Deck 34: Plant Form and Function

Question 1

A potato is a type of ________ known as a ________.

A) modified root; pneumatophore
B) root; lateral root
C) modified stem; stolon
D) modified stem; tuber

Answer 1

D

Question 2

How would you expect the root system of a plant grown by hydroponics to compare to the root system of a plant grown in poor soil? The root system of a plant grown by hydroponics would be ________.

A) more developed
B) less developed
C) about the same
D) absent

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Pines have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of ________.

A) increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis
B) increased surface area, increasing gas exchange
C) decreased surface area, reducing gas exchange
D) decreased surface area, reducing water loss

Answer 3

D

Question 4

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant?

A) It is probably an herbaceous eudicot.
B) It will probably get annual rings of wood.
C) It is probably a monocot.
D) It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

Question 5

Strolling in the Sonoran Desert, you come upon a stately Saguaro cactus. The large central "trunks" of this cactus are covered with numerous smaller spines. The central stalks are modified ________ used for water storage and spines are modified ________ used for protection.

A) stems; leaves
B) leaves; leaves
C) petioles; leaf blades
D) leaf blades; trichomes
E) stems; fruits

Question 6

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

A) root cap
B) root hairs
C) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem
D) storage roots
E) sections of the root that have secondary xylem

Question 7

While walking a cornfield, you notice roots emerging from the corn stalks themselves, and you suspect that these roots are helping to hold the plants upright. These roots belong to a category of roots known as ________.

A) taproots
B) fibrous roots
C) adventitious roots
D) root hairs
E) special roots

Question 8

What is a disadvantage of having small, needlelike leaves?

A) increased transpiration rate
B) decreased transpiration rate
C) increased efficiency of light capture
D) decreased efficiency of light capture

Question 9

Loss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called ________.

A) hydration
B) high heat of vaporization
C) respiration
D) gas exchange
E) transpiration

Question 10

Carbon dioxide enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the ________.

A) cuticle
B) epidermal trichomes
C) stoma
D) phloem
E) walls of guard cells

Question 11

The surface area of a plant's root system is substantially larger than the surface area of its shoot system. The extensive surface area of roots is an adaptation associated with ________.

A) contact with soil particles for mineral and water absorption
B) the internal structure of the vascular tissue in roots
C) the storage of nutrients within the root system
D) the release of carbon dioxide generated by photosynthesis
E) the fact that roots absorb materials while shoots do not

Question 12

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?

A) parenchyma
B) xylem
C) endodermis
D) collenchyma
E) sclerenchyma

Question 13

Trichomes ________.

A) absorb sunlight, increasing the temperature of leaves
B) open and close for gas exchange
C) repel or trap insects
D) increase water loss from leaves

Question 14

Some botanists argue that the entire plant should be considered as a single unit rather than a composite of many individual cells. Which of the following cellular structures best supports this view?

A) cell wall
B) cell membrane
C) cytosol
D) vacuole
E) plasmodesmata

Question 15

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that ________.

A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem
B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not
C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots
D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves
E) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not

Question 16

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as ________.

A) perennial
B) weedy
C) indeterminate
D) derivative
E) primary

Question 17

Axillary buds ________.

A) are produced by the cork cambium
B) have dormant meristematic cells
C) are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes
D) give rise to secondary xylem
E) do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot

Question 18

Plants that have leaves arranged in a rosette

A) have a circular arrangement of leaves and long internodes.
B) lack stems.
C) have greatly shortened internodes.
D) always have compound leaves.

Question 19

Which type of modified stems grow horizontally belowground and produce new plants at nodes?

A) blades
B) tubers
C) stolons
D) thorns
E) rhizomes

Question 20

When comparing root systems of corn plants growing on a square foot in a fertilized and irrigated cornfield with the root systems of natural prairie plants growing in a meadow, what result do you expect to see?

A) The overall mass of roots will be identical in a cornfield and on a meadow.
B) The mass and length of roots in a cornfield will be higher because soil is fertilized.
C) The mass and length of roots on a meadow will be higher because soil is poorer and there is a higher diversity of plants.
D) The overall mass of roots on a meadow will be lower but the length will be higher since roots need to grow deeper to reach nutrients.

Question 21

Which of the following describes secondary growth?

A) growth in height
B) development of leaves and flowers
C) growth of herbaceous tissue
D) development of wood and bark
E) development of fruit

Question 22

Monocot vascular bundles do not have a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem. This means that monocots ________.

A) are much less efficient at conducting water and sugars
B) have very thin stems
C) do not produce wood in annual rings
D) cannot produce lateral shoots

Question 23

The following questions are based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the accompanying figure. Refer to the figure. A monocot stem is represented by ________.

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) IV only
E) I and III

Question 24

Plants contain meristems whose major function is to ________.

A) attract pollinators
B) absorb ions
C) photosynthesize
D) produce more cells
E) produce flowers

Question 25

Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?

A) root hair-vascular tissue
B) guard cell-vascular tissue
C) companion cell-ground tissue
D) tracheid-vascular tissue

Question 26

Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system?

A) root hair
B) cuticle
C) xylem
D) pith
E) phloem

Question 27

The veins of leaves are ________.
I) composed of xylem and phloem
II) continuous with vascular bundles in the stem and roots
III) finely branched to be in close contact with photosynthesizing cells

A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) I and III
E) I, II, and III

Question 28

Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tip of a primary root back towards its base?

A) Root cap Zone of cellular elongation Apical meristem Zone of cellular division Zone of cellular maturation
B) Zone of cellular division Apical meristem Root cap Zone of cellular elongation Zone of cellular maturation
C) Zone of cellular elongation Zone of cellular maturation Root cap Apical meristem Zone of cellular division
D) Apical meristem Zone of cellular elongation Zone of cellular division Root cap Zone of cellular maturation
E) Root cap Apical meristem Zone of cellular division Zone of cellular elongation Zone of cellular maturation

Question 29

________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem.

A) Sclerenchyma cell; collenchyma cell
B) Apical meristem; vascular cambium
C) Vessel element; sieve-tube member
D) Cortex; pith
E) Vascular cambium; cork cambium

Question 30

Which of the following is correctly paired with its structure and function?

A) sclerenchyma-supporting cells with thick secondary walls
B) ground meristem-protective coat of woody stems and roots
C) guard cells-waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots
D) parenchyma-supporting cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls

Question 31

When you eat Brussels sprouts, you are eating ________.

A) immature flowers
B) large axillary buds
C) petioles
D) storage leaves
E) storage roots

Question 32

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

A) secondary xylem
B) leaves
C) dermal tissue
D) tubers
E) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

Question 33

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division?

A) a sclereid
B) a parenchyma cell near the root tip
C) a functional sieve-tube element
D) a tracheid
E) a stem fiber

Question 34

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?

A) 0.5
B) 1.5
C) 3.0
D) 15.0
E) 28.5

Question 35

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to ________.

A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem
B) cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem
C) cell division localized in each internode
D) cell elongation localized in each internode
E) cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem

Question 36

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?

A) herbaceous eudicot
B) woody eudicot
C) woody monocot
D) herbaceous monocot
E) woody annual

Question 37

Which of the following cells primarily transport sugars over long distances?

A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) sclerenchyma cells
D) tracheids and vessel elements
E) sieve-tube elements

Question 38

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) sclerenchyma cells
D) tracheids and vessel elements
E) sieve-tube elements

Question 39

Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells.

A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells.
B) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of sclerenchyma cells.
C) The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is roughly equal.
D) The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be made.

Question 40

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was/were the ________.

A) phloem
B) xylem
C) cork cambium
D) cortex
E) companion and sieve-tube members

Question 41

The following question(s) are based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the accompanying figure.
Refer to the figure. A woody eudicot is represented by ________.

A) II only
B) III only
C) IV only
D) I and III

Question 42

In 2005, a spot that is 1 centimeter from the center of a woody stem of an oak tree is in the bark. In what tissue will a spot that is 1 centimeter from the center be in 2050?

A) bark
B) secondary phloem
C) vascular cambium
D) secondary xylem

Question 43

Heartwood and sapwood consist of ________.

A) bark
B) periderm
C) secondary xylem
D) secondary phloem
E) cork

Question 44

Where are the youngest wood and the youngest bark in a tree trunk?

A) Youngest wood is in the center of a tree; youngest bark is the outside of the bark.
B) Youngest wood is in the center of a tree; youngest bark is the inner part, next to the vascular cambium.
C) Youngest wood is toward the outside, near the vascular cambium; youngest bark is the outside of the bark.
D) Youngest wood is toward the outside, near the vascular cambium; youngest bark is the inner part, next to the vascular cambium.

Question 45

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exited from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order, ________.

A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark
B) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm
C) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem
D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium
E) the summer wood, bark, and phloem

Question 46

Two examples of lateral meristems in plants are ________.

A) vascular cambium, producing cork, and cork cambium, producing secondary phloem
B) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem, and cork cambium, producing secondary phloem
C) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem, and cork cambium, producing cork
D) vascular cambium, producing secondary phloem, and cork cambium, producing secondary xylem