Deck 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

The preschool years,from age two to age six,include which two of Erikson's stages of development?

A)Oral;phallic
B)Autonomy versus shame and doubt;initiative versus guilt
C)Trust versus mistrust;identity development versus confusion
D)Vertical relationships;naive psychological

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following abilities initiates the Eriksonian crisis of initiative versus guilt?

A)The ability to plan
B)The ability to see another's point of view
C)Altruism
D)Social referencing

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to Li-Grining,how do children learn impulse control?

A)Impulse control is primarily a function of temperament,and impulsive children rarely grow out of it.
B)They learn through parental punishment.
C)Impulsivity simply diminishes over time.
D)They learn through social interactions that apply both positive reinforcement and negative punishment.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

By what age do children generally believe that it is more wrong for a child to hit another person than to forget to say "please"?

A)One year
B)Two to three years
C)Four to five years
D)Six years

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a social convention?

A)Holding a door open for a stranger
B)Pulling over when an ambulance with its sirens on is behind you
C)Not returning your neighbor's chain saw after you borrowed it
D)A child not stealing the neighbor's child's bicycle

Question 6

What is the term that describes a child's ability to cheer themselves up when they are sad or calm themselves when they are angry?

A)Emotional regulation
B)Impulse control
C)Self-categorization
D)Social inhibition

Question 7

As the categorical self and the emotional self mature,what new component of self-concept is likely to develop?

A)Autonomous self
B)Self-esteem
C)Social self
D)Self-regard

Question 8

Children who are able to classify other people into groups such as "people who are nice" and "people who are mean" are demonstrating which of the following?

A)Reciprocity of relationships
B)Person perception
C)Egocentrism
D)Perception-bound thought

Question 9

Which of the following is a central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's view of development during the preschool period?

A)Language,cognition,and motor skills are developmentally intertwined,and one aspect of development supports other aspects of development.
B)Families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with their parental need to protect and control their children.
C)The basis for children's social and personality development is their cognitive development.
D)Children's sexual development is triggered by social and emotional interactions with peers.

Question 10

In early childhood,what characterizes the development of the emotional self?

A)Becoming experienced at recognizing other people's emotions
B)Learning to differentiate and understand one's own emotions
C)Learning to control one's emotions
D)Acquiring complex emotions,such as shame or embarrassment

Question 11

Tyler saw that his mother was upset.He toddled over to her and tried to hand her his bottle,as if to comfort her.Hoffman would say that Tyler is demonstrating which of the following?

A)Personal empathy
B)Global empathy
C)Egocentric empathy
D)Private empathy

Question 12

According to your text,individuals are more likely to remember faces of people of their own race than those of a different race.This demonstrates which of the following principles?

A)Racial stereotyping
B)Racial bias
C)Cross-race effect
D)Cross-racial bias effect

Question 13

On which two factors do young children rely as they categorize or classify other people?

A)Their own internal models of attachment and their metacognitions about the other person
B)The other person's moral rules and social graces
C)Their most recent interactions with the person and the other person's observable characteristics
D)Their own powers of observation and previous social experiences with similar people

Question 14

According to Erikson,a preschooler's development is centered on

A)improved manipulative and locomotor skills.
B)identification with the mother and the resulting competition for the father.
C)new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy.
D)increased operational efficiency and the expanded capacity of cognitive short-term storage space.

Question 15

Which of the following best summarizes young children's understanding of intentions?

A)Young children understand that a person who does something intentionally wrong should be punished more severely than someone who caused harm by accident.
B)Piaget was correct in his theory that young children are not capable of understanding intention.
C)Young children are more able to understand intentions than Piaget thought,but they are limited in their ability to base judgment on intentions.
D)Young children can accurately decide how a wrong-doer should be punished,but they have no understanding of intentionality.

Question 16

Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focuses on which two stages?

A)Autonomy and initiative
B)Oral and anal
C)Anal and phallic
D)Genital and anal

Question 17

Tommy is a difficult child.How is this likely to influence Tommy's social relationships?

A)He will look to friends for his social relationships.
B)He is likely to have difficulty forming social relationships.
C)He will look to teachers to replace the relationship to his parents.
D)He is at risk for developing antisocial personality disorder.

Question 18

According to Freud,the development of the anal stage occurs between what ages in children?

A)1 to 3 years
B)3 to 5 years
C)5 to 7 years
D)7 to 9 years

Question 19

The authors of your text describe the period of early childhood in terms of which of the following?

A)"Learning boundaries"
B)"Stepping out"
C)"Sensing autonomy"
D)"Parental infatuation"

Question 20

What is Hoffman's first stage of empathy development,which is characterized by an infant matching the strong emotion of another?

A)Personal empathy
B)Egocentric empathy
C)Global empathy
D)Empathy for another's feelings

Question 21

A child's ability to label his or her own sex correctly and to identify other people as men or women is called __________.

A)Gender identity
B)Gender stability
C)Gender constancy
D)Gender complexity

Question 22

Kyle and Tawnie are playing school.Kyle is pretending to be the teacher and Tawnie is pretending to be the student.Tawnie is well- behaved as a "student" and answers questions appropriately when Kyle asks them.Tawnie's behavior is an example of which of the following?

A)Role modeling
B)Gender modeling
C)Role rehearsal
D)Role scripts

Question 23

Crystal labels boys and girls according to their hairstyle and the types of clothes they wear.Crystal has not yet developed which of the following?

A)Gender schema
B)Gender role
C)Gender script
D)Gender stereotyping

Question 24

Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures.Which of the following is a common gender stereotype for men?

A)Intelligence
B)Sensitivity
C)Kindness
D)Competence

Question 25

By what age does a child's gender identity develop?

A)Six months
B)Two years
C)Three years
D)Four years

Question 26

According to Freud,which of the following plays a key role in children's development of a gender role concept and a sex role?

A)Metacognition
B)Modeling
C)Reinforcement
D)Identification

Question 27

When 4-year-old Mariella thinks of activities,behaviors,or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," she is using which of the following?

A)Gender stereotypes
B)Gender concepts
C)Gender schema
D)Sex-typing

Question 28

According to Koenig,Cicchetti & Rogosch (2004),what is likely to happen to a child who does not have a warm trusting relationship with their parents?

A)They will not develop moral emotions.
B)They will have low self-esteem.
C)They will not develop a social self.
D)They will not develop an emotional self.

Question 29

"The psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex" defines which of the following?

A)Sexual self
B)Gender
C)Social sexuality
D)Sexuality

Question 30

Georgia feels sad whenever she sees homeless people.She worries that they are cold at night and may not have enough to eat.Hoffman would suggest that Georgia is exhibiting which of the following?

A)Empathy for another's life condition
B)Global empathy
C)Personal empathy
D)Empathy for another's feelings

Question 31

Gender schema theory grew out of which of the following perspectives?

A)Cognitive-behavioral
B)Social-learning
C)Information processing
D)Biosocial

Question 32

By what age have children figured out that gender is permanent?

A)2-3 years
B)4-5 years
C)5-6 years
D)6-7 years

Question 33

Deion tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never be a girl.This is an illustration of Deion's grasp of what principle?

A)Gender identity
B)Gender role
C)Gender schema
D)Gender constancy

Question 34

Which of the following best describes egocentric empathy?

A)When a child understands that another person's discomfort may be chronic rather than acute
B)When a baby cries at the sound of another child crying
C)When the child recognizes a wide range of emotions and responds accordingly
D)When a child attempts to ease another's discomfort by offering something that they themselves would find comforting

Question 35

According to gender schema theory,which of the following will be true of a 5- or 6-year-old child?

A)They will label themselves correctly but others incorrectly in terms of gender.
B)They will allow for flexibility in gender roles.
C)They will assume that other children of their same gender will act differently than they do.
D)They will treat gender roles as absolute.

Question 36

Guilt,shame,and pride are all examples of which of the following?

A)Empathetic emotions
B)Moral emotions
C)Social emotions
D)External emotions

Question 37

If Matthew understands gender stability,which of the following will he likely assume?

A)Specific activities and personal characteristics as "for girls" or "for boys"
B)That he will grow up and be a daddy
C)That he prefers to play with boys rather than girls
D)That Mommy will still be a girl even if she wears Daddy's cap and overalls and does Daddy's job of changing the oil in the car

Question 38

Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures.Which of the following is a common gender stereotype for women?

A)Intelligence
B)Competence
C)Skillfulness
D)Soft-heartedness

Question 39

Which of the following is a style of communicating that usually involves girls using suggestions,support,and agreement between themselves?

A)Constricting
B)Enabling
C)Facilitating
D)Sex-typed

Question 40

Which of the following best summarizes the biological influence on the psychological differences between males and females?

A)The presence or absence of testosterone prenatally has a strong influence on behavior.
B)The fetus's receptivity to estrogen is the primary influence of gender roles.
C)Prenatally,the absence of testosterone will have a stronger influence on behavior than will the presence of estrogen.
D)Prenatal hormones have very little,if any,influence on behavior and gender role.

Question 41

Six-year-old Harry asks his mother if he can stay up until 9 p.m.on Friday night to watch a special educational TV program.His mother says,"We'll try it this once to see how it goes." What is Harry's mother's parenting style?

A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Neglectful
D)Punishing

Question 42

Which of the following might contribute to neglecting or uninvolved parenting?

A)Parental depression or overwhelming stress
B)Inadequate bonding time between parent and child
C)Low socioeconomic status
D)Immaturity of the parents

Question 43

Which of the following is an accurate statement about cross-gender behavior in childhood?

A)Little girls who are tomboys will become adults who have masculinized personalities.
B)Cross-gender behavior by girls typically elicits disapproval from adults and peers.
C)Both girls and boys are encouraged to engage in cross-gender behavior so they will develop well-rounded patterns of gender behavior.
D)Peers more often disapprove of cross-gender behavior in boys than girls.

Question 44

Children who have difficult temperaments and enjoy risk-taking will likely respond best to which type of discipline?

A)Inductive
B)Authoritative
C)Corporal
D)Firm

Question 45

Which of the following is the best example of inductive discipline?

A)As punishment for their careless mental mistakes during practice,the team had to run five extra laps.
B)Jarod was punished for fighting,even though the other child started the fight.
C)Beverly's parents explained that she was being punished because it was wrong to take money from her mother's purse without permission.
D)Mr.Smith said,"Because I said so!" when his daughters asked why they were forbidden to go to the mall.

Question 46

Which of the following is one of the dimensions of family functioning conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her study of parenting styles?

A)Mother/father power sharing
B)Disobedience
C)Clear and consistent rules
D)Discipline

Question 47

Authoritarian and authoritative parents would vary most widely on which of the following dimensions of parenting?

A)Warmth and nurturance
B)Maturity demands
C)Control
D)Expectations

Question 48

Which parenting style is associated with the most socially competent children?

A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Permissive
D)Submissive

Question 49

Which of the following is the best example of the typical pattern of parents' wishes for a two-year-old?

A)When his mother said,"Be careful! Don't spill your juice!" Benjamin angrily threw the glass on the floor.
B)When her father said,"No,you can't talk to Gramma now," Elizabeth alternately whined and threw tantrums for thirty minutes.
C)When his father said,"Let's go,it is beginning to rain," William said,"No! Won't go!" and continued to play.
D)When Muhammed's mother said,"Don't touch that! It's hot!" Muhammed pulled away from the stove.

Question 50

Which of the following is the best description of Bowlby's goal-corrected partnership?

A)The new level of attachment relationships that evolves around age four
B)Children's ability to correct each other's pretend play into a more cooperative interaction
C)Children's desire to set tangible goals for their relationships with their friends
D)Children's understanding of the concept of familiarity

Question 51

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the attachment relationships of children in early childhood?

A)Four- and five-year-olds who are securely attached to their parents are more likely than insecurely attached children to have positive relationships with their preschool teachers.
B)A preschooler does not yet understand that relationships continue to exist in the absence of the attachment figure.
C)The nature of the attachment relationship does not change until about puberty.
D)The child's internal model of attachment appears to generalize and become a property of all the child's social relationships at around age 18 months.

Question 52

Which of the following best defines the term parenting styles?

A)The strategies that parents employ to reward their children
B)The characteristic strategies that parents use to manage children's behaviors
C)The temperamental tendencies that children show toward their children
D)The behavior that parents demonstrate when their children misbehave

Question 53

The constricting,or restrictive,pattern of interacting with playmates

A)is confined to close friends who exhibit loyalty to each other.
B)usually involves contradicting,boasting,or other types of self-display.
C)includes behaviors such as expressing agreement and making suggestions.
D)is most commonly used by female children playing together in small groups.

Question 54

Which of the following terms is used to describe behavior that is not typical of one's own gender?

A)Homosexual
B)Transgendered
C)Cross-typed
D)Cross-gender

Question 55

According to research,which parental characteristic is most consistently related to children's secure attachments,altruistic and empathetic behaviors,and school achievements?

A)Warmth and nurturance
B)Firm discipline
C)Egalitarian authority
D)Freedom and flexibility

Question 56

The parenting style that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands,control,and communication is

A)authoritarian.
B)permissive.
C)authoritative.
D)uninvolved.

Question 57

Children with parents who have high maturity demands tend to exhibit which of the following personality traits?

A)Higher self-esteem
B)More noncompliance
C)Less generosity toward peers
D)More demanding of their parents

Question 58

When a child misbehaves and the parent responds by sticking to their rules,but does not assert unnecessary power over the child,which parenting style is being used?

A)Neglectful
B)Permissive
C)Authoritative
D)Authoritarian

Question 59

Will rarely turns in his school work and does not seem concerned when he gets bad grades.His parents seem to love him and they give him pretty much whatever he asks for and believe that most parents are too strict.When he was in trouble at school,Will's parents minimized the teacher's concerns as silly and did not punish Will.Which parenting style would you say best describes Will's parents?

A)Authoritarian
B)Uninvolved
C)Authoritative
D)Permissive

Question 60

Which parenting style has the most consistently positive outcomes?

A)Permissive
B)Authoritative
C)Submissive
D)Authoritarian

Question 61

When four-year-old Deirdre wants an item or an activity,she will attack her parents with her fists until they laughingly and protestingly give her what she wants.Her parents' decision to give into Deidra's demands in this fashion

A)will eventually help her moderate and regulate her emotions by protecting her from frustration and unhappiness.
B)will be effective in teaching her prosocial behavior because their behavior will be a model for her.
C)is appropriate and understandable because unresolved conflict would not be an effective parenting strategy.
D)will reinforce her behavior and possibly create a long-lasting pattern of aggression and defiance.

Question 62

Which of the following is one reason a child might experience peer rejection?

A)Imitative play
B)Passive behavior
C)Poor group entry skills
D)Solitary play

Question 63

Which of the following is a negative consequence of spanking as a form of discipline?

A)Lower levels of aggression
B)Withdrawal from both parents
C)Modeling inflicting of pain to get what one wants
D)Emotional flattening

Question 64

Children of gay or lesbian parents

A)are more likely to be homosexual than their peers.
B)are more intelligent than their peers.
C)develop sex-role identities in the same way as children of heterosexual parents.
D)experience sex-role identity confusion.

Question 65

While empathy develops fairly early,the more complex emotion of ________ occurs later in childhood and adolescence.

Question 66

Under which circumstances might spanking be used as effective punishment?

A)To stop a behavior that might be harmful to the child
B)When there is no time to talk about the punishment before it is applied
C)When following the Premack principle
D)For children under the age of two

Question 67

Which of the following is perhaps the most important factor that negatively affects children after a divorce?

A)The drop in income
B)The loss of the close relationship with the "absent" parent
C)The stress level of the custodial parent
D)The shift away from an authoritative parenting style

Question 68

In the United States,approximately how many children live with both of their biological or adoptive parents?

A)25%
B)35%
C)50%
D)60%

Question 69

Studies suggest that children can make judgments about others' intentions when they are personally motivated by a desire to avoid ________.

Question 70

Justin borrowed a crayon from Jason.Both boys are coloring in separate coloring books.In what type of play are the boys engaging?

A)Psychosocial
B)Associative
C)Parallel
D)Solitary

Question 71

Which of the following is the most likely reason that African American and Asian American families use an authoritarian parenting style with their children?

A)Children are less valued than in other ethnic families.
B)They believe the parenting styles of the majority culture are ineffective.
C)Authoritarian parenting is consistent with cultural beliefs about children's needs and lack of self-control.
D)Authoritarian parenting is believed to help children succeed and attain important goals.

Question 72

Minority children learn very early that some whites view them negatively,and most white children in English-speaking countries understand their culture's racial stereotypes and prejudices by about age ________.

Question 73

Children who are able to classify other people into groups such as "people who are nice" and "people who are mean" are demonstrating ________.

Question 74

Which statement regarding family structure and ethnicity is true?

A)Teen pregnancy contributes dramatically to the issue of single motherhood.
B)Single parent families are more common among African Americans and Native Americans than other groups.
C)Single parent African Americans are more likely than other groups to marry.
D)Births to single women in the African American community have dropped in recent years.

Question 75

Which of the following changes in children would one expect to see in the first few years after divorce?

A)They typically become more passive and compliant.
B)School performance usually improves.
C)They typically show more aggressive,defiant,or negative behavior.
D)If they are adolescent,they are less likely to experiment with drugs and alcohol.

Question 76

Your text reports that,as of the year 2010,what percentage of children in the United States were living in two-parent homes?

A)25%
B)40%
C)55%
D)70%

Question 77

Hoffman's first stage of empathy development,which is characterized by an infant matching the strong emotion of another,is called ________.

Question 78

Which of the following parental behaviors is linked to higher rates of altruistic or prosocial behavior in their children?

A)Creating a loving and warm family environment
B)Not insisting that children do chores
C)Allowing children to set their own curfew
D)Attributing children's altruistic behaviors to parental control

Question 79

What is the term sociologists use for the Native American tradition of viewing parenting as the responsibility of the child's entire family,including grandparents and aunts and uncles?

A)Community family
B)Structured family
C)Kin orientation
D)Family responsibility

Question 80

In a study of how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles,researchers found that which parenting style was linked to positive outcomes for African American and Asian American adolescents?

A)Authoritative
B)Authoritarian
C)Permissive
D)Uninvolved