Deck 5: Infancy and Toddlerhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development

Question 1

According to research presented in the text, which of the following ages is correctly paired with the developmental milestone associated with it?

A) birth to 3 months: falling in love
B) by 5 months: becoming calm, attentive, and interested in the world
C) by 9 months: becoming a two-way communicator
D) by 48 months: solving problems and forming an organized sense of self

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following patterns of parental discipline will be most likely to lead to a positive resolution of conflict between developing autonomy versus shame and doubt?

A) discipline that is involves many limits on the child's behavior
B) discipline that places few limits on the child's behavior
C) discipline that places an intermediate amount of limits on the child's behavior
D) There is no clear and consistent relationship between parental discipline practices and the development of autonomy.
Applied questions:

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following children would likely have the easiest time developing a healthy sense of autonomy?

A) Jim, who is experiencing a high level of stranger anxiety
B) Bob, who is very securely attached to his mother
C) Rex, who is not securely attached to his mother
D) Tom, who has learned to be mistrustful of his caregivers

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the text, when a second child is born

A) not allowing the older child to interact much with the baby, "pretending" she doesn't exist
B) encouraging the older child to spend as much time as possible with the new baby, "pretending" to be his mother or father
C) setting aside some time to be with only the older child, giving her all of their attention
D) seldom allowing the older child time to be alone with the parents, so that she understands that the baby is a permanent member of the family

Question 5

The key word in the text's distinction between child abuse and child neglect is:

A) physical
B) emotional
C) intentional
D) psychological
Applied questions:

Question 6

According to research presented in the text, mothers are more likely to hold infants for , whereas fathers are more likely to hold infants for ______.

A) play; caretaking
B) caretaking; play
C) social acceptance; self-gratification
D) self-gratification; social acceptance

Question 7

Robin's parents are drug addicts and therefore are unresponsive to her needs. Although they provide enough food for her to eat, they pay little attention to her and she spends most of her time unattended and alone. When Robin goes to kindergarten, the teacher is concerned because she is so small and thin, and she has trouble eating the school lunch without vomiting. The most likely diagnosis for Robin's condition is:

A) anemia
B) failure-to-thrive syndrome
C) malnutrition
D) stunting

Question 8

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver develops because of responsive caregiving is called:

A) avoidant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) dependent attachment

Question 9

At the daycare center, Maria sees another child crying so she breaks her own cookie in half and offers a piece to the crying child. Maria's behavior is best considered as a demonstration of the principle of:

A) social referencing
B) imprinting
C) synchrony
D) prosocial behavior

Question 10

Baby Chuck is picked up by a stranger. He immediately looks at his mother's face, and judges his reaction based on whether she expresses pleasure or concern. Chuck's reliance on cues from his mother in forming his own reaction is best considered an example of:

A) stranger anxiety
B) separation anxiety
C) prosocial behavior
D) social referencing

Question 11

According to Freud, the first year of life is centered mostly on how the child's ______ needs are satisfied:

A) oral
B) latent
C) anal
D) communication

Question 12

Emotional signals, usually from a child's parents, that influence the child's behavior are referred to as:

A) social adaptation cues
B) social referencing
C) synchrony
D) scaffolding

Question 13

According to the results of Mary Ainsworth's studies, about what percent of children raised in the United States experience insecure attachment relationships with their caregivers?

A) 5-10%
B) 10-20%
C) 30-40%
D) 50-60%

Question 14

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the first critical developmental issue that is resolved in the first year of life?

A) trust versus mistrust
B) attachment versus misalignment
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) oral fixation versus anal fixation

Question 15

According to research presented in the text, which of the following ages is NOT correctly paired with the developmental milestone associated with it?

A) birth to 3 months: becoming calm, attentive, and interested in the world
B) by 5 months: falling in love
C) by 9 months: becoming a two-way communicator
D) by 14 to 18 months: developing a world of ideas

Question 16

Barnes decides to offer a course that will examine the patterns of how humans interact with others, focusing on issues related to an individual's characteristic beliefs and attitudes. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this course?

A) Temperament
B) Attachment
C) Personality
D) Individual Differences

Question 17

Lacy says she "hates" her little brother because he gets all the attention and causes all the trouble. Lacy's response is consistent with the basic idea behind the development of:

A) autonomy
B) empathy
C) the discrepancy hypothesis
D) sibling rivalry

Question 18

According to research presented in the text, younger fathers are more likely to behave like ____________ when they play with their children whereas older fathers are more likely to behave like ___________.

A) traditional fathers; traditional mothers
B) traditional mothers; traditional fathers
C) traditional fathers; grandfathers
D) older brothers; grandfathers

Question 19

The percentage of U.S. mothers with children under 3 years who work outside the home today is about:

A) 33%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 85%

Question 20

Suppose you observe a father and his infant daughter in a laboratory and they are playing together. At some point, the father stops responding to his daughter and the experimenter records how the child reacts. The term for an experiment of this type is:

A) a habituation experiment
B) a still-face experiment
C) a classical conditioning experiment
D) a visual cliff experiment

Question 21

Robert's infant daughter rarely expresses extremely negative moods. She adapts easily to change, new places, and new people. According to research conducted by Thomas and Chess, this baby most likely has which of the following types of temperaments?

A) anxious
B) easy
C) difficult
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 22

Betty's infant daughter cries often and is routinely in negative moods. She reacts to change with difficulty and slowness. According to research conducted by Thomas and Chess, this baby most likely has which of the following types of temperaments?

A) anxious
B) easy
C) difficult
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 23

Barker observes children and rates them on a scale according to how frustrated they get when they cannot get what they want, at how they react when they are overstimulated by too much activity in their environment, and how easily they are comforted by their parent when they are upset. The scale that Dr. Barker is using would best be considered a measure of which of Mary Rothbart's basic dimensions of temperament?

A) extroversion
B) effortful control
C) difficulty
D) negative affectivity

Question 24

Suppose you watch a mother and her infant son playing "peek-a-boo." Now the mother stops playing and breaks off all communication with the little boy, looking away and not responding to his actions. If this infant responds in a typical way, what will he most likely do?

A) sit calmly, maintaining eye contact, and wait for the mother to "re-engage" with him
B) become "happier" and more energetic in an attempt to win back the mother's attention
C) fall asleep
D) look away and become upset

Question 25

Another word for "emotional" is:

A) affective
B) personality-based
C) temperamental
D) unstable

Question 26

The characteristic beliefs, attitudes, and ways of interacting with others is referred to as one's:

A) temperament
B) trust
C) personality
D) orientation

Question 27

The term developmentalists use to describe the characteristic way that infants interact with the world around them is:

A) personality
B) temperament
C) affective engagement
D) attachment

Question 28

According to Sigmund Freud and others, which of the following activities seems to be especially important in establishing a sense of trust in early infancy?

A) toilet training
B) reciprocal smiling
C) reciprocal communication
D) feeding

Question 29

All of the following are styles of temperament identified by Thomas and Chess EXCEPT:

A) anxious
B) easy
C) difficult
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 30

According to the text, the period defined as "Infancy and Toddlerhood" begins at birth and extends through age:

A) 12 months
B) 18 months
C) 24 months
D) 36 months

Question 31

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the first critical developmental issue that is resolved in the first year of life?

A) trust versus mistrust
B) attachment versus misalignment
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) oral fixation versus anal fixation

Question 32

According to research presented in the text, which of the following ages is correctly paired with the developmental milestone associated with it?

A) birth to 3 months: falling in love
B) by 5 months: becoming calm, attentive, and interested in the world
C) by 9 months: becoming a two-way communicator
D) by 48 months: solving problems and forming an organized sense of self

Question 33

According to Freud, the first year of life is centered mostly on how the child's ______ needs are satisfied:

A) oral
B) latent
C) anal
D) communication

Question 34

According to research presented in the text, which of the following developmental milestones occurs between birth and 3 months?

A) building bridges between ideas
B) falling in love
C) being attentive and interested in the world
D) solving problems and forming a sense of self

Question 35

Bianca's infant daughter reacts negatively to new places and new people, but successfully adjusts after some time. According to research conducted by Thomas and Chess, this baby most likely has which of the following types of temperaments?

A) anxious
B) easy
C) difficult
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 36

Suppose you observe a father and his infant daughter in a laboratory and they are playing together. At some point, the father stops responding to his daughter and the experimenter records how the child reacts. The term for an experiment of this type is:

A) a habituation experiment
B) a still-face experiment
C) a classical conditioning experiment
D) a visual cliff experiment

Question 37

Barnes decides to offer a course that will examine the patterns of how humans interact with others, focusing on issues related to an individual's characteristic beliefs and attitudes. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this course?

A) Temperament
B) Attachment
C) Personality
D) Individual Differences

Question 38

During the first 2 years of life, children's emotions become more:

A) positive
B) negative
C) complex
D) selfish

Question 39

According to research presented in the text, which of the following ages is NOT correctly paired with the developmental milestone associated with it?

A) birth to 3 months: becoming calm, attentive, and interested in the world
B) by 5 months: falling in love
C) by 9 months: becoming a two-way communicator
D) by 14 to 18 months: developing a world of ideas

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT one of the broad dimensions of temperament, according to Mary Rothbart?

A) extroversion
B) effortful control
C) slow-to-warm-up style
D) negative affectivity

Question 41

According to the results of Mary Ainsworth's studies, about what percent of children raised in the United States experience secure attachment relationships with their caregivers?

A) 20-30%
B) 40-50%
C) 60-70%
D) 80-90%

Question 42

Harry Harlow studied the early development of infant monkeys who were placed in cages with two surrogate mothers, one made of metal that was a milk source and one that had no milk but was made of soft terrycloth. Harlow found that that these infant monkeys developed attachments with:

A) the wire surrogate with the milk supply
B) the terrycloth surrogate without the milk supply
C) neither of these surrogate mothers
D) both of these surrogate mothers

Question 43

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver develops because of responsive caregiving is called:

A) avoidant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) dependent attachment

Question 44

In Harry Harlow's early work with infant monkeys, he noticed that when they were raised with adequate food but without any attention from or contact with their mothers or other adult monkeys, they usually:

A) developed maladapted behaviors and sometimes died
B) lost all their fur
C) spent all of their time playing with other infant monkeys
D) failed to learn to walk upright

Question 45

The text describes a study in Italy in which mothers and other family members were observed as they cared for infants. In particular, the authors noted that Italian children were often teased by family members. The point of describing this study was that:

A) teasing causes lasting harm to the positive emotional development of children
B) teasing should be considered a form of child abuse
C) children seem to develop normal trusting relationships with adults, even when they are teased, so long as they are well cared for in other ways
D) Italian mothers perform very few of the child-care duties assigned to mothers in the United States, and their children therefore grow up to be much more independent

Question 46

Jamison argues that the most critical part of parenting during the first year depends on how the infant is fed. She argues that if the feeding ritual is disturbing to the infant in any way, the infant will develop a personality that focuses on oral habits, such as nail-biting and cigarette smoking. Dr. Jamison's views are closest to those espoused by:

A) Erik Erikson
B) Mary Ainsworth
C) John Bowlby
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 47

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment which typically results from inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving is called:

A) difficult attachment
B) insecure attachment
C) anxious attachment
D) dependent attachment

Question 48

The formation of a bond between some newborn animals (especially birds) and their mothers is called:

A) flocking
B) connecting
C) synchrony
D) imprinting

Question 49

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a child becomes angry when the mother leaves and avoids her when she returns is called:

A) avoidant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) dependent attachment

Question 50

Insecure attachment appear to put a child at higher risk for all of the following EXCEPT:

A) hyperactivity
B) chronic stress reactions
C) problems with their social behaviors
D) diabetes

Question 51

Newly hatched goslings will treat the first moving thing they see upon hatching as their mother. This is a striking example of:

A) imprinting
B) disorganized attachment
C) synchrony
D) social ecology

Question 52

According to the results of Mary Ainsworth's studies, about what percent of children raised in the United States experience insecure attachment relationships with their caregivers?

A) 5-10%
B) 10-20%
C) 30-40%
D) 50-60%

Question 53

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the relationship between feeding and comforting behaviors and the development of trusting relationships in infancy?

A) Cultural differences in feeding and comforting are quite wide, but children in all cultures can develop trusting relationships with parents.
B) There are almost no differences among cultures in how competent adults feed and comfort infants, although differences in child-care techniques do emerge during the infant's second year of life.
C) In cultures in which children are weaned late and they are treated as helpless infants for an extended period of time, children are more likely to develop trusting relationships with adults.
D) In cultures in which children are weaned early and they are expected to be independent at early ages, children are more likely to develop trusting relationships with adults.

Question 54

Which of the following is most likely to provide the most positive outcome for young children?

A) when they experience almost no distrust in their early relationships with adults
B) when they experience both trust and distrust in early relationships, but trust predominates
C) when they experience both trust and distrust in early relationships, but distrust predominates
D) when they experience an almost equal balance of trust and distrust in their early relationships with adults

Question 55

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a child displays contradictory behavior towards the mother is called:

A) avoidant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) disorganized/disoriented attachment

Question 56

Arquette is concerned that an infant he is treating does not appear to have established any emotional bonds between herself and the adults who care for her. She shows no affection toward her mother, she stiffens up whenever her mother picks her up or sings to her, and she does not show any interest in looking at her mother's face. Dr. Arquette's concern relates to this little girl's development of:

A) personality
B) emotionality
C) temperament
D) attachment

Question 57

According to the views of Mary Ainsworth, the form of attachment in which a child is ambivalent toward the mother is called:

A) avoidant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) dependent attachment

Question 58

Suppose you read about a research study in which babies are taken by their mothers to a waiting room, where they are met by a stranger. After the baby has begun to play with some toys on the floor, the mother leaves the room, and the stranger observes how the baby responds. This situation describes the research technique called:

A) the strange-situation test
B) the still-face test
C) the loneliness scenario
D) the attachment dilemma

Question 59

Harry Harlow's research on the development of attachment in monkeys with surrogate mothers demonstrated the importance of which of the following factors?

A) contact comfort
B) eye contact
C) drive-reduction functions
D) hunger and feeding

Question 60

In comparison to children who do not form secure attachments in infancy, you would expect that children who are securely attached would be more likely to:

A) experience difficulty with social relationships with peers in kindergarten
B) engage in routine play rather than imaginative play
C) work less hard at learning new skills
D) have more highly developed social skills for interacting with adults

Question 61

Diana's mother greets a stranger with a smiling face and a cheery "Hello." Consequently, Diana is more positive toward the stranger. The term that best describes this situation is:

A) synchrony
B) social adaptation
C) social referencing
D) guided participation

Question 62

When 2-year-old Shania says to her father, "Me do it!" she is expressing the sense of which of the following developmental processes?

A) development of stranger anxiety
B) development of trust
C) development of mistrust
D) development of autonomy

Question 63

According to Erik Erikson, securely attached infants are able to develop:

A) initiative
B) independence
C) self-confidence
D) trust

Question 64

According to Erik Erikson's view of child development, which of the following children would most likely have recently resolved their initial developmental conflict between autonomy and shame and doubt:

A) Alex, who is 12 months old
B) Julia, who is 2 ½ years old
C) Marc, who just had his 4th birthday
D) Devon, who is age 6

Question 65

A toddler bumps his head on a table and then looks at the mother's reaction before getting upset. This example best demonstrates the principle of:

A) social referencing
B) autonomy
C) overdependence
D) prosocial behavior

Question 66

Erik Erikson believed that the second critical developmental challenge experienced by toddlers centers on the development of:

A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) trust vs. mistrust
C) inferiority vs. superiority
D) integrity vs. despair

Question 67

Cultural values are transmitted from parents to children through many processes. Which of the following concepts is most closely tied to this cultural transmission across the generations?

A) development of shame and doubt
B) social referencing
C) stranger anxiety
D) separation anxiety

Question 68

Baby Chuck is picked up by a stranger. He immediately looks at his mother's face, and judges his reaction based on whether she expresses pleasure or concern. Chuck's reliance on cues from his mother in forming his own reaction is best considered an example of:

A) stranger anxiety
B) separation anxiety
C) prosocial behavior
D) social referencing

Question 69

Which of the following phrases best captures the essence of what is meant by the term synchrony?

A) two-way
B) kind
C) generous
D) evolutionary

Question 70

A mother lets her toddler pick out which shirt he wants to wear to the playground, rather than insisting that he wear a particular shirt she chooses for him. This type of behavior encourages the development of:

A) empathy
B) autonomy
C) narcissism
D) shame and doubt

Question 71

Little Susie has been a very easy baby to love, since she smiles at everyone who holds her and engages them with eye contact. Recently, however, Susie has become anxious when anyone other than her mother or father holds her, and she wails whenever she is picked up by a stranger. Based on a knowledge of child development, your best guess is that Susie is about how old:

A) 4 months old
B) 7 months old
C) 13 months old
D) 22 months old

Question 72

Stranger anxiety is tied most closely to:

A) being dropped by a caregiver and developing a phobia about security
B) the newly developed ability to distinguish between caregivers and strangers
C) child abuse, especially when it results from the father's or step-father's behavior
D) growing up in an unresponsive environment in which basic needs are sometimes not met

Question 73

According to John Bowlby, which of the following theories provides the best explanation for the development of attachment?

A) evolutionary theory
B) psychoanalytic theory
C) drive-reduction theory
D) behavioral theory, and especially reinforcement theory

Question 74

Molly and her infant son often engage each other in a "love-stare" in which each looks and smiles at the other for extended periods of time. The word that best describes this back-and-forth relationship would be:

A) social referencing
B) synchrony
C) imprinting d, empathy

Question 75

Which of the following children would likely have the easiest time developing a healthy sense of autonomy?

A) Jim, who is experiencing a high level of stranger anxiety
B) Bob, who is very securely attached to his mother
C) Rex, who is not securely attached to his mother
D) Tom, who has learned to be mistrustful of his caregivers

Question 76

Suppose you study two mothers who have new babies but who have different attitudes about how to care for a crying baby. Ruthie believes that every time her baby cries, she should be picked up and comforted. Glenda believes that picking up a crying baby will reinforce the crying and the child will become harder to care for. Research on this topic suggests that whose child is likely to cry less at age 1 year?

A) Ruthie's baby will probably cry less, due to a stronger development of trust and attachment.
B) Glenda's baby will probably cry less, due to a stronger development of reality and responsibility.
C) Glenda's baby will probably cry less, because she will learn that crying does not lead to reward.
D) Ruthie's and Glenda's babies will probably cry about the same amount, regardless of how their mothers attend to their crying.

Question 77

The discrepancy hypothesis explains:

A) attachment
B) synchrony
C) social referencing
D) stranger and separation anxiety

Question 78

Emotional signals, usually from a child's parents, that influence the child's behavior are referred to as:

A) social adaptation cues
B) social referencing
C) synchrony
D) scaffolding

Question 79

According to Freud, if toilet training is begun too early or is too strict, the child is at greater risk for developing:

A) an Oedipal complex
B) phobias
C) an anal fixation
D) an introverted personality

Question 80

Studies of the Kung San culture described in the text showed that parents in this culture pay a great deal of attention to their infants' sharing of objects, but pay very little attention to their infants' exploration of objects. This study is cited to demonstrate the point that:

A) synchrony develops naturally in every culture
B) collectivist cultures emphasize the development of sharing over self-oriented behaviors
C) attachment is significantly influenced by how children are punished and rewarded
D) the development of autonomy occurs earlier in collectivist cultures