Deck 3: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

Which of the following is true of identical twin studies?

A)It is clear that fraternal twins reared together are more likely than identical twins to exhibit similar behaviors.
B)The study of monozygotic twins is important because it helps us,to some extent,identify genetic versus environmental causes of behavior.
C)Even biological characteristics such as hair and eye color are somewhat influenced by environment.
D)The study of dizygotic twins is important because it helps us rule out environmental causes of behavior.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Phillip has red hair,which comes from a recessive gene.This must mean that Phillip received the gene from

A)his mother.
B)his father.
C)both parents.
D)neither parent (environmental causes).

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Under what circumstance(s)will a recessive gene be expressed?

A)When the gene is carried on the Y chromosome
B)When the gene is from the mother
C)When it is paired with another recessive gene for the same trait
D)When it is carried on the X chromosome

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the term used to describe cells that unite at conception?

A)Chromosomes
B)Gametes
C)Zygotes
D)Genes

Question 5

Chromosomes are composed of which of the following?

A)Gametes contributed by ova and sperm
B)Monozygotic and dizygotic genes
C)Molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid
D)Homozygous alleles arranged in ladder fashion

Question 6

Skylar has brown eyes,thin lips,and curly brown hair.Which of these traits is polygenic?

A)Brown eyes
B)Thin lips
C)Curly hair
D)Brown hair

Question 7

What is the difference between gametes and all other body cells?

A)Gametes contain only 23 chromosomes;other body cells contain 46.
B)Normal body cells have 46 pairs of chromosomes,and sex cells have 23 pairs of autosomes.
C)Sex cells are called gametes,and normal body cells are called autosomes.
D)Gametes contain 46 chromosomes;other body cells contain 23 pairs.

Question 8

Recent research has found that diseases that appear as we age may be a result of which of the following?

A)Genomic imprinting
B)Polygenetic inheritance
C)Genomic inheritance
D)Polygenetic imprinting

Question 9

My father has type A blood and my mother has type O blood.What will my blood type be?

A)There is insufficient information here to tell.
B)B+
C)A or O
D)B-

Question 10

The nucleus of the typical human cell contains how many chromosomes?

A)46 pairs
B)23 pairs
C)48 pairs
D)22 pairs

Question 11

Where does the fertilization of the ovum take place in a normal pregnancy?

A)Ovary
B)Uterus
C)Fallopian tubes
D)Vagina

Question 12

Which of the following terms describes an individual's unique genetic blueprint,which is created from genes contributed by both parents?

A)Phenotype
B)Genotype
C)Karyotype
D)DNA

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about the events leading up to conception?

A)Ordinarily,a woman produces two ova per month,one from each of her ovaries.
B)Conception normally takes place in the uterus.
C)After ejaculation,sperm travel the following path: the woman's vagina,cervix,uterus,and fallopian tube.
D)After ovulation,the ovum travels down the uterus to the fallopian tube.

Question 14

Which of the following is the best example of the expressivity of genes?

A)Michelle and Michael are twins and they exhibit similar behaviors.
B)Manuel's tendency to be emotional is determined by recessive genes he received from both his parents.
C)Clara's blood type is AB because her mother was heterozygous for type B and her father was heterozygous for type A.
D)Linda received a dominant gene for freckles from her father,but Linda's freckles are smaller,lighter,and more widely scattered than those of her father.

Question 15

Which of the following best defines genomic imprinting?

A)The idea that we bond with the first moving object that we see
B)A chemical label that identifies whether a gene came from one's father or mother
C)A genetic marker that indicates dominance or recession
D)A disease that is linked to a specific chromosome

Question 16

Which of the following is true of a trait that is passed through mitochondrial inheritance?

A)It is inherited as a multifactorial trait.
B)It is passed from a mother to her children.
C)It is found only on the Y chromosome.
D)It is a co-dominant trait.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true regarding prenatal sex differentiation?

A)Sex differentiation begins at around 4 to 8 weeks of gestation.
B)If androgens are present,female genitalia develop regardless of the chromosomal makeup of the fetus.
C)In the absence of the SRX gene,an XY fetus will develop female genitalia.
D)The absence of a Y chromosome will ensure the development of male genitalia.

Question 18

Meko has dark hair and dark eyes,even though his biological mother is fair-skinned.Meko's hair and eye color are part of his

A)genotype.
B)embryonic cell map.
C)polygenic factoring.
D)phenotype.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of a trait controlled by a dominant gene?

A)The trait will be expressed even if the instructions of the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair are different.
B)The trait may or may not be expressed,depending upon whether environmental conditions facilitate or prevent the expression of the trait.
C)The trait will always be a positive,beneficial trait.
D)The trait will be expressed only if the instructions of the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair are the same.

Question 20

What is the term for the pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a trait?

A)Polymorphic inheritance
B)Polygenic inheritance
C)Monomorphic inheritance
D)Monogenic inheritance

Question 21

Janae and Sean are siblings who come from a family with a history of anxiety.Janae is somewhat anxious but generally takes things in stride.Sean,however,is always concerned about his health,his job,and his family even when there is no reason.Which of the following concepts best explains the difference between Janae and Sean?

A)Epilogical genetics
B)Dominant and recessive traits
C)Multifactorial inheritance
D)Mitochondrial inheritance

Question 22

Which of the following is associated with the second trimester of pregnancy?

A)Formation of a mucus "plug" to seal the entrance to the uterus
B)The zygote implants on the uterine wall
C)Movements of the fetus
D)Nausea

Question 23

What is the prognosis for children born with trisomy 13 or 18?

A)They rarely live past infancy.
B)They develop facial tics and are usually autistic.
C)They usually live until adolescence.
D)They are predisposed to respiratory disorders such as cystic fibrosis.

Question 24

The genes that cause sex-linked disorders are found on the

A)genomes.
B)X chromosome.
C)autosomes.
D)Y chromosome.

Question 25

What percent of congenital disorders result from harmful genes or faulty chromosomes?

A)30%
B)10%
C)3%
D)40%

Question 26

Most sex-linked disorders are caused by which of the following?

A)Maternal alcoholism
B)Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
C)Recessive genes
D)Dominant genes

Question 27

Which of the following terms describes physical traits that are influenced by both genes and the environment?

A)Polygenetic
B)Dominant-Recessive
C)Epifactorial
D)Multifactorial

Question 28

Which of the following individuals has the greatest risk for bearing a child with trisomy 21?

A)Mrs.Jones,who is 18 and has been addicted to drugs
B)Mrs.Black,age 45
C)Mrs.Garcia,age 30,who had in vitro fertilization
D)Mrs.Wallace,age 27,who is having her seventh child

Question 29

Which of the following is a condition that can cause a baby to grow too rapidly and result in premature labor or an infant that is too large for a vaginal birth?

A)Ectopic pregnancy
B)Gestational diabetes
C)Hypothyroidism
D)High blood pressure

Question 30

Which of the following is an autosomal dominant disorder?

A)Huntington's disease
B)Phenylketonuria
C)Sickle-cell disease
D)Tay-Sachs disease

Question 31

Which of the following happens during the first trimester of pregnancy?

A)Chemical messages are sent to the brain to start menstruation.
B)A woman can no longer tell if she's pregnant by using a urine test.
C)The cervix thins and begins to stretch.
D)The zygote implants itself in the lining of the uterus.

Question 32

What is a trisomy?

A)Three copies of a specific autosome
B)Fragile-X syndrome
C)A sex-linked syndrome
D)A third pair of chromosomes

Question 33

Phenylketonuria is an example of which of the following?

A)A sex-linked recessive disorder
B)A disorder of immune function
C)An autosomal disorder
D)A gamete disorder

Question 34

Which of the following is caused by a gene on the X chromosome?

A)Tay-Sachs disease
B)Color blindness
C)PKU
D)Sickle-cell disease

Question 35

Which of the following is typical for individuals who have sex chromosome anomalies?

A)Problems controlling their weight
B)Facial anomalies or deformities
C)Learning difficulties
D)Puberty that occurs either very early or very late

Question 36

Which of the following is the most common sex-chromosome anomaly?

A)Down syndrome
B)Klinefelter's syndrome
C)PKU
D)Turner's syndrome

Question 37

Not long after Gloria found out she was pregnant,she began having pain.When she went to her doctor,she was told that the zygote had implanted in her fallopian tube rather than in her uterus.What type of pregnancy is this?

A)A fallopian pregnancy
B)A zygotic pregnancy
C)An ectopic pregnancy
D)An interstitial pregnancy

Question 38

Which of these genetic disorders usually does not express symptoms until adulthood?

A)Tay-Sachs disease
B)Sickle-cell disease
C)Phenylketonuria
D)Huntington's disease

Question 39

Reese is anatomically female,but did not develop breasts or menstruate at puberty and needed hormone therapy.With which of the following was Reese most likely born?

A)Klinefelter's syndrome
B)An extra Y chromosome
C)Turner's syndrome
D)Down's syndrome

Question 40

Samson is taller and has a higher IQ than either of his parents.Which of the following terms would be used to explain this?

A)Adoption
B)Multifactorial inheritance
C)Environmentally influenced inheritance
D)Polygenetic inheritance

Question 41

Nadia is exposed to high levels of radiation during the 6th,7th,and 8th weeks of gestation.Which of the following organ structures in the fetus are most likely to show abnormalities?

A)Only the brain and spinal cord
B)The heart and lungs
C)The palate of the mouth and the ears
D)Virtually all organ systems are vulnerable during this time.

Question 42

Your friend is taking Accutane for her adult acne.She comes to you and says that she thinks she is pregnant.What is the best advice that you can give her?

A)She shouldn't worry,as Accutane has been proven safe for pregnant mothers.
B)Accutane is likely to cause skin disorders in her fetus,so she should stop taking it.
C)It is best to see her doctor as soon as possible to determine whether or not the drug is safe.
D)As long as she is getting adequate nutrition and taking prenatal vitamins,she shouldn't worry about drug effects on the fetus.

Question 43

Which of the following correctly lists the stages of prenatal development in order of progression?

A)Fetal,embryonic,germinal
B)Zygotic,germinal,embryonic
C)Germinal,embryonic,fetal
D)Embryonic,fetal,germinal

Question 44

Lorna notices that her fetus has begun to kick and move.Her physician tells her that she can hear a heartbeat with a stethoscope.Lorna is most likely at what point in her pregnancy?

A)9-12 weeks
B)13-16 weeks
C)17-20 weeks
D)32-36 weeks

Question 45

Which of the following serve to hold neurons together?

A)Axonal cells
B)Glial cells
C)Myelin sheath
D)Dendritic cells

Question 46

Salina is becoming emotionally attached to her unborn fetus.Her breasts are secreting colostrum.Salina is most likely in which trimester?

A)Third
B)Fourth
C)First
D)Second

Question 47

The embryonic stage of gestation covers what time period?

A)The first month
B)The first trimester
C)The first 2 to 8 weeks
D)The first 2 to 8 months

Question 48

At what point does the fetal period begin?

A)When the process of organogenesis is complete
B)Immediately after the sex of the child can be determined
C)After the dendritic arbor forms around the umbilical cord
D)When implantation is complete

Question 49

A blastocyst is floating inside of Daria's uterus.In what stage is Daria's pregnancy?

A)Fetal
B)Embryonic
C)Zygotic
D)Germinal

Question 50

Which stage begins when implantation is complete and continues through organogenesis?

A)Embryonic stage
B)Germinal stage
C)Fetal stage
D)Teratogenic stage

Question 51

Synapses are formed following the development of which of the following neural structures?

A)Cell bodies and axons
B)Dendrites and neurons
C)Axons and dendrites
D)Cell bodies and dendrites

Question 52

Which of the following best describes neuronal proliferation?

A)The spreading of peripheral nerves from the central nervous system,which takes place between 10 and 18 weeks of gestation
B)The rapid increase in the formation of neurons,which takes place between 10 and 18 weeks of gestation
C)The rapid formation of nerves in the brain and spinal cord,which takes place during the first trimester
D)The rapid increase in the formation of neurons,which takes place between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation

Question 53

Of the following,which is a true statement about the influence of heroin and methadone upon prenatal and infant development?

A)Heroin or methadone use can cause miscarriage,premature labor,and death of the infant.
B)Few babies born to heroin- or methadone-addicted women are born addicted to the drugs,too.
C)Infants born to heroin-addicted women are genetically predisposed to be adult addicts.
D)The quality of the home environment is irrelevant in the development of infants who were prenatally exposed to heroin or methadone.

Question 54

Which of the following is formed from cells from the outer layer of the blastocyst and the uterine wall?

A)The gamete
B)The amniotic sac
C)The placenta
D)The blastocyst

Question 55

Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from The Cat in the Hat studies?

A)That newborn infants respond to sounds that they heard during the last trimester of development
B)That newborn infants prefer the sound of their mother's voice over that of strangers
C)That developing fetuses are unable to hear
D)That developing fetuses are able to hear,but they cannot distinguish between differing sounds

Question 56

When does a developing infant begin to respond to sound?

A)6-10 weeks
B)13-16 weeks
C)22-26 weeks
D)36-40 weeks

Question 57

Which of the following is the best example of the proximodistal pattern of development during the prenatal period?

A)The spinal cord develops before the arms.
B)The digestive organs are formed before the heart.
C)Male growth patterns proceed more quickly than female patterns.
D)Differentiation of the gonads occurs before the eyes are formed.

Question 58

A normally developing fetus has reached a length of 12 inches and weighs about one pound.Using ultrasound,it is possible to tell if the fetus is male or female.In which stage of development is this fetus?

A)Germinal
B)Fetal
C)Embryonic
D)Implantation

Question 59

Which of the following terms explains why the human brain develops before the reproductive system?

A)Spinal cord dysplasia
B)Prenatal gender differentiation
C)Cephalocaudal pattern
D)Differentiation of the lobes of the brain

Question 60

Organogenesis is

A)the process by which an embryo's sex organs (uterus,ovaries,penis,testes)are sufficiently formed to allow sex determination.
B)the way the placenta,amnion,and umbilical cord begin to function.
C)when the germinal stage ends and the next stage of prenatal development begins.
D)the process by which the basic structures of the embryo's organs,organ systems,and body parts are completed.

Question 61

Which of the following is not a sexually transmitted disease that can be passed to the fetus during vaginal birth?

A)HIV
B)Genital herpes
C)Rubella
D)Gonorrhea

Question 62

What does current research say about smoking during pregnancy?

A)Nicotine is powerfully addictive,and smoking mothers risk giving birth to an addicted neonate who would experience respiratory distress,asthma,or emphysema.
B)Nicotine has been linked to mental retardation in infants whose mothers smoked during their entire pregnancies.
C)Pregnant women should quit smoking because infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy weigh an average of one-half pound less at birth.
D)Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy have higher rates of heart defects and lung defects.

Question 63

Which of the following is associated with maternal malnutrition?

A)A decreased risk of delivering a low birth weight infant
B)The delayed expression of adaptive reflexes
C)The development of mental illnesses in adulthood
D)Brain abnormalities in which both the weight and volume of the brain are enlarged

Question 64

Which of the following is a characteristic of a child born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

A)The child may be born larger than other infants of comparable maturity and may continue to be larger than its age peers throughout life.
B)The child may have a very high physical activity level or may even be hyperactive.
C)The child may be mentally retarded.
D)The child may have a large,broad nose.

Question 65

Carmelita has smoked an average of one pack of cigarettes per day throughout her pregnancy.How is this likely to affect her fetus?

A)The infant will have an elevated risk of mental retardation and deafness.
B)The infant is likely to be born with physical deformities.
C)The infant may weigh less than normal at birth.
D)The research is unclear as to the effects of smoking on fetuses.

Question 66

Conception takes place in the ________.

Question 67

The generic term for both ovaries and testes is ________.

Question 68

Which of the following best summarizes our understanding of the effects of maternal cocaine use on fetuses and infants?

A)The defects in the infant are usually cognitive;e.g. ,mental retardation.
B)The effects are very similar to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder;e.g. ,physical defects and mental retardation.
C)The effects are similar to those of heroin,such as high-pitched crying,tremors,and convulsions.
D)The effects are not clearly understood because it is difficult to separate the effects of cocaine from those of poverty and other drugs.

Question 69

How are newborn infants affected by medications given to the mother during the birthing process?

A)Infants are not affected by birth medications because the placenta effectively filters such medications.
B)Birth medications typically have no observable short- or long-term effects upon an infant.
C)Birth medications significantly depress infant respiration and heart rate and pose considerable risk to infant mortality.
D)Infants whose mothers received analgesics or anesthetics during labor are usually more sluggish,spend more time sleeping,and gain a little less weight during the first weeks after birth.

Question 70

When researchers have examined the relationship between maternal emotions and prenatal development,the most consistent finding has been that

A)stressful psychological states,such as anxiety or depression,lead to spontaneous abortion or fetal death.
B)fetuses of severely distressed mothers tend to grow more slowly.
C)there is no link between maternal emotions and the development of the infant.
D)infants whose mothers were anxious or depressed are more likely to be anxious or depressed as adults.

Question 71

________ disease is an autosomal disorder most often seen in people of West African descent.

Question 72

Lincoln is receiving information and advice about prenatal care from her health care team.With regard to alcohol,what advice will they most likely give Mrs.Lincoln?

A)Drink only in moderation.
B)Avoid alcohol entirely.
C)Avoid liquors such as whiskey and bourbon,but beer and wine in moderation are acceptable.
D)Limit drinking to two drinks per week.

Question 73

Which of the following is true regarding prenatal infection with HIV?

A)Transmission of HIV and AIDS occurs 100% of the time in infants of infected mothers.
B)Transmission is equally likely when the mother has HIV or AIDS.
C)Transmission is more likely when the mother has AIDS rather than HIV.
D)Transmission is more likely when the mother has HIV rather than AIDS.

Question 74

Color blindness is considered a sex-linked disorder because the gene is only carried on the ________ chromosome.

Question 75

Which of the following aspects of neonatal functioning is assessed by the Apgar scale?

A)Weight
B)Height
C)Hair color
D)Skin color

Question 76

Pregnant women should eat foods high in folic acid,such as beans or spinach,during pregnancy.What is the purpose of this dietary recommendation?

A)To help moderate the effects of teratogens to which the fetus might be exposed
B)To reduce the effects of stress on the fetus
C)To ensure sufficient weight gain for a healthy baby
D)To reduce the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida

Question 77

Which of the following is a commonly used prenatal diagnostic procedure?

A)Alpha-fetoprotein test
B)Positron emission transmission imaging
C)Functional magnetic resonance imaging
D)Electroencephalography

Question 78

Blake carries two dominant genes for brown eyes.Blake is therefore ________ in his eye color chromosomes.

Question 79

Which of the following is the final stage of labor?

A)Delivery of the baby
B)Dilation and effacement of the cervix
C)Latent,moderate contractions
D)Delivery of the placenta

Question 80

Gina appeared to be a healthy pregnant woman but her baby was born with central nervous system damage,and later it was determined that the child was completely deaf and has mental retardation.Which of the following would be the most likely cause?

A)HIV
B)Cytomegalovirus
C)Syphilis
D)Rubella