Deck 9: Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development

Question 1

Dean realizes that rules are agreements that may be changed if necessary. He is in which of Piaget's stages of moral reasoning?

A) moral realism
B) moral relativism
C) preconventional stage
D) conventional stage

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following most accurately expresses the relative emphasis given to moral attitudes versus moral behavior in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Kohlberg's theory focuses on explaining moral attitudes, but not moral behavior.
B) Kohlberg's theory focuses on explaining moral behavior, but not moral attitudes.
C) Kohlberg's theory focuses on explaining both moral attitudes and moral behavior.
D) Kohlberg's theory focuses on explaining theoretical ethics, not moral attitudes or behavior.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The major difference between the terms self-concept and self-esteem is that self-esteem includes which of the following?

A) a sense of who you are
B) a sense of how good (or bad) you are
C) a sense of where you came from
D) a sense of what you can do

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If you know that Bob is a highly resilient child, even though he has grown up under stressful circumstances, your best guess is that his early life was characterized by:

A) insecure attachment to his mother
B) insecure attachment to his father
C) difficult temperament
D) easy temperament

Question 5

According to the text, when does ethnic awareness begin to develop?

A) in infancy
B) in early childhood
C) during the elementary school years
D) during adolescence

Question 6

George and Ramona want to help their son develop self-regulated behavior. They will be most successful if they:

A) gradually increase the child's involvement in family decisions
B) gradually decrease the child's involvement in family decisions
C) use power-assertive socialization
D) allow the child to set his own behavior limits and experience the consequences

Question 7

What component of social cognition refers to the customs and conventions used in a social setting or group?

A) social regulations
B) social inference
C) social relationships
D) social realism

Question 8

Erik Erikson defined the period of middle childhood as revolving around which of the following developmental crises?

A) trust versus mistrust
B) generativity versus stagnation
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 9

In 1948, about ___ percent of mothers of school-aged children worked outside the home; today about ___ percent of these mothers work.

A) 13; 26
B) 26; 52
C) 26; 77
D) 52; 77

Question 10

Some critics suggest that teachers who provide too much praise create children:

A) with negative self-images
B) who are critical of others and lack empathy
C) who have no sense of boundaries
D) who do not have a realistic sense of their own strengths and weaknesses

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the relationship between age and a child's likelihood of having friends from a different racial or ethnic group?

A) Older children are more likely to have friends from different racial/ethnic groups.
B) Younger children are more likely to have friends from different racial/ethnic groups.
C) 7-year-old children are more likely to have friends from different racial/ethnic groups than are children who are older or younger.
D) Age is unrelated to the likelihood of having friends from different racial/ethnic groups.
Applied questions:

Question 12

Selman's view of how friendships develop in middle childhood would be most consistent with which of the following theoretical perspectives?

A) the psychoanalytic perspective
B) the behavioral perspective
C) the social-behavioral perspective
D) the cognitive perspective

Question 13

Children who are able to overcome difficult environments and lead socially competent lives are described by psychologists with which of the following terms?

A) self-regulation
B) coregulation
C) resilient
D) self-monitoring
Applied questions:

Question 14

Melanie is always commenting on how she is not as smart as other people and how she is not good at anything in particular. Melanie likely suffers from which of the following?

A) moral realism
B) low self-esteem
C) moral relativism
D) high self-concept

Question 15

Lorraine says, "I don't like those people because they are different from me and my friends." Using psychological terminology, Lorraine's comment has identified the people she doesn't like as:

A) an in-group
B) an out-group
C) a side-group
D) a dumped group

Question 16

When Jeremy learns to direct his own behavior, rather than behave in strict accordance with the directions of his parents and teachers

A) coregulation
B) peer status
C) self-regulated behavior
D) self-monitoring

Question 17

As children move from early to middle childhood, their peer groups generally become:

A) less formal, with members moving in and out of the group frequently
B) less structured, with fewer rules for group membership
C) less gender segregated, with most groups having both boys and girls
D) more conformist, with stricter expectations about how group members should behave

Question 18

Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a boy, rather than a girl?

A) She broke the rules and she got what she deserved.
B) The punishment should be lenient because she has to take care of her children.
C) She should not be punished because she was trying to help.
D) She should be punished because she didn't care about what happened to the other people.

Question 19

According to Selman, the primary force behind developmental changes in children's friendships is which of the following?

A) the child's age
B) the child's intelligence level
C) the child's ability to understand the difference between right and wrong
D) the child's ability to take another person's perspective

Question 20

Today, in comparison with women who do not have children, women with school-age children are:

A) much less likely to work outside the home
B) slightly less likely to work outside the home
C) about equally likely to work outside the home
D) more likely to work outside the home

Question 21

The major difference between the terms self-concept and self-esteem is that self-esteem includes which of the following?

A) a sense of who you are
B) a sense of how good (or bad) you are
C) a sense of where you came from
D) a sense of what you can do

Question 22

Laurie is a child whose self-esteem develops as follows: the better she does, the more positively she thinks about herself, which leads her to try harder and do even better. Laurie's self-esteem development highlights which of the following characteristics about self-esteem development?

A) It is easier for girls than boys.
B) It is a reciprocal process.
C) It depends on context.
D) It becomes more complex as children grow older.

Question 23

Luke views himself negatively, believing that he is not very smart, that he is not good at sports or music, and that other children don't like to play with him. Psychologists would describe Luke as having:

A) low self-esteem
B) a poor sense of industry
C) a "type B" personality
D) depression

Question 24

Melanie is always commenting on how she is not as smart as other people and how she is not good at anything in particular. Melanie likely suffers from which of the following?

A) moral realism
B) low self-esteem
C) moral relativism
D) high self-concept

Question 25

Erik Erikson defined the period of middle childhood as revolving around which of the following developmental crises?

A) trust versus mistrust
B) generativity versus stagnation
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 26

Keesha views herself as having many fine qualities and she likes who she is. Psychologists would describe her as having:

A) a sense of industry
B) a positive self-concept
C) unconditional positive regard
D) conditional positive regard

Question 27

Andy is in his middle childhood years. Despite his efforts to do well in school, he failed two subjects and was held back a year. According to Erikson, if Andy is allowed to continue to fail, he is at risk for developing a sense of:

A) shame and doubt
B) stagnation
C) isolation
D) inferiority

Question 28

Seven-year-old John has an overly optimistic idea about how good he is at soccer. As be grows older, his self-perception will likely become:

A) more realistic
B) even more optimistic, but only if his parents reinforce his positive self-view
C) even more optimistic, but only if he actually gets better
D) even more optimistic, but only if he plays on a team that includes both boys and girls

Question 29

Your ability to see yourself as someone with positive characteristics defines:

A) self-esteem
B) self-image
C) self-confidence
D) self-concept

Question 30

Jeffrey is writing a paper in which he wishes to use a word to describe "stable personality characteristics." According to the text, the word he should use is:

A) personality loci
B) qualities
C) attributes
D) traits

Question 31

According to Erikson, what is the psychosocial conflict of middle childhood?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) trust versus mistrust
D) identity versus identity confusion

Question 32

Which of the following psychologists viewed middle childhood as involving a conflict between industry vs. inferiority?

A) Piaget
B) Kohlberg
C) Erikson
D) Freud

Question 33

If you believe that children develop morality as a defense against anxiety, guilt, and shame, your views most closely match those of:

A) social-learning theory
B) psychodynamic theory
C) cognitive theory
D) information-processing theory

Question 34

If a child is having a great deal of trouble learning to read, and if you wanted to encourage him in the development of positive self-esteem, the best way you might do this is to:

A) punish him when he makes reading mistakes
B) make sure he works on his reading homework before he is allowed to do something more fun
C) keep telling him he is a good reader, even though he isn't
D) have him get involved in something he is good at, such as music or sports

Question 35

According to Erikson's view, middle childhood centers on the concept of:

A) trust
B) success
C) intimacy
D) dependability

Question 36

If a psychologist states, "Middle childhood centers on changes in how children think about themselves and the world around them," she is most likely a proponent of which of the following theoretical views?

A) psychodynamic view
B) cognitive-development view
C) social-learning view
D) latency view

Question 37

If a child experiences repeated failures during the period of middle childhood, Erikson believes that the likely consequence would be the development of a sense of:

A) mistrust
B) stagnation
C) loneliness
D) inferiority

Question 38

This perspective on middle childhood emphasizes children's habits and attitudes obtained by observing and imitating others.

A) cognitive-developmental view
B) social-learning view
C) psychodynamic view
D) all of the above

Question 39

If Margie views development in the period of middle childhood as being importantly influenced by role models, by reinforcement of the behavior parents want to encourage, and by learning by imitating others, Margie's view would fit best with which of the following theoretical orientations?

A) psychodynamic view
B) cognitive-development view
C) social-learning view
D) latency view

Question 40

As children move through middle childhood, their definitions of "self" generally become more:

A) optimistic
B) realistic
C) simplified
D) concrete

Question 41

Piaget's view of morality is based in:

A) social learning theory
B) psychodynamic theory
C) cognitive-developmental theory
D) information-processing theory

Question 42

A child who believes in rules as real, indestructible things is in what Piagetian stage of morality?

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) moral realism
D) moral relativism

Question 43

Dean realizes that rules are agreements that may be changed if necessary. He is in which of Piaget's stages of moral reasoning?

A) moral realism
B) moral relativism
C) preconventional stage
D) conventional stage

Question 44

Which of the following researchers wrote most extensively about the development of moral reasoning?

A) Erikson and Freud
B) Selman and Hetherington
C) Piaget and Kohlberg
D) Gilligan and Selman

Question 45

When meeting a person for the first time in the work place, it is customary to shake hands. Shaking hands in this context is an example of a:

A) social law
B) self-regulated behavior
C) social regulation
D) cognitive standard

Question 46

According to the text, one's obligations to family, friends, and society at large is termed:

A) social inference
B) social self-esteem
C) social responsibility
D) self-regulation

Question 47

According to Piaget's view of moral development, during which of the following stages do children come to realize that rules are created and agreed upon cooperatively by individuals and can change if necessary?

A) moral relativism
B) cooperative morality
C) moral realism
D) social morality

Question 48

What component of social cognition refers to the customs and conventions used in a social setting or group?

A) social regulations
B) social inference
C) social relationships
D) social realism

Question 49

Jason was hit by a baseball thrown by Rick. Jason understands that Rick didn't intentionally hit him, and doesn't blame him for his injury. According to Piaget's view, Jason's reaction would be considered typical of the stage of:

A) moral realism
B) moral relativism
C) preconventional morality
D) postconventional morality

Question 50

When a child is praised excessively, this is linked to the development of all of the following EXCEPT:

A) unrealistically high expectations
B) confusion about what is right and what is wrong
C) frustration and demoralization
D) a much stronger self-concept and positive sense of self-esteem

Question 51

When 10-year-old Emily overheard two girls laughing and whispering to each other, she assumed that they were talking about her. Emily's assumption represents the concept called:

A) social regulations
B) social relationship
C) social inference
D) social regulation

Question 52

Betty wants to describe how a person's knowledge and understanding of the social world influences development. The term that she should use to express this idea is:

A) social inference
B) social cognition
C) social responsibility
D) social regulations

Question 53

Which of the following theorists held that children's morality develops in two stages: moral realism and moral relativism?

A) Piaget
B) Selman
C) Freud
D) Kohlberg

Question 54

In using praise to help a child develop a positive self-esteem, it is important to remember that praise must be:

A) verbal, meaning that you must tell the child he or she has done well
B) physical, meaning that you must hug the child when he or she has done well
C) realistic, meaning that it should be given only when it is deserved
D) consistent, meaning that it should be given regardless of how well the child does, so long as he or she has tried hard

Question 55

An individual's ideas about right and wrong are described by the term:

A) cognitive dissonance
B) social inferences
C) morality
D) social responsibility

Question 56

Making assumptions about what a friend is feeling illustrates the concept called:

A) social inference
B) social cognition
C) social regulation
D) self-regulated behavior

Question 57

Customs, such as raising your hand to speak in class, are called:

A) social laws
B) self-regulated behaviors
C) social regulations
D) standards

Question 58

Some critics suggest that teachers who provide too much praise create children:

A) with negative self-images
B) who are critical of others and lack empathy
C) who have no sense of boundaries
D) who do not have a realistic sense of their own strengths and weaknesses

Question 59

According to Piaget's view of moral development, during which of the following stages do children think that all rules must be obeyed as if they were written in stone?

A) moral relativism
B) moral regulation
C) moral realism
D) social responsibility

Question 60

Which one of the following concepts is made up from the combination of the other three?

A) social cognition
B) social responsibility
C) social regulations
D) social inferences

Question 61

In evaluating Carol Gilligan's contributions to theories that explain moral development, it would be most accurate to note that her primary contribution was to emphasize the role of:

A) punishment
B) reward
C) parents
D) culture

Question 62

Suppose that children participating in a research study were asked to answer the following question: If a child sees a classmate cheating on a test, should the child tell the teacher, or not? This study is employing a technique referred to as:

A) a moral dilemma
B) moral ambiguity
C) moral absolutism
D) egocentric thinking

Question 63

According to Robert Selman's stage view of friendship development, children in which stage are most likely to define their friends based on geographical considerations?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 64

Carol Gilligan challenged the theory of moral development advanced by Lawrence Kohlberg because it was based on:

A) moral reasoning, not moral behavior
B) research conducted only with men, and not women
C) a non-Christian understanding of morality and moral principles
D) legal, rather than ethical, principles defining right and wrong

Question 65

According to Carol Gilligan, boys are more likely to base moral reasoning on principles involving ________, whereas girls are more likely to rely on principles emphasizing ________.

A) punishment; reward
B) reward; punishment
C) justice; caring
D) caring; justice

Question 66

Kohlberg proposed that there are ___ broad levels of moral development, each of which can be broken into ___ substages, for a total of ____ stages.

A) 4; 2; 8
B) 3; 3; 9
C) 3; 2; 6
D) 2; 3; 6

Question 67

As children move from early childhood into middle childhood, they become _____ likely to share secrets with parents and ______ likely to share secrets with friends.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 68

What research method did Robert Selman use to study the friendships of children?

A) case studies of children with no friends
B) case studies of children with lots of friends
C) questionnaires asking children to respond to stories about relationships
D) naturalistic observation

Question 69

According to Robert Selman's theory of friendship development, the first stage of friendship is based on:

A) trust
B) reciprocity
C) give-and-take
D) physical or geographical considerations

Question 70

The research method used by Robert Selman in his study of friendship development was most similar to that used by which of the following people?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Mary Ainsworth
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 71

Which of the following most accurately expresses the relative emphasis given to moral attitudes versus moral behavior in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Kohlberg's theory focuses on explaining moral attitudes, but not moral behavior.
B) Kohlberg's theory focuses on explaining moral behavior, but not moral attitudes.
C) Kohlberg's theory focuses on explaining both moral attitudes and moral behavior.
D) Kohlberg's theory focuses on explaining theoretical ethics, not moral attitudes or behavior.

Question 72

According to Kohlberg, as children develop, their moral reasoning becomes ______ abstract and ________ tied to the consequences of their behavior.

A) more; more
B) more; less
C) less; more
D) less; less

Question 73

Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a girl, rather than a boy?

A) He knew what the rule was and he broke it, so he should be punished.
B) If everyone was excused for bad behavior, all we would have is bad behavior.
C) He was trying to the right thing, so he should receive no punishment.
D) He is usually right, so he is probably right this time too.

Question 74

Suppose that researchers in China and researchers in England find that children in these two countries view moral decisions in very different ways. These findings would best demonstrate the meaning of the term:

A) postconventional morality
B) moral realism
C) moral dilemma
D) moral absolutism

Question 75

If you were asked to solve one of Kohlberg's "moral dilemmas," this would involve:

A) answering questions about your own moral (or immoral) behavior
B) judging a logical argument to determine if a moral principle is being correctly described
C) determining how a misbehaving child should be punished
D) reading a story and judging whether the characters' actions are moral or immoral

Question 76

Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a boy, rather than a girl?

A) She broke the rules and she got what she deserved.
B) The punishment should be lenient because she has to take care of her children.
C) She should not be punished because she was trying to help.
D) She should be punished because she didn't care about what happened to the other people.

Question 77

According to the text, gender differences in moral reasoning begin to emerge:

A) in the first year of life
B) when children first enter school and have to contend with discipline
C) at about age 9 to 12
D) only after they reach the postconventional stage of moral reasoning

Question 78

Which of Kohlberg's stages is most vulnerable to criticisms involving moral absolutism?

A) preconventional stage
B) conventional stage
C) postconventional stage
D) moral relativism stage

Question 79

Ramirez is critical of Kohlberg's theory because it emphasizes a Western view of moral values. His criticism suggests that Kohlberg's theory is too heavily influenced by:

A) moral absolutism
B) conventional morality
C) postconventional morality
D) moral dilemma

Question 80

According to Kohlberg's view of moral development, if Marty decides a behavior is right or wrong on the basis of whether it is rewarded or punished, he is using reasoning that is typical of which of the following?

A) the conventional level of moral reasoning
B) the individual principles stage of moral reasoning
C) the social conformity stage of moral reasoning
D) the preconventional level of moral reasoning