Deck 11: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development

Question 1

Suppose you are reading statistics about a particular college. This college reports that about 30-40% of the student body has been treated for depression. Generalizing from statistics reported in the text, you would know that the students at this college are about ____ as likely to suffer from depression as are students nation-wide.

A) half
B) equally
C) twice
D) four times

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Nancy has just entered her teenage years. Although she was a good student in elementary, school she recently has gotten into trouble at school because she is behaving inappropriately and she does not seem to be able to control herself well enough to get enough sleep and complete her homework. If Nancy's difficulties are linked to the parenting style of her parents, they would most likely be described as:

A) permissive parents
B) authoritarian parents
C) authoritative parents
D) regressive parents

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In comparison to statistics from the 1970s, today in the United States surveys find that cigarette smoking by adolescents has:

A) increased substantially
B) increased slightly
C) remained about the same
D) declined substantially

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Jose constantly measures himself against his friends, noting how he is better at some things and not as good at others. This process is called:

A) foreclosure
B) identity diffusion
C) interdependence
D) social comparison

Question 5

In comparison to a crowd, a clique is _______ and is ______ likely to include members of both genders.

A) larger; less
B) larger; more
C) smaller; less
D) smaller; more
Applied questions:

Question 6

Judy was raised by Republican parents and so, when asked her party preferences, she says, "Hmm…I guess I'm a Republican, but I really don't know." Generalizing from Marcia's view of identity formation, which label best describes Judy's political identity status?

A) identity achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 7

According to the text, in comparison with younger adolescents, older adolescents are _____ concerned with their date's physical appearance and ______ concerned with their date's personality characteristics.

A) more; more
B) less; more
C) more; less
D) less; less

Question 8

Statistically, you should expect that delinquency rates would be highest in:

A) poor urban areas
B) poor rural areas
C) rich urban areas
D) rich rural areas
Applied questions:

Question 9

According to the text, the two major tasks for teenagers to accomplish during adolescence are:

A) developing a mature view of sexuality and learning to "love" themselves
B) forming an identity and becoming independent from parents
C) making "good" friends and staying out of trouble
D) selecting a career and preparing to enter it

Question 10

Making your own judgments and regulating your own behavior is known as what?

A) self-confidence
B) self-efficacy
C) self-regulation
D) self-consciousness

Question 11

Suppose the Jones family has four children. The level of conflict in the family is most likely to increase the most dramatically when which of these children reaches adolescence?

A) when the oldest child reaches adolescence
B) when the second child reaches adolescence
C) when the third child reaches adolescence
D) when the youngest child reaches adolescence

Question 12

According to statistics reported in the text, what percentage of U. S. teenagers has used alcohol by the end of high school?

A) 30%
B) 55%
C) 70%
D) 92%

Question 13

Which of the following has been shown to be the strongest predictor of depression in male and female adolescents:

A) use of marijuana
B) use of alcohol
C) being sexually abused
D) having low self-esteem

Question 14

Which parenting style is associated with the most positive outcome for adolescent behavior?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) neglectful

Question 15

Generalizing from the text, during the early part of adolescence, the source of most conflicts between teenagers and their parents is which of the following issues?

A) family rules and obligations
B) career choices
C) religious beliefs
D) political beliefs

Question 16

In industrialized nations, the period between the ages of 18 and 25 is often called the period of:

A) late adolescence
B) "late-late" adolescence
C) emerging adulthood
D) moratorium

Question 17

According to the text, an adolescent "clique" consists of:

A) a highly cohesive group of 3 to 9 peers
B) a group of any size with whom one shares a particular function or status
C) a reference group that one aspires to emulate
D) 15 to 30 peers that form the set of people with whom one sometimes interacts

Question 18

Carlos is an adolescent boy who has been subjected to sexual abuse. Which of the following people would most likely have been the abuser?

A) Renaldo, who is his biological father.
B) Maria, who is his biological mother.
C) Julia, who is his stepmother
D) Marco, who is not a family member

Question 19

Since the mid-1950s, suicide rates for adolescents ages 15 to 19 have_________.

A) declined slightly
B) stayed about the same
C) increased slightly
D) nearly tripled

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT one of the risk factors commonly associated with adolescent suicide?

A) belonging to the "most popular" peer group in the school
B) being depressed
C) experiencing a stressful family event, such as a divorce
D) alcohol and/or drug abuse

Question 21

According to the text, interdependence is defined as:

A) mutual regulations
B) shared responsibility
C) mutual autonomy
D) reciprocal dependence

Question 22

Julie's parents are concerned because Julie has started spending most of her time with a group of friends they think are a bad influence on her. Julie has started wearing clothing her parents don't approve of, using language they think is inappropriate, and conforming to the expectations of this group in ways her parents worry about. The group of friends is a good example of which of the following?

A) a social reference group
B) a foreclosure group
C) a diffusion status group
D) a moratorium status group

Question 23

Making your own judgments and regulating your own behavior is known as what?

A) self-confidence
B) self-efficacy
C) self-regulation
D) self-consciousness

Question 24

Suppose a TV producer wants to develop a show with a "generation gap" theme, in which teenagers are in constant and deep conflict with their parents. A psychologist would do well to advise this producer that research shows that the "generation gap":

A) is a typical experience for teenage girls and their parents, but not teenage boys
B) is a typical experience for teenage boys and their parents, but not teenage girls
C) is a typical experience for both teenage girls and boys and their parents
D) is accurate for only a minority of teenagers

Question 25

Paula is a very good student in high school. When her teachers encourage her to consider attending college

A) diffusion
B) identity achievement
C) moratorium
D) foreclosure

Question 26

The text reports a study in which adolescents from many different countries were asked to rate their own behavioral and emotional problems. The results of this study suggest that:

A) teenagers from developed nations experience much more stress during adolescence than do teenagers from less-developed nations
B) teenagers from less-developed nations experience much more stress during adolescence than do teenagers from developed nations
C) around the world, teenage girls experience much more stress than do teenage boys
D) around the world, most teens are well-adjusted, with no significant differences between countries

Question 27

Julio belongs to a youth group, a book club, and the school debate team. He compares himself to these groups, and finds his values confirmed. According to the text, what are these groups called?

A) peer groups
B) marginal groups
C) identity groups
D) social reference groups

Question 28

What term did Erik Erikson use to describe a period during which individuals grapple with the options available and ultimately make a choice and commitment as to which path their lives will take?

A) identity crisis
B) identity commitment
C) identity forbearance
D) identity availability

Question 29

Often, the period of adolescence is described as a time of "storm and stress." Research suggests that this view is:

A) not accurate, because most adolescents do not experience adolescence as a stressful time of life
B) a mostly accurate view of the period of adolescence
C) not accurate, because adolescence is stormy but usually not stressful
D) not accurate, because adolescent is stressful, but usually not stormy

Question 30

Bob's parents allow him to set many of his own rules, hoping that by doing so Bob will learn to solve his own problems and develop good skills in planning his own life. Bob's parents are emphasizing the core idea of:

A) forming an identity
B) interdependence
C) commitment
D) self-regulation

Question 31

Which of the following questions best reflects what Erik Erikson saw as the central task of adolescence?

A) "Do you love me?"
B) "Who am I?"
C) "Do I love myself?"
D) "How good a person am I?"

Question 32

According to Marcia, what identity status has an individual adopted who has neither experienced an identity crisis nor made a commitment?

A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 33

According to Erikson and Marcia, a period of making decisions about important issues, such as "Who am I and where am I going?" is called a(n):

A) self-regulation
B) identity crisis
C) self-examination
D) exploration

Question 34

The word(s) that best describes the period of "emerging adulthood" would be:

A) in-between
B) super-advanced
C) regression
D) repression

Question 35

For Erik Erikson, the central task of adolescence is:

A) developing an intimate relationship with a trusted peer
B) separating from parents and becoming autonomous
C) forming an identity
D) clarifying one's own sexual preferences

Question 36

Judy was raised by Republican parents and so, when asked her party preferences, she says, "Hmm…I guess I'm a Republican, but I really don't know." Generalizing from Marcia's view of identity formation, which label best describes Judy's political identity status?

A) identity achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 37

According to Marcia, what is the identity status of those adolescents who have made commitments without going through a crisis?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 38

According to the text, the two major tasks for teenagers to accomplish during adolescence are:

A) developing a mature view of sexuality and learning to "love" themselves
B) forming an identity and becoming independent from parents
C) making "good" friends and staying out of trouble
D) selecting a career and preparing to enter it

Question 39

Which of Marcia's identity status modes is most likely to be associated with authoritarian values and minimal anxiety?

A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) achievement
D) moratorium

Question 40

According to Erikson, what is the adolescent's main developmental task?

A) to achieve intimacy
B) to be industrious
C) to be autonomous
D) to form an identity

Question 41

The identity status of those who have gone through an identity crisis and have made commitments is called:

A) achievement
B) moratorium
C) diffusion
D) foreclosure

Question 42

Which of the following age groups would likely have the highest proportion of people in the identity achievement status stage of identity development?

A) 14 to 16 years old
B) 16 to 18 years old
C) 18 to 20 years old
D) 20 to 22 years old

Question 43

During his teenage years, Larry struggled with "finding himself." He tried drugs, failed in school, and couldn't hold a job. Recently, though, Larry has decided to pursue a career as a welder and has enrolled in welding classes at a local school. He feels relieved to have found a direction for his life. According to Marcia, which of the following statuses would Larry currently be in?

A) foreclosure
B) identity achievement
C) identity commitment
D) identity crisis

Question 44

Maria grew up attending Catholic church with her family. Upon entering high school she began to question her beliefs and carefully considered a variety of alternative belief systems. After a period in which she struggled to understand what she truly believed to be true, she eventually concluded that she agrees with her original beliefs. What best describes Maria's religious identity status?

A) identity achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 45

John, who is a teenager, complains to his friends that he recently has had a string of arguments with his parents. If John and his parents are typical, these arguments are most likely about which of the following?

A) John's core political views
B) John's core religious views
C) John's views about economic issues
D) who John is dating and what his curfew hours are

Question 46

Which of the following qualities would be least descriptive of the characteristics usually associated with Generation Me?

A) narcissistic
B) materialistic
C) politically involved
D) self-centered

Question 47

According to the text, about what percent of people who are entering young adulthood have attained the identity achievement status, as described by James Marcia?

A) 33%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 95%

Question 48

Darrell tells his parents that his goal in life is to "do his own thing," and that he wants to make a lot of money and let other people worry about the next generation. Generalizing from the text, your best guess is that Darrell was born in:

A) 1958
B) 1968
C) 1978
D) 1998

Question 49

Henry lacks a sense of direction. Whenever his parents or friends ask him what he is going to do now that he has graduated from high school, he avoids the issue. His only interest is "hanging out with his buddies" and drinking beer. What identity status has Henry adopted?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 50

The identity status of those who are currently in the midst of an identity crisis is called:

A) achievement
B) moratorium
C) diffusion
D) foreclosure

Question 51

Rick is experiencing a great deal of anxiety as he struggles for freedom, yet fears his parents' disapproval of the choices he might make. He often feels like he "just doesn't know what to do." What identity status is Rick most likely experiencing?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 52

According to the text, if an adolescent is a member of a group that is outside the majority culture, forming a secure and positive sense of identity is:

A) completed at a younger age
B) harder
C) easier
D) completed much more quickly, from beginning to end of the process

Question 53

Fred made his transition into adulthood without reassessing his value system, yet he is committed to his career, which is the same as his father's. He has most likely adopted which identity status?

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) diffusion
D) achievement

Question 54

Gina told her parents that she was going to take some time off from college and travel because she needed time to "find herself." If her parents were to use a term from Marcia's view of identity development that term would be:

A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 55

Which identity status is seen most frequently in teenagers who have experienced rejection or neglect from detached or uncaring parents?

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) diffusion
D) achievement

Question 56

People born in the United States between 1962 and 1981 are often referred to as:

A) Generation X
B) Generation Y
C) Baby Boomers
D) Generation Me

Question 57

According to research by Twenge and her colleagues, members of Generation Me are more concerned than members of other generational cohorts about:

A) living in a peaceful world
B) protecting the environment
C) being a contributing and engaged member of their community
D) being financially well off

Question 58

According to the text, boys are much more likely to develop a(n) _______________ and girls are more likely to develop a(n) _______________:

A) interpersonal identity; blend of interpersonal and intrapersonal identities
B) intrapersonal identity; blend of interpersonal and intrapersonal identities
C) interpersonal identity; intrapersonal identity
D) foreclosed identity; diffused identity

Question 59

If Mark is a typical adolescent, you should expect that the amount of conflict he has with his parents is likely highest during which of his adolescent years?

A) between age 11 and 12
B) between age 13 and 14
C) between age 15 and 16
D) between age 17 and 18

Question 60

Which of the following would most likely be the dominant emotion for young people in moratorium status?

A) anxiety and confusion
B) anger and hostility toward others
C) loneliness and a sense of despair
D) contentment and peace

Question 61

If Julia is a typical teenager growing up in the United States, she would probably spend about ____ time with her peers, compared to her parents.

A) half as much
B) the same amount of
C) twice as much
D) ten times as much

Question 62

If Susie is a typical teenager, you would expect her to complain that the warmth she feels toward her mother is _________ and the warmth she feels toward her father is ___________.

A) decreasing; increasing
B) increasing; decreasing
C) increasing; increasing
D) decreasing; decreasing

Question 63

Suppose the Jones family has four children. The level of conflict in the family is most likely to increase the most dramatically when which of these children reaches adolescence?

A) when the oldest child reaches adolescence
B) when the second child reaches adolescence
C) when the third child reaches adolescence
D) when the youngest child reaches adolescence

Question 64

Which of the following statements about family alliances is supported by research cited in the text?

A) Alliances present in childhood tend to be maintained throughout adolescence.
B) Girls and boys who identified most with their mother in childhood typically shift their alliance to their father during adolescence.
C) Girls, but not boys, who identified most with their mother in childhood typically shift their alliance to their father during adolescence.
D) Boys, but not girls, who identified most with their mother in childhood typically shift their alliance to their father during adolescence.

Question 65

The text uses the term peer arena to describe which of the following?

A) the small group of "best friends" that each teenager relies on for advice and support
B) the large group of many different kinds of people each teenager interacts with
C) the "imaginary audience" that teenagers imagine they are being compared to
D) the group of opposite-sex peers that the teenager would like to date

Question 66

Generalizing from the text, during the early part of adolescence, the source of most conflicts between teenagers and their parents is which of the following issues:

A) family rules and obligations
B) career choices
C) religious beliefs
D) political beliefs

Question 67

Which of the following considerations would typically be the focus of older adolescents, rather than of younger adolescents?

A) physical appearance
B) intimacy with a member of the opposite gender
C) characteristics associated with popularity
D) characteristics associated with a good sense of humor

Question 68

Tommy has just turned 14 and has become very defiant and resentful of any authority figure, and especially his parents. If Tommy's defiance is the result of his parents' parenting style, this style is most likely to be described as:

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) resistant
D) authoritarian

Question 69

Jose constantly measures himself against his friends, noting how he is better at some things and not as good at others. This process is called:

A) foreclosure
B) identity diffusion
C) interdependence
D) social comparison

Question 70

_______ typically know more about their teenager's activities and ________ usually exert a stronger influence on parent-child acceptance and conflict.

A) Fathers; fathers
B) Fathers; mothers
C) Mothers; fathers
D) Mothers; mothers

Question 71

Jennie evaluates herself by considering how her accomplishments stack up against those of her friends. This process is called:

A) social comparison
B) identity fusion
C) interdependence
D) intradependence

Question 72

Linda's mother and father give her considerable freedom to choose her friends and activities, but they also pay careful attention to where she is, what she is doing, and whom she is with. Her parents' attention to knowing about Linda's activities is what researchers mean by the term:

A) parental warmth
B) social comparison
C) interdependence
D) parental monitoring

Question 73

Generally speaking _________ usually know more about their teenager's activities and this knowledge generally leads to _________ levels of adolescent deviance:

A) mothers; higher
B) mothers; lower
C) fathers; higher
D) fathers; lower

Question 74

The process we all use to evaluate our personal abilities, behaviors

A) self-exploration
B) self-identification
C) social comparison
D) mutual regulation

Question 75

If an adolescent looks to the Internet for advice rather than to peers or parents, chances are highest that the topic of advice concerns:

A) possible careers
B) how often to date
C) whether to go to college
D) issues of sexuality and health

Question 76

Sixteen-year-old Mikhail has made a good adjustment to high school and he is able to be responsible, he generally takes independent actions that are appropriate, and he has developed a positive self-concept. If his behavior is the result of his parents' style of parenting, his parents most likely have adopted which of the following parenting styles?

A) indifferent
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) overly permissive

Question 77

As children enter adolescence

A) increases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) decreases; decreases
D) increases; increases

Question 78

Nancy has just entered her teenage years. Although she was a good student in elementary school she recently has gotten into trouble at school because she is behaving inappropriately and she does not seem to be able to control herself well enough to get enough sleep and complete her homework. If Nancy's difficulties are linked to the parenting style of her parents, they would most likely be described as:

A) permissive parents
B) authoritarian parents
C) authoritative parents
D) regressive parents

Question 79

In the United States today, adolescents typically spend about ____ time with their peers as they do with their parents.

A) half as much
B) the same amount of
C) twice as much
D) ten times as much

Question 80

Which parenting style is associated with the most positive outcome for adolescent behavior?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) neglectful