Deck 14: Development

Question 1

Dr. Cruz is an inner-city pediatrician in an older city. Many of the children she sees are growing up in homes that still contain lead-based paint. The prevalence of lead-based paint in the area suggests that Dr. Cruz will see many instances of __________ among her patients.

A) mental retardation
B) physical deformities
C) delayed growth
D) interpersonal difficulties

Answer 1

mental retardation

Question 2

The rooting reflex is concerned with __________.

A) crying
B) feeding
C) waste elimination
D) grasping

Answer 2

feeding

Question 3

Mrs. Allen is pregnant. Her baby's major organs have begun to form, as have its facial features. In addition, the neural tube is beginning to develop. The baby is in the __________ stage of prenatal development.

A) zygotic
B) fetal
C) embryonic
D) neonatal

Answer 3

embryonic

Question 4

You and a friend are watching a family of kittens play in a neighbor's yard. Your friend asks why human childhood is so much longer than kittenhood, puppyhood, and so on. Recalling the Development chapter in your psychology text, you answer:

A) "Hmm. I guess that's just the way it is."
B) "Humans require so many more complex physical skills than do other species that it takes them a much longer time to develop."
C) "It's part of God's design."
D) "Humans' environments are more complex and varied than those of other species. An extended developmental period allows us to acquire the flexibility to adapt to such environments."

Question 5

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of the stages of prenatal development, ordered from conception to birth?

A) Fetal $\rightarrow$ zygotic $\rightarrow$ embryonic
B) fetal $\rightarrow$ embryonic $\rightarrow$ zygotic
C) zygotic $\rightarrow$ fetal $\rightarrow$ embryonic
D) zygotic $\rightarrow$ embryonic $\rightarrow$ fetal

Question 6

Which of the following phrases BEST describes the pattern of prenatal cortical development?

A) back-to-front
B) front-to-back
C) outside-in
D) inside-out

Question 7

Prenatally, the decrease in the number of neurons in the brain is most dramatic __________.

A) in the final trimester
B) 2 to 4 months after conception
C) 4 to 6 months after conception
D) in the first month after conception

Question 8

Your text describes a study in which pregnant mothers read aloud to their unborn infants from one of two Dr. Seuss books. Later, as newborns, the babies could hear the story they had been read by sucking on a pacifier in a particular manner. By sucking on the pacifier in a different way, they could hear an unfamiliar story. What is the dependent variable in this study? What did the researchers find?

A) The dependent variable is the story to which the infants had been exposed prenatally. The researchers found that infants displayed no preference for the story to which they had been exposed.
B) The dependent variable is the story to which the infants had been exposed prenatally. The researchers found that infants preferred the story to which they had been exposed.
C) The dependent variable is the way the infants sucked on the pacifier. The researchers found that infants displayed no preference for the story to which they had been exposed.
D) The dependent variable is the way the infants sucked on the pacifier. The researchers found that infants preferred the story to which they had been exposed.

Question 9

The rooting reflex causes the infant to do what when his cheek is lightly touched?

A) turn his head and open his mouth
B) pull back his head rapidly
C) raise his hands as if to shield his face
D) open his palms and swing his arms to the side

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE regarding prenatal development of the nervous system?

A) Between 20 and 80% of the neurons die as the brain develops.
B) The number of neurons increases by 20 to 80% as the brain develops.
C) Between 5 and 10% of the neurons die as the brain develops.
D) The number of neurons increases by 5 to 10% as the brain develops.

Question 11

Lead paint was banned for use in U.S. residences in __________.

A) 1968
B) 1978
C) 1988
D) 1998

Question 12

Barney's mother drank heavily during her pregnancy. Barney is short. He has learning disorders and displays some facial abnormality. Barney is a case of __________.

A) Williams syndrome
B) phenylketonuria
C) Down syndrome
D) fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 13

Genetic "wiring diagrams" for the brain's circuits are called __________.

A) protoplans
B) protomaps
C) neuroplans
D) neuromaps

Question 14

A fertilized egg, or zygote, contains __________ chromosomes.

A) 46 pairs of
B) 23
C) 23 pairs of
D) 2 pairs of

Question 15

The Development chapter in your text suggests that knowledge and behavior are products of __________.

A) genetics
B) the environment
C) intelligent design
D) an interaction between genetics and the environment

Question 16

From 2 months after conception to birth, the developing fertilized egg is called __________.

A) an embryo
B) a fetus
C) a child
D) a neonate

Question 17

Two weeks after conception, the developing fertilized egg is called __________.

A) an embryo
B) a fetus
C) a pupa
D) a blastocyst

Question 18

The long period of dependency in human development __________.

A) is about as long as periods of dependency in most other mammals
B) seems well suited to learning and cultural transmission of knowledge
C) seems primarily to serve the purpose of allowing sensory abilities to develop fully
D) means that the child's behavior is either random or reflexive for the first several years

Question 19

A teratogen is __________.

A) a genetic defect that occurs when two recessive genes are paired at conception
B) any environmental agent that can damage the developing baby
C) a fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division
D) any physical defect in an unborn child

Question 20

The number of neural interconnections __________.

A) increases dramatically after birth
B) decreases after age 2
C) is constant through infancy and childhood
D) decreases between birth and age 2

Question 21

In one study, 18-month-olds watched as experimenters made "yuck" faces after tasting one food and smiling faces after tasting another. The experimenters then asked the toddlers for food-the yucky or the good kinds. How did the toddlers respond?

A) They offered only the food they themselves preferred.
B) They offered the food the experimenter preferred, but only if it was also the food they preferred.
C) They offered only food to their right; they never offered food on the left.
D) They offered food they had seen the experimenter smile about.

Question 22

Blair is 3 months old; Clea is 4 months old; Dante is 8 months old; and Enid is 15 months old. Which baby is most likely UNABLE to perform the action with which he or she is paired?

A) Blair; rolls over
B) Clea; stands alone
C) Dante; stands alone
D) Enid; walks

Question 23

For Piaget, schemas are __________.

A) organized patterns of behavior
B) reflexes that disappear after several weeks
C) isolated units of behavior that are gradually replaced by assimilations
D) isolated units of behavior that are gradually replaced by accommodations

Question 24

In a recent study, 18-month-olds watched an experimenter show pleasure after eating broccoli and distaste after eating crackers. When the experimenter then asked the children for more food, the children typically offered __________.

A) whichever food they themselves preferred, as predicted by Piaget's claims of egocentrism
B) whichever food they themselves preferred, in contrast to the predictions of Piaget's claims of egocentrism
C) broccoli, even if they themselves preferred crackers, as predicted by Piaget's claims of egocentrism
D) broccoli, even if they themselves preferred crackers, in contrast to the predictions of Piaget's claims of egocentrism

Question 25

Regarding infants' sensory development, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Newborns can discriminate between tones of different pitch and loudness.
B) Newborns show a preference for their mother's voice over that of a stranger.
C) Newborns' vision approximates the 20/20 vision of adults.
D) Newborns can discriminate brightness and color.

Question 26

One-year-old Freddy is interacting with his mother. If she looks over to the side, Freddy will probably __________.

A) look to where she seems to be looking
B) look at her eyes to try to figure out why they have moved
C) look somewhere else now that she is not paying attention to him
D) imitate whatever she is doing with her mouth

Question 27

Ilsa is 6 months old. Recent research on children's understanding of number suggests that Ilsa probably __________.

A) has an understanding of threeness versus twoness
B) has a rudimentary understanding of addition
C) has a rudimentary understanding of subtraction
D) has no understanding of number

Question 28

A child demonstrates object permanence, egocentrism, and a failure to conserve. She is most likely in which Piagetian stage?

A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational

Question 29

When an object touches baby Geraldine's palm, she closes her fist tightly around it. If the object is lifted up, Geraldine hangs on and is lifted up with it. In other words, Geraldine demonstrates what is called __________.

A) preoperational thought
B) the rooting reflex
C) the Babinski reflex
D) the grasping reflex

Question 30

If you stick out your tongue at a 3-week-old infant, she will probably __________.

A) laugh at you
B) frown, because she cannot figure out how to imitate the expression
C) stick out her tongue in imitation of your face
D) cry

Question 31

According to Piaget, when a child is able to understand that adding 1 to 6 makes an odd number, but cannot grasp that 1 added to any even number makes it odd, the child is in the __________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 32

What marks the end of Piaget's sensorimotor period?

A) the achievement of object permanence
B) leaving behind egocentrism
C) conservation of number
D) the disappearance of reflexes

Question 33

A child perseverates in her response, searching for an item in the location from which it was last recovered rather than its new location. Piaget called this behavior __________.

A) habituation
B) the A-not-B effect
C) assimilation
D) accommodation

Question 34

Object permanence refers to the child's awareness that __________.

A) a variety of actions can be coordinated into one organized schema
B) the mass of an object does not change despite transformations in the shape of the object
C) objects exist independent of one's direct perception of or actions on them
D) certain motor patterns can become permanently associated with specific environmental objects
E) rough handling can cause objects to break

Question 35

With respect to nationality, pioneering cognitive psychologist Jean Piaget was __________.

A) French
B) Swiss
C) Belgian
D) Dutch

Question 36

According to Piaget, a child who demonstrates conservation and difficulty in thinking abstractly is in which stage?

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) concrete operational

Question 37

Three-year-old Miguel knows that Julie wants a cookie and that Julie thinks there are cookies in the cabinet. Asked to predict what Julie will do, Miguel says that __________.

A) she will open the cabinet, indicating his developing sense of egocentrism
B) she will open the cabinet, indicating his developing theory of mind
C) she will open the cabinet, indicating his lack of theory of mind
D) he has no way of knowing

Question 38

With respect to Piaget's assessment of children's cognitive abilities, recent research suggests that Piaget probably __________ children's capabilities.

A) underestimated
B) accurately estimated
C) slightly overestimated
D) greatly overestimated

Question 39

The brain __________.

A) adds weight in spurts throughout childhood
B) adds weight continuously throughout childhood
C) adds weight in childhood primarily through increases in the number of synapses
D) maintains a constant weight until puberty and then becomes heavier

Question 40

A 6-month-old infant makes a move to grasp a toy that he wants. His action is __________.

A) voluntary
B) reflexive
C) involuntary
D) a rooting reflex

Question 41

A 4-year-old child is shown a row of seven red checkers. He is asked to place a black checker immediately adjacent to each red one. Upon doing so, the child agrees that there are as many red as black checkers. The experimenter then spreads out the black checkers so that they lie in a line longer than the red checkers. The experimenter asks whether there are more red checkers or more black checkers in order to determine whether the child understands __________.

A) object permanence
B) conservation of number
C) conservation of quantity
D) object constancy

Question 42

Studies of infants' understanding of occlusion of one object by another suggest that __________.

A) the infant understands that the parts of objects are connected even when hidden
B) the infant must have extensive experience with overlapping objects before understanding that the parts of objects remain connected even when hidden
C) infants at 4 months of age are not surprised when a rod hidden behind a block is shown to be made up of two separate parts
D) 4-month-old infants lack a sense of object permanence

Question 43

A child complains to his father that he wants more juice. The father takes the juice the child has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass. The child is now content that he has more juice. This child has apparently failed to develop __________.

A) object permanence
B) visual perspective taking
C) conservation of quantity
D) class inclusion

Question 44

Recent research indicates that 3-month-olds __________.

A) think that any physical contact is enough to provide support
B) are comparable to 6-month-olds in their understanding of support
C) understand that an object will only support a target object if the support is underneath the target
D) expect all objects to fall when dropped because they have no understanding of physical support

Question 45

Recent studies suggest that Piaget's methods may have led him to underestimate the understanding of number conservation in young children. A particular problem with his methods is that children __________.

A) may change their answers simply because they were asked the same question twice (Does this row have more or less than this row?)
B) easily confuse more and less to mean longer and shorter
C) may forget the question in the time it takes the experimenter to rearrange the items in one row
D) may think that the point of this game is to fool the experimenter by giving the wrong answer

Question 46

Dawn is a newborn. Ellis is 6. Fritzi is 9. Girard is 15. Which individual's Piagetian stage is CORRECTLY identified?

A) Dawn-sensorimotor
B) Ellis-concrete operational
C) Fritzi-formal operational
D) Girard-postoperational

Question 47

Which of the following is characteristic of the period of concrete operations as described by Piaget?

A) demonstrating an inability to conserve number
B) passing conservation tasks
C) understanding that adding one to any even number must always produce a number that is odd
D) demonstrating the A-not-B effect

Question 48

Nine-month-old Tanika watches her father repeatedly hide her favorite toy in a basket on her right. Each time, she reaches for the basket and pulls out the toy. After several such hidings, the father, in full view of Tanika, moves the toy to a box on Tanika's left. Most likely, Tanika will __________.

A) demonstrate the A-not-B effect by reaching in the box for the toy
B) demonstrate the A-not-B effect by reaching into the basket for the toy
C) reach into the basket for the toy, thereby failing to demonstrate the A-not-B effect
D) demonstrate a mature concept of object permanence by reaching into the basket for the toy

Question 49

The textbook describes a study in which infants were shown two displays. In one, a screen swung up to occlude a box and then kept rotating until it apparently hit the box and stopped. The other display began the same way, but the screen continued rotating so that it seemed to have passed right through the box. The results were that infants looked __________.

A) away from both displays, appearing bored by the first and scared by the second
B) equally long at both displays
C) longer at the first display (partial rotation) than the second display (full rotation)
D) longer at the second display (full rotation) than the first display (partial rotation)

Question 50

Which of the following is FALSE, according to recent research?

A) Infants have a concept that two objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time.
B) Infants know that, even when temporarily occluded, objects keep their size and shape.
C) Infants have no concept of object permanence.
D) Although infants may know that objects exist when out of sight, they do not always search for them.

Question 51

Dennis taunts his 4-month-old sister by moving his new kaleidoscope back and forth in front of her. He has put his arm out in front of the toy to prevent the baby from getting it. This arm blocks the baby's view of the middle of the toy. Habituation research suggests that the baby __________.

A) thinks the arm is part of the toy
B) does not know that the kaleidoscope has a middle section because she cannot see it
C) assumes that the visible parts of the toy are connected, even though she cannot see the connecting section
D) assumes that the toy has no middle section because she lacks object permanence

Question 52

Studies of infants' reactions to physically possible and physically impossible events indicated that infants __________.

A) were equally surprised by both sorts of events, indicating that they had no idea that two objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time
B) were more surprised by impossible events, indicating that they understood that two objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time
C) were equally uninterested in both possible and impossible events, indicating that they saw the world as a place in which the basic relationships between objects could change from moment to moment
D) showed more of an interest in the possible event, presumably because it was familiar

Question 53

What is known about infants' responsiveness to human faces?

A) They prefer male to female faces.
B) They look longer at schematic faces than at faces that are scrambled.
C) They look more at faces, but they can't yet imitate.
D) They prefer faces that are symmetrical to faces that are not.

Question 54

A child is shown two identical glasses, filled to the same level with water. He watches as the experimenter pours all the water from one glass to a differently shaped glass. When the experimenter asks whether the two glasses with water have the same amount in each, she is testing the child's ability to __________.

A) conserve quantity
B) think scientifically
C) conserve number
D) think abstractly

Question 55

Jeremy is 2 years old. He says he knows how to count, but whenever he does so, the first five items are 1, 4, 6, 9, 10, in that order. Shown four pennies on a table and asked to count them, he says, "1, 4, 6, 9." If he is now asked how many pennies are on the table, he will say __________.

A) "4"
B) "9"
C) "6"
D) "10"

Question 56

Research on infants' understanding of physical support indicates that __________.

A) as early as 3 months, infants have an adult understanding of physical support
B) 3-month-olds apparently think that whether an object falls when dropped is completely randomly determined
C) understanding of support improves over the first 6 months of life
D) 6-month-olds think that any physical contact will provide support

Question 57

Most modern researchers suggest that-contrary to Piaget's claims-infants do actually believe that objects continue to exist even when hidden in a new location. Why, then, don't they reach for such objects and retrieve them?

A) They lack hand-eye coordination.
B) They habituate to the object when it goes out of sight.
C) They have a hard time overriding a dominant action.
D) They lack visual discrimination ability.

Question 58

Piaget's stages of cognitive development are, in order of increasing age:

A) sensorimotor $\rightarrow$ preoperational $\rightarrow$ concrete operations $\rightarrow$ formal operations
B) preoperational $\rightarrow$ sensorimotor $\rightarrow$ concrete operations $\rightarrow$ formal operations
C) preoperational $\rightarrow$ sensorimotor $\rightarrow$ formal operations $\rightarrow$ concrete operations
D) sensorimotor $\rightarrow$ preoperational $\rightarrow$ formal operations $\rightarrow$ concrete operations

Question 59

In full view of a child, an experimenter hides a toy repeatedly under a yellow cloth. Then he introduces a slight change in the procedure, now hiding the toy beneath an adjacent red cloth. The child in this scenario is 8 months old. How will she most likely react?

A) by crying
B) by not reaching for the toy under either cloth
C) by randomly searching under any nearby object
D) by searching under the yellow cloth

Question 60

Piaget __________.

A) viewed the cognitive abilities of the child as fundamentally similar to those of the adult
B) regarded the child as an adult-like thinker but without the range of associations available to the adult
C) saw development as a progression through a series of qualitatively different states of cognitive ability
D) argued that cognitive development differed dramatically from child to child because of genetic differences

Question 61

A 3-year-old and a 5-year-old watch Megan and Danika hide a cookie in a yellow box. They then watch Megan leave and Danika move the cookie to a blue box. When asked where Megan will look for the cookie, __________.

A) both children will most likely say, "the yellow box"
B) both children will most likely say, "the blue box"
C) the older child will say, "the yellow box"; the younger child will say, "the blue box"
D) the younger child will say, "the yellow box"; the older child will say, "the blue box"

Question 62

Recent research using the habituation technique with infants suggests that __________.

A) Piaget's observations of infant behavior were incorrect; infants do search for hidden objects
B) the inferences Piaget drew from his observations of infant behavior were wrong; infants have some concept of objects as independent, unitary entities
C) infants develop object permanence later than Piaget thought
D) the development of object permanence is very much as Piaget described it

Question 63

Which of the following statements BEST characterizes Jean Piaget's legacy in psychology?

A) Piaget's work has largely been discredited by later psychologists.
B) Piaget's claims have largely been supported by later psychologists.
C) Some of Piaget's claims have been disputed by later psychologists.
D) Piaget's claims have largely been ignored by later psychologists.

Question 64

In a recent habituation study, infants less than 6 months of age were shown a series of slides, each showing three objects. After habituation had taken place, the infants were shown additional slides, some containing three objects, others containing only two objects. The results indicated that __________.

A) the infants showed renewed interest in the slides containing three objects after they were intermixed with slides showing two objects
B) the infants looked longer at the slides of two objects, indicating that they saw them as novel
C) the infants showed no interest in either of the slides, indicating that the just-noticeable difference for number at this age is greater than one object
D) the infants' looking time was determined by what the objects in the slides were rather than by how many there were

Question 65

A 4-year-old looks at a picture of a dragon while on the telephone with her grandfather. If Piaget's claims of egocentrism are correct, the child is likely to __________.

A) describe the dragon picture to her grandfather
B) ignore her grandfather when he asks her about her day
C) tell her grandfather to look at the dragon
D) ask her grandfather if he would like to see the picture the next time they are together

Question 66

After habituating infants to a series of slides showing three objects-such as a comb, a hat, and a toy drum-researchers presented a series of new slides, some of which showed two items, others three (as before). How did the infants respond?

A) They preferred the slides with two items.
B) They preferred the slides with three items.
C) They showed no preference for either slide.
D) They preferred slides with people, regardless of how many objects were shown.

Question 67

Developmental researchers often make use of an experimental procedure relying on habituation. How does one know that an infant has habituated to, say, a red rod moving back and forth?

A) His heart-rate increases.
B) His pupils dilate.
C) He stops looking at it.
D) He repeatedly-that is, habitually-reaches out for it.

Question 68

Six-month-old infants are habituated to repeated showings of an experimenter reaching for a ripe banana, which is to the right of a yellow block. After the habituation, the positions of the block and the banana are switched. Most likely, the infants will now expect the experimenter to __________.

A) reach for the block because it is in the same position she had been reaching for all along
B) reach for the block because it is the same color as the banana
C) reach for the banana because it is what she seemed to want all along
D) do nothing because she is confused by the switch

Question 69

Recent studies on children's understanding of number indicate that __________.

A) Piaget was correct in arguing that this concept is not acquired until late in the preoperational stage
B) this understanding appears at about the age of 4, several years earlier than Piaget expected
C) some numerical understanding has been observed in infants less than 7 months of age
D) this concept seems to be acquired nearly a year later than Piaget predicted

Question 70

There is a parallel between the development of theory of mind and language learning in that __________.

A) each may be driven by innate learning mechanisms
B) both develop primarily in Piaget's concrete operational stage
C) both develop primarily in Piaget's formal operational stage
D) both improve as egocentrism increases

Question 71

Piaget's interpretation of the A-not-B effect is questionable because __________.

A) others have not been able to replicate Piaget's findings
B) infants say they know where the object is even while they look in the wrong location
C) he always made sure that the first location was more interesting-looking than the second location so that infants would be drawn to the former
D) infants often look at the correct location while they reach for the wrong location

Question 72

The phrase best capturing the idea of "object permanence" is this one:

A) out of sight, out of mind
B) familiarity breeds contempt
C) out of sight, out of existence
D) still waters run deep

Question 73

Why do preschool children fail to conserve, according to Piaget?

A) They are too egocentric.
B) They have not yet begun to accommodate schemas to experience.
C) They lack object permanence.
D) They can't interrelate different dimensions of an experience.

Question 74

In one trick, a magician shows the audience a single apple on a table. She then puts a screen in front of the apple, picks up another apple, and apparently places it next to the first one, pulling her now-empty hand from behind the screen. She then removes the screen to reveal only a single apple. Research suggests that __________.

A) only children who passed conservation of number tasks would be surprised by the apparent disappearance of the second apple
B) 5-month-olds would look longer at the single apple than if the removal of the screen had revealed the expected two apples
C) only children who passed A-not-B tasks would be surprised by the apparent disappearance of the second apple
D) 5-month-olds would show surprise at whatever was revealed because their lack of object permanence would lead them to expect nothing behind the screen

Question 75

Six-month-old Jeri Kaye sees her mother reach into the kitchen cabinet. Research indicates that Jeri Kaye sees this behavior as __________.

A) purely physical, showing no understanding of other minds
B) purely physical, showing a sensitivity to others' intentions
C) goal-driven, showing no understanding of other minds
D) goal-driven, showing a sensitivity to others' intentions

Question 76

Which of the following beliefs would Piaget NOT endorse?

A) A child's thinking is profoundly different from an adult's.
B) The thinking of young children is strikingly limited in many ways.
C) The boundaries between developmental stages are blurry.
D) Children rely on a different type of thinking than do adults.

Question 77

Imagine an infant surrounded by objects. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Her attempts to grasp each object are examples of assimilation; her attempts to then bring each object to her mouth to suck are examples of accommodation.
B) Her attempts to grasp each object are examples of accommodation; her attempts to then bring each object to her mouth to suck are examples of assimilation.
C) Her attempts to grasp each object are examples of assimilation; the changes she makes in the shape of her grasp for each different object are examples of accommodation.
D) Her attempts to grasp each object are examples of accommodation; the changes she makes in the shape of her grasp for each different object are examples of assimilation.

Question 78

Recent research on conservation of number indicates that __________.

A) this understanding develops very much when and how Piaget said it did
B) Piaget overestimated numerical understanding in the preoperational stage
C) the appearance of this understanding is discontinuous, as Piaget said, but it happens a year or so earlier than he said it did
D) preschoolers can pass conservation tasks if the number of items is small enough

Question 79

A 3-year-old is told two stories. In both, she is told that Bart wants a pretzel and that Bart believes pretzels are in the cabinet. In the first story she is told that pretzels are actually in the cabinet, but in the second, she is told that Bart's mother moved the pretzels to a drawer without Bart's knowledge. When asked to predict Bart's behavior in both stories, the child will most likely __________.

A) predict that Bart will go to the drawer in both stories
B) predict that Bart will go to the cabinet in both stories
C) predict that Bart will go to the cabinet in the first story and the drawer in the second
D) be unable to say what Bart will do next

Question 80

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Some researchers have made an evolutionary argument for a social cognition module.
B) A social cognition module would be an innate structure oriented toward predicting the actions of others.
C) If there is a social cognition module, it must contain specific beliefs.
D) Some support for a social cognition module comes from the finding that certain types of brain damage seem to cause impairments in theory of mind.