
D) create a conditioned aversion

Question 24

David's mother is terrified of snakes. When David sees how much snakes scare her, he also feels scared of snakes. This is an example of

A) observational learning.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) discrimination.

Question 25

Audrey has decided to start doing Sudoku puzzles every day. She says, "Use it or lose it". This supports which of the following neuroanatomical concepts

A) mirror neurons.
B) synaptic changes during learning.
C) cognitive mapping.
D) enrichment.

Question 26

Getting a paycheque every two weeks is an example of a

A) fixed ratio schedule.
B) variable ratio schedule.
C) fixed interval schedule.
D) variable interval schedule.

Question 27

Kalliyan has taken the same route home from work for years, but today the road is closed due to an accident. Kalliyan has an important work presentation that she can't miss, so she takes a back road that she knows is there but has never used. She is displaying

A) latent learning.
B) shaping.
C) instinctive drift.
D) preparedness.

Question 28

After Albert Bandura showed children videos of grownups beating up a Bobo doll, the children beat up Bobo in exactly the same way. This is an example of

A) systematic desensitization.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 29

Andrew has been diagnosed as autistic. He has trouble mimicking the facial expressions of people around him. This creates issues because people assume he does not care about them. He may simply have deficits with his

A) acquisition.
B) mirror neurons.
C) cognitive mapping.
D) signal relations.

Question 30

Trent's cat comes running when he shakes a can of treats. Trent wants to teach his cat to come when he says, "Do you want a treat?" To do this, he will ask, "Do you want a treat?" before he shakes the can of treats. Trent is

A) trying to extinguish a behaviour.
B) using the parallel distributed processing model.
C) using higher-order conditioning.
D) unaware that instinctive drift will interfere with his cat's learning.

Question 31

Sometimes behaviour can't be controlled by conditioning alone because instinctive behaviours get in the way. For example, researchers have taught raccoons to put coins in a piggybank, but eventually the raccoons don't want to give up the coins after they get them. This biological constraint on learning is called

A) instinctive drift.
B) conditioned aversion.
C) the Garcia Effect.
D) signal relations.

Question 32

You use a(n) ______________ schedule of reinforcement when you are teaching someone to do something new. You use a(n) ______________ schedule of reinforcement after they have learned a behaviour and you want to maintain it.

A) continuous; intermittent
B) intermittent; continuous
C) negative; positive
D) positive; negative

Question 33

Grounding a child or taking away her TV privileges (a pleasant experience) because she has misbehaved is an example of

A) negative punishment (punishment by removal).
B) aversive/positive punishment (punishment by application).
C) acquisition.
D) generalization.

Question 34

Hitesh's friends asked him to meet them for dinner, but he has never been to the restaurant they name. He asks where the restaurant is located and is told that it sits at the corner of University Avenue and Main Street. Though he has never been to the corner of Main and State, he knows where both roads are and is able to figure out where the restaurant is. He is using

A) a response cost.
B) a cognitive map.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) shaping.