Deck 2: Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes

Question 1

What is the process whereby newly growing cells acquire the specialized structure and function of the cells they replace?
1) Apoptosis
2) Differentiation
3) Oxidative phosphorylation
4) Atherosclerosis

Answer 1

2

Question 2

Arteriosclerosis is the thickening and hardening of arterial walls. Which condition acts as an initiator of arteriosclerosis?
1) Apoptosis
2) Endothelial cell injury
3) Necrosis
4) Infarction

Answer 2

2

Question 3

What are the unique histological findings that represent distinct disease processes?
1) Histology
2) Biopsy
3) Autopsy
4) None of the above

Answer 3

4

Question 4

A client is diagnosed with cellular apoptosis. Which disease can this condition lead to?
1) Cancer
2) Degenerative neurological diseases
3) Necrosis
4) Infarction

Question 5

A client is diagnosed with failure of the thyroid gland due to increase in apoptotic cell death. Which condition is the client most likely to have?
1) Xanthomas
2) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
3) Peptic ulcer
4) Anthracosis

Question 6

Which is the most prevalent method to replace permanently injured tissues and organs?
1) Stem cell restoration
2) Therapeutic cloning
3) Reproductive cloning
4) Transplantation

Question 7

While conducting an endoscopic examination on a client, it is found that the client has acid reflex. Which condition is associated with the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in which cell injury is reversible?
1) Parkinson's disease
2) Myocardial infarction
3) Barrett's esophagus
4) Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Question 8

A nurse observes that a client has developed a foul odor in the spots where necrosis of tissue has developed. What organism causes the emission of this foul odor?
1) Streptococcus
2) Helicobacter pylori
3) Clostridium perfringens
4) Human papilloma virus

Question 9

A client is diagnosed with a condition in which the brain cells cannot withstand low oxygen delivery long enough for cell reversible changes to happen. Identify the condition.
1) Organelle disruption
2) Hypoxia
3) Xanthelasma
4) Ischemic-reperfusion injury

Question 10

What is the weakened area in an arterial wall called?
1) Neoplasia
2) Aneurysm
3) Hypertrophy
4) Metaplasia

Question 11

Which organ is most susceptible to damage and death due to prolonged ischemia?
1) Brain
2) Skeletal muscles
3) Heart
4) None of the above

Question 12

A client comes in with persistently uncontrolled hypertension. The nurse informs the client's spouse that one of the consequences of prolonged raised blood pressure is a weakened area in the wall of the cerebral artery, located on the Circle of Willis. What is this condition known as?
1) Xanthelasma
2) Infarction
3) Berry aneurysm
4) Ischemia

Question 13

A client is suffering from prolonged ischemia and tissue death. Which term can be used to refer to such tissue death?
1) Gangrene
2) Infarction
3) Necrosis
4) Apoptosis

Question 14

A client has an abnormal thickening of the lining of the uterus due to an increase in estrogen levels. How can such a condition be reversed?
1) Restoration of blood circulation
2) Hormone therapy to counteract the effects of excessive estrogen
3) Surgical removal
4) Acid suppression treatment

Question 15

How does oxidative stress occur?
1) In cells that undergo transient ischemia and subsequent resumption of circulation
2) When estrogen stimulation results in mitotic division of breast gland cells
3) When a blood clot that obstructs a coronary artery causes cardiac muscle ischemia
4) When a cell's environment cannot support its metabolic requirements

Question 16

Which body part contains pluripotent stem cells?
1) Umbilical cord
2) Skeletal muscle
3) Cardiac muscle
4) None of the above

Question 17

The increase in size of a weightlifter's muscles is due to muscular
1) Hypertrophy
2) Metaplasia
3) Atrophy
4) Dysplasia

Question 18

A genetically programmed cell death is a process that can destroy cells that are no longer needed. What is the best method to do this?
1) Necrosis
2) Apoptosis
3) Infarction
4) Gangrene

Question 19

What is kwashiorkor?
1) A condition seen in individuals suffering from severe protein starvation
2) A condition where blood pressure within the aorta and systemic arterial circulation is elevated
3) A condition where prostate gland cells increase in number because of testosterone stimulation
4) A condition that causes defective cholesterol metabolism

Question 20

Which field involves harvesting of embryonic stem cells and performing nuclear transfer on these cells?
1) Reproductive cloning
2) Restoration with stem cells
3) Transplantation
4) Therapeutic cloning

Question 21

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?
1) Vitamin A
2) Vitamin C
3) Vitamin D
4) Vitamin K
5) Vitamin B6

Question 22

A client reports an itchy, bumpy scar around an old wound that is identified as a keloid. This occurs due to the increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ. Which term best describes this condition?
1) Neoplasia
2) Hyperplasia
3) Dysplasia
4) Metaplasia

Question 23

When does physiological apoptosis occur?
1) During the embryonic development of the hand
2) During menopause in female adult ovaries
3) When cells die because of stressors
4) When cells have completed their function and need elimination
5) When the liver gets exposed to excessive amounts of alcohol

Question 24

Which components of the serum level should be measured to confirm myocardial infarction?
1) Epinephrine
2) Troponin
3) Lysosomal enzyme
4) Acetylcholine
5) CPKmb

Question 25

A client is suffering from atherosclerosis. What are directly detrimental to the client's condition?
1) Depletion of endothelial nitric oxide
2) Helicobacter pylori infection
3) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) deposition
4) Inflammatory changes of the endothelium
5) Acid reflux