Deck 7: Early Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development

Question 1

Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of the relationship between socioeconomic status and child maltreatment?

A) Children in low-income families are least likely to be abused because these families are most likely to be headed by women.
B) Children in high-income families are most likely to be abused, but the abuse is less likely to be reported due to the high social status of the parents.
C) Children in low-income families are most likely to be abused because poverty and unemployment involve stress and heighten risk for abuse.
D) Children in middle-class homes are most likely to be abused, but the abuse is less likely to be reported because one parent usually covers up the abuse for the other parent.
Applied questions:

Answer 1

C

Question 2

As children grow older, they gain a greater ability to empathize. As a consequence, their tendency to behave aggressively:

A) first increases, but then decreases
B) first decreases, but then increases
C) generally decreases
D) generally increases

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The text describes a study in which young children watched a puppet show in which a puppet was described as either a friend or an acquaintance who gets in trouble. The children responded with more empathy when the person in trouble was __________ and showed a greater willingness to help ________.

A) a friend; an acquaintance
B) an acquaintance; a friend
C) an acquaintance; an acquaintance
D) a friend; a friend

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When children are younger, they are more likely to engage in ________ aggression; as they grow older they are more likely to engage in __________ aggression.

A) physical; verbal
B) verbal; physical
C) instrumental; hostile
D) instrumental; intentional

Question 5

Leo and Mary use firm control with their children but encourage communication and negotiation in rule setting within the family. Their parenting style would best be described as:

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) authoritarian
D) indifferent

Question 6

If Maria's parents are concerned that her inability to cope with one of her emotions is disrupting her sense of identity, the emotion that is most likely to be involved would be:

A) guilt
B) anxiety
C) shame
D) fear

Question 7

Mike and Molly are playing together. Their play involves each playing alone, without interacting with each other, but both children are in the same room, using toys from the same toy box. This type of play would best be described as:

A) associative play
B) cooperative play
C) parallel play
D) onlooker play

Question 8

________ is genetically determined and biological, whereas _______ is culturally based and acquired.

A) Sex, gender
B) Gender, sex
C) Masculinity, femininity
D) Femininity, masculinity

Question 9

The text reports a study in which female college students interacted with a 6-month-old infant who was either a boy or a girl, and who was dressed as either a boy or a girl. (For example, sometimes a boy was dressed as a boy, sometimes he was dressed as a girl.) Results demonstrate the importance of which of the following factors in the development of gender identity?

A) genetic forces, especially those coded on the X and Y chromosomes
B) brain development, which proceeds either in a "male" or "female" pattern
C) socialization
D) androgyny

Question 10

A 6-year-old child says, "I did this REALLY WELL! I am a SMART girl!" These statements best reflect Erik Erikson's concept of:

A) autonomy
B) trust
C) initiative
D) independence

Question 11

A theorist who emphasizes the child's feelings, drives, and developmental conflicts in the study of development would most likely subscribe to which of the following theoretical perspectives?

A) social-learning perspective
B) cognitive development perspective
C) psychoanalytic perspective
D) family systems perspective

Question 12

Based on research cited in the text, you would expect that 5-year-old Robby is most likely to fear:

A) monsters
B) strangers
C) falling
D) loud noises

Question 13

The major way that anxiety is different from fear is that anxiety is:

A) much more intense emotionally
B) processed in the brain, whereas fear is processed in the spinal cord
C) more generalized and vague
D) innate, rather than learned

Question 14

According to the views of Erik Erikson, which of the following statements best reflects the developmental crisis for 2-year-old Tommy?

A) Who am I?
B) I want to do it MYSELF!
C) Why NOT?
D) I'm SCARED!

Question 15

Compared to children who don't have imaginary companions, those who do:

A) are less sociable
B) are more shy
C) have more friends
D) are less creative

Question 16

Megan sees her mother feeling and looking sad. This in turn makes Megan sad. She is experiencing which phenomenon?

A) empathy
B) frustration
C) assertiveness
D) egocentrism

Question 17

The various parenting styles that are discussed in the text are distinguished from each other primarily according to the degree that parents exhibit:

A) warmth and control
B) punishment and reinforcement
C) androgen versus gender-role stereotypes
D) love and liking
Applied questions:

Question 18

Which of the following factors is positively related to being popular in childhood:

A) having been the victim of child abuse
B) being aggressive
C) being "different" from peers in some significant way
D) being given lots of opportunities to play with other children

Question 19

Suppose that 6-year-old Samantha (a girl) is sexually abused. Generalizing from statistics, which of the following people would be most likely to have committed this abuse?

A) Samantha's father
B) Samantha's stepfather
C) Samantha's mother
D) a male neighbor who is gay

Question 20

The text reports a study in which parents of Navajo children and parents of white children raised in Montana were asked about what the children were afraid of. The major finding of this study was that?

A) children in Montana were much better adjusted than the Navajo children
B) Navajo children were much better adjusted than the children in Montana
C) children in Montana were afraid of many more things, including imaginary things like supernatural beings
D) Navajo children were afraid of many more things, including imaginary things like supernatural beings

Question 21

The period of early childhood is typically assigned to children between the ages of:

A) 2 and 6
B) 3 and 7
C) 3 and 8
D) 4 and 6

Question 22

In contrast to older children, research would suggest that younger children would be more likely to be afraid of which of the following?

A) ghosts
B) monsters
C) the dark
D) death

Question 23

Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing of a theorist with the appropriate theoretical perspective?

A) Freud: social learning
B) Piaget: cognitive development
C) Erikson: psychodynamic
D) Vygotsky: cognitive-development

Question 24

If you believe that children's thoughts and concepts organize their social behavior, you adhere to the:

A) social learning perspective
B) cognitive-development perspective
C) psychodynamic perspective
D) family systems perspective

Question 25

A theorist who emphasizes the child's feelings, drives, and developmental conflicts in the study of development would most likely subscribe to which of the following theoretical perspectives?

A) social learning perspective
B) cognitive-development perspective
C) psychoanalytic perspective
D) family systems perspective

Question 26

A feeling of uneasiness, apprehension, or fear that has a vague or unknown source is a definition of:

A) anxiety
B) emotion regulation
C) jealousy
D) frustration

Question 27

Jersild and Holmes' classic study of children's fears found that, in comparison to older children, younger children are more likely to be afraid of:

A) specific things, such as strangers
B) imaginary things, such as monsters
C) abstract things, such as prejudice
D) general things, such as death

Question 28

The major way that anxiety is different from fear is that anxiety is:

A) much more intense emotionally
B) processed in the brain, whereas fear is processed in the spinal cord
C) more generalized and vague
D) innate, rather than learned

Question 29

The text reports a study in which parents of Navajo children and parents of white children raised in Montana were asked about what the children were afraid of. The major finding of this study was that:

A) children in Montana were much better adjusted than the Navajo children
B) Navajo children were much better adjusted than the children in Montana
C) children in Montana were afraid of many more things, including imaginary things like supernatural beings
D) Navajo children were afraid of many more things, including imaginary things like supernatural beings

Question 30

In contrast to younger children, research would suggest that older children would be more likely to be afraid of which of the following?

A) death
B) the dark
C) loud noises
D) strangers

Question 31

Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the link between cognition, behavior, and the environment?

A) psychodynamic perspective
B) cognitive-development perspective
C) social learning perspective (there is a space missing between "social" and "learning"
D) family systems perspective

Question 32

Albert Bandura, who studied how children learn and display aggression, is a theorist who is most closely associated with which theoretical perspective?

A) social learning perspective
B) cognitive-development perspective
C) psychodynamic perspective
D) family systems perspective

Question 33

According to research cited in the text, Navajo parents believe that a child that has no fear is:

A) the ideal child
B) a foolhardy child
C) a typical child
D) a joyous child

Question 34

Which of the following theorists is typically associated with a psychoanalytic perspective?

A) Lev Vygotsky
B) Jean Piaget
C) Erik Erikson
D) Albert Bandura

Question 35

In a study of children's fears, white parents in Montana reported that their children had on average ___ different fears, whereas Navajo parents reported that their children had on average ___ different fears.

A) 20; 60
B) 60; 20
C) 22; 4
D) 4; 22

Question 36

The text reports a study in which parents of Navajo children and parents of white children raised in Montana were asked about what the children were afraid of. The major finding of this study suggests that:

A) fears are biologically wired into human beings
B) fears are present from birth on
C) fears are influenced by culture
D) fears are seldom seen in children younger than 3 years of age, although anxiety is present from birth

Question 37

Linda is afraid of spiders, doctors, and snakes. Lauren is afraid of ghosts, of being alone, and of being teased. Generalizing from the results of a classic study described in the text, your best guess is that:

A) Linda is a Navajo child and Lauren is a white Midwestern child
B) Lauren is a Navajo child and Linda is a white Midwestern child
C) Linda is older than Lauren
D) Lauren is older than Linda

Question 38

Maria has a feeling of uneasiness, but doesn't know the source of her apprehension. Which of the following terms best describes Maria's state?

A) arousal
B) defensiveness
C) fear
D) anxiety

Question 39

Suppose that Dan's parents believe that it is normal and healthy for young children to have many fears. David's parents, on the other hand, believe that a fearful child is unhealthy and that parents should worry if their child expresses many fears. Generalizing from research cited in the text, you would expect that:

A) Dan would express more fears than David
B) David would express more fears than Dan
C) Dan would be happier than David
D) David would be happier than Dan

Question 40

Which of the following theorists is typically associated with the cognitive-development perspective?

A) Lev Vygotsky
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Erik Erikson
D) Albert Bandura

Question 41

Recently, Janine has become very curious about her genitals and she has begun asking lots of questions about the "differences" between girls and boys. Generalizing from information presented in the text, your best guess is that Janine is about how old?

A) 2-3 years old
B) 3-4 years old
C) 4-5 years old
D) 5-6 years old

Question 42

Bridget is very anxious about being independent from her parents. Although she would like to be with them, instead she pushes them away and behaves with exaggerated independence. What defense mechanism is she using?

A) displacement
B) repression
C) projection
D) reaction formation

Question 43

The primary goal of a defense mechanism is to:

A) reduce aggression
B) develop self-regulation
C) reduce anxiety
D) enhance prosocial behavior

Question 44

After Amy's dog died, she pretended that it was still alive and called out for it by name and pretended to play with it outside. What defense mechanism is Amy using?

A) denial
B) displacement
C) regression
D) identification

Question 45

Generalizing from research cited in the text, if Tom was 12 years old and was still having frequent temper tantrums, as an adult you would expect that he would be at higher than normal risk for:

A) getting divorced
B) being elected to public office
C) marrying a younger woman
D) marrying an older woman

Question 46

Five-year-old Jenny told her mother, "Kate doesn't like me," when in actuality, Jenny doesn't like Kate. What defense mechanism is Jenny using?

A) projection
B) reaction formation
C) denial
D) identification

Question 47

According to the text, the emotion regulation of which of the following feelings is especially important during early childhood?

A) fear
B) shame and guilt
C) anxiety
D) happiness

Question 48

According to the text, at about what age do children begin to show a fascination with their genital regions of their bodies?

A) age 2
B) age 3-4
C) age 5-6
D) age 7-8

Question 49

Suppose that 5-year-old Mike's parents are concerned that he is too fearful. To help him better cope with his fears, Mike's parents would be advised to do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) punish him when he expresses fear
B) prevent him from watching violent TV shows
C) make sure that he is not being teased by siblings or friends
D) make his daily routine more predictable

Question 50

The process of dealing with emotions in socially acceptable ways is called:

A) compliance
B) emotion regulation
C) self-regulation
D) prosocial behavior

Question 51

If Maria's parents are concerned that her inability to cope with one of her emotions is disrupting her sense of identity, the emotion that is most likely to be involved would be:

A) guilt
B) anxiety
C) shame
D) fear

Question 52

Suppose that a 3-year-old begins to ask his mother to check under the bad for wolves every night at bedtime. Generalizing from information presented in the text, the best response from the parent would be:

A) to refuse to do this checking, since it will likely lead to the development of a phobia about wolves
B) to refuse to do this checking, since it is irrational and might lead to the development of defense mechanisms
C) to refuse to do this checking, but instead to tell the child that there is no way a wolf could get into the house
D) to check under the bed every night so that the child can better deal with the anxiety he feels about going to bed

Question 53

Based on research cited in the text, you would expect that 5-year-old Robby is most likely to fear:

A) monsters
B) strangers
C) falling
D) loud noises

Question 54

Alex's parents are working very hard to help him learn to manage his feelings so that they don't overwhelm him. In particular, they are helping him cope with the anxiety he feels when he is left alone. The term that best describes what Alex's parents are trying to do is:

A) repression
B) displacement
C) emotion regulation
D) rationalization

Question 55

According to the text, which of the following would NOT be advised as a means of helping a child cope with stress?

A) providing a warm, secure base to help the child become more confident
B) preventing the child from retreating to immature behavior by discouraging such things as thumb sucking or cuddling a blanket
C) allowing the child to discuss feelings and share fears with others
D) providing the child with explanations for the events that are causing stress

Question 56

The text reports the results of studies that track children who were still having temper tantrums at age 10 into adulthood. The major finding of these studies was that children who failed to learn to control their temper:

A) made a lot more money because they were more aggressive in business settings
B) were much less likely to be gay or lesbian
C) were much less likely to be divorced because they refused to allow their spouse to express negative emotions
D) were more likely to have trouble holding a job

Question 57

If Betsy is afraid of monsters under her bed at bedtime, what is most likely the best way her parents can help her overcome her fear?

A) They should look under the bed with Betsy watching and have her look with them.
B) They should assure her that nothing will happen to her and tell her to "be brave."
C) They should ignore her fear and refuse to talk about monsters with her.
D) They should mildly punish her when she expresses the fear.

Question 58

Tyler was angry with his baby sister, but he could not hit her, so he went outside and kicked a ball instead. This illustrates the use of the defense mechanism called:

A) denial
B) regression
C) displacement
D) projection

Question 59

Jake was involved in a fight but he cannot remember any of it. This defense mechanism, in which he completely erased the fight from consciousness, is called:

A) regression
B) displacement
C) reaction formation
D) repression

Question 60

Seven-year-old Andy reacted to his newborn sister's birth by sucking his thumb, a behavior he had quit long ago. His way of coping with his anxiety is in the form of what defense mechanism?

A) displacement
B) identification
C) regression
D) repression

Question 61

According to data cited in the text, about how many hours of television are U.S. children likely to watch before they enter formal schooling?

A) 1,000 hours
B) 2,000 hours
C) 4,000 hours
D) 6,000 hours

Question 62

Behavior that is intended to injure defines:

A) hostile aggression
B) assertive behavior
C) antisocial behavior
D) instrumental aggression

Question 63

Stating your rights is an example of:

A) prosocial behavior
B) aggression
C) assertive behavior
D) egocentrism

Question 64

When children are younger, they are more likely to engage in ________ aggression; as they grow older they are more likely to engage in __________ aggression.

A) physical; verbal
B) verbal; physical
C) instrumental; hostile
D) instrumental; intentional

Question 65

Barbie sees another child crying so she walks over and offers the child her cookie. Barbie's behavior is best thought of as an example of:

A) modeling
B) egocentrism
C) assertiveness
D) prosocial behavior

Question 66

Assertive behavior involves:

A) an intent to injure someone
B) blocking a goal
C) socially inappropriate activity
D) standing up for one's rights

Question 67

Generalizing from the text, a child who is frequently punished at home is likely to develop a tendency to become:

A) more aggressive
B) less aggressive
C) more egocentric
D) envious

Question 68

Jaliah wants to play with a certain toy, but every time she tries to reach for it, another child pushes her away. This situation, in which Jaliah's goal is blocked, would best be considered an example of:

A) instrumental aggression
B) modeling
C) frustration
D) assertiveness

Question 69

In which of the following activities does the typical young child in the United States spend the most time?

A) playing outside
B) reading or being read to
C) listening to music
D) using screen media, such as TV

Question 70

Lanny sees another child crying and he begins to feel sad too. Lanny's response is best considered to be an example of:

A) prosocial behavior
B) empathy
C) modeling
D) egocentrism

Question 71

In general, when children are physically punished on a regular basis, they usually:

A) become much more empathetic to other children who also are physically punished
B) become more egocentric
C) become less assertive
D) become more aggressive themselves

Question 72

Four-year-old Luke watches his father yell at the TV repairman when he learns his TV cannot be fixed. Luke learns to yell like his father when he gets bad news. The term used to describe Luke's behavior is:

A) instrumental aggression
B) modeling
C) prosocial behavior
D) egocentrism

Question 73

According to research cited in the text, the typical young child in the United States spends about how much time per day using screen media, such as TV or the Internet?

A) about 30 minutes
B) about 1 hour
C) about 2 hours
D) about 3 ½ hours

Question 74

A child who accidentally hurts another child while playing is exhibiting which type of aggression?

A) frustration-aggression
B) hostile aggression
C) instrumental aggression
D) assertiveness

Question 75

Suppose that James works for several hours trying to put a puzzle together. However, the puzzle is too hard, and finally James tips the table over, sending pieces all over the floor. James's response is best considered to reflect the concept of:

A) instrumental aggression
B) modeling
C) punishment
D) frustration

Question 76

Research suggest that contribute(s) to children's development of aggression-related behaviors.

A) both physical punishment and genetic risk factors
B) physical punishment but not genetic risk factors
C) genetic risk factors but not physical punishment
D) neither physical punishment nor genetic risk factors

Question 77

As children grow older, they become ____ egocentric and they engage in ____ physical aggression.

A) more; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) less; more

Question 78

Parents should expect that their children will develop a curiosity about their bodies and their sex organs, and may begin to masturbate, at about which of the following ages?

A) 2-3 years old
B) 3-4 years old
C) 4-5 years old
D) 5-6 years old

Question 79

According to a recent meta-analysis, what impact does media violence have on children's aggressiveness?

A) a strong negative impact; viewing violent programming makes most children much less violent
B) a weak negative impact; viewing violent programming makes some children less violent
C) a strong positive impact; viewing violent programming makes most children much more violent
D) a weak positive impact; viewing violence makes some children more violent

Question 80

According to the text, what is the purpose of a "V-chip"?

A) It provides ratings for parents to use as they consider which TV shows their children should be allowed to watch.
B) It can be programmed to block certain TV shows from being shown on the TV.
C) It can be installed in a child's computer so no violent programming can be downloaded.
D) It can be installed in a child's computer so parents can monitor the amount of time the child spends playing games.