Deck 12: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Which of the following is a reflexive homeostatic adjustment to a body temperature that is too low?

A) vasodilation
B) repetitive fur licking
C) ruffling of the fur
D) moving into the sun

Answer 1

ruffling of the fur

Question 2

Where is the sensing mechanism for the homeostatic control of temperature located?

A) in an endocrine gland other than the pituitary
B) in the hypothalamus
C) in the pituitary
D) in the cerebrum

Answer 2

in the hypothalamus

Question 3

Innate, biologically determined patterns of behavior are called __________.

A) reflexes
B) instincts
C) drives
D) motives

Answer 3

instincts

Question 4

Vasoconstriction is a __________ of the blood's capillaries that occurs when your body is too __________.

A) widening; cold
B) widening; hot
C) contraction; cold
D) narrowing; hot

Question 5

What can be said about homeostatic behaviors?

A) Homeostatic behaviors usually act to orient the animal in its environment.
B) Homeostatic behaviors act to stabilize the conditions within the body.
C) Homeostatic behaviors do not involve feedback mechanisms.
D) Homeostatic behaviors are involved in temperature regulation only.

Question 6

Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology?

A) Instinct approaches to motivation are gaining strength in psychology, as they reflect the cutting-edge perspective of evolutionary psychology.
B) Instinct approaches to motivation are still present in psychology, but to a lesser extent.
C) Instinct approaches to motivation have been abandoned and are of only historical interest in psychology.
D) Instinct approaches have always been influential in the psychology of motivation.

Question 7

Which is not a mechanism by which the body cools itself?

A) sweating
B) vasodilation
C) panting
D) salivating

Question 8

What is homeostasis?

A) a theory of need reduction
B) a built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions
C) the psychological representation of a need
D) the diffusion of fluids in a cell

Question 9

When blood pH becomes overly acidic, respiration and kidney function to bring the acidity back to its normal pH level of 7.4. What does this process best exemplify?

A) drive reduction
B) positive feedback
C) homeostasis
D) an opponent-process system

Question 10

Does drive theory offer a comprehensive account of motivation? Why or why not?

A) No. Drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of physiological motives but fails to account for more psychologically oriented motives.
B) No. Drive theory fails to account for many motives, including physiological ones.
C) Yes. Drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of not only physiological motives, but also more psychologically-oriented ones.
D) Yes. Drive theories of physiological motives have been empirically supported.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT among the shortcomings of instinct approaches to motivation?

A) Instinct approaches can account only for physiological motivations, not psychological ones.
B) Instinct theorists identified too many different instincts for the theory to be useful.
C) Instinct theorists disagreed on the precise instincts guiding behavior.
D) Instinct approaches merely describe behavior; they fail to explain it.

Question 12

If an organism works automatically to maintain stable body temperatures, that organism is called an __________.

A) ectotherm
B) endotherm
C) homeostat
D) mesomorph

Question 13

Which of the following is responsible for decelerating one's heartbeat?

A) the sympathetic system
B) the parasympathetic system
C) the endocrine system
D) the pituitary gland

Question 14

Motivational tension that activates behavior to satisfy a goal is termed a(n) __________.

A) drive
B) reflex
C) incentive
D) instinct

Question 15

What does homeostasis produce?

A) a predictable increase in the number of action potentials
B) a predictable increase in one's basal metabolic rate
C) a stable internal equilibrium
D) a cue for positive feedback

Question 16

Anton's body temperature averages 98.2 degrees Fahrenheit. What does that mean?

A) It is Anton's personal trigger for positive feedback.
B) It is Anton's set point.
C) It is Anton's thermoregulatory maximum.
D) It is Anton's thermoregulatory minimum.

Question 17

The autonomic nervous system has two branches: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. What does each do?

A) The sympathetic revs up bodily activities, whereas the parasympathetic restores the body's activities to normal.
B) The sympathetic sends messages to the glands, the parasympathetic to the smooth muscles.
C) The sympathetic provides positive feedback, the parasympathetic negative feedback.
D) The sympathetic restores homeostasis, whereas the parasympathetic revs the body up.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Endothermic animals are incapable of thermoregulation.
B) Ectothermic animals are incapable of thermoregulation.
C) Endothermic animals regulate temperature primarily through externally directed behaviors.
D) Ectothermic animals regulate temperature primarily through externally directed behaviors.

Question 19

When your body is too hot, a process called __________ occurs. When your body is too cold, a process called __________ occurs.

A) vasoconstriction; vasodilation
B) vasodilation; vasoconstriction
C) piloerection; hyperventilation
D) hyperventilation; piloerection

Question 20

Dr. Schmidt conducts studies that activate and direct behavior toward an individual's goals. Dr. Schmidt studies __________.

A) personality
B) intelligence
C) cognition
D) motivation

Question 21

We are often advised not to grocery shop when we are hungry. Our internal hunger makes external cues, such as the displays of food in the store, more salient and persuasive. That is, the internal cues __________ the external ones.

A) potentiate
B) initiate
C) activate
D) exaggerate

Question 22

Which is the major source of short-term energy?

A) glycogen
B) glucose
C) fats
D) animal starch

Question 23

When are we most likely to feel sated and stop eating?

A) when there is an overabundance of neuropeptide Y
B) when the liver converts glucose to glycogen
C) when one increases the number of fat cells in the body
D) when one gains more than 10% of one's body weight

Question 24

Regarding glucoreceptors, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Glucoreceptors are located primarily in the cerebral cortex.
B) Glucoreceptors control glucose use by influencing insulin release from the pancreas.
C) Glucoreceptors detect glucose levels in the blood.
D) Glucoreceptors aid in the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

Question 25

Why do we need so many cues for eating? Why didn't evolution just find one way for organisms to monitor their nutritional state?

A) Backup systems provide safety: If one fails, another can kick in.
B) Different signals monitor different aspects of our nutritional needs.
C) Some cues lessen the effectiveness of others, necessitating a variety of different cures.
D) Some cues make other cues more persuasive and determinative.

Question 26

What metabolic process occurs right after one overeats at Thanksgiving dinner?

A) The liver converts glycogen to glucose.
B) The liver converts fat to glycogen.
C) The liver secretes insulin.
D) The liver converts glucose to glycogen.

Question 27

Evidence shows that people who go on "crash diets" and lose weight tend to return surprisingly rapidly to their starting weight as soon as they go off the diet. Also, dieters do not seem to lose nearly as much weight as one might expect based on caloric intake alone. These findings provide support for the idea of genetically determined bodily __________.

A) glucoreceptors
B) neuropeptides
C) potentiators
D) set points

Question 28

What happens in the liver during fasting?

A) Glycogen is converted to glucose.
B) Glucose is converted to glycogen.
C) Glycogen is converted to fat.
D) The liver is involved in very little biochemical activity.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about the stomach's role in the cessation of eating is TRUE?

A) Receptors in the stomach walls measure the volume of stomach contents.
B) The animal will stop eating when the stomach's contents reach a certain volume.
C) Receptors in the stomach walls measure the nutrients in the stomach's contents.
D) The stomach has a set point for the amount of food it should contain.

Question 30

What do adipose cells secrete?

A) leptin, which may lead to decreased eating
B) CCK, which leads to increased eating
C) glucose, which leads to decreased eating
D) glycogen, which leads to decreased eating

Question 31

What happens when wires are implanted in the anterior hypothalamus of an animal and then the wires are slightly heated up?

A) The animal will act as if it is too warm even though its body temperature is cool.
B) The animal will act as if it were cold even though its body temperature heats up.
C) The animal will lose the ability to react to heat or cold.
D) The animal will have a small seizure.

Question 32

Let's say, hypothetically, that you inject the hypothalamus with a chemical making its cells insensitive to glucose. What would most likely result?

A) coma
B) self-starvation
C) ravenous eating
D) diabetes

Question 33

What is the liver doing when a rat or a person is sated and wants no more food?

A) converting fat to glycogen
B) converting fat to glucose
C) converting glucose to glycogen
D) converting glycogen to glucose

Question 34

Stuart is overweight. He goes on a starvation diet in the hopes of slimming down before graduating from college. He starts consuming about 1,000 calories a day. He loses some weight, but not nearly as much as he thought he would. What is the most likely reason for Stuart's failure to lose a great amount of weight?

A) Stuart has a larger number of fat cells.
B) Stuart is probably just losing excess water, which is easily replaced.
C) Stuart's activity level needs to be greatly increased.
D) Stuart's body has compensated for this caloric reduction by reducing its metabolism.

Question 35

According to the dual-center theory, where is the "go eat" center for feeding?

A) in the lateral region of the hypothalamus
B) in the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus
C) in the area outside the lateral region of the hypothalamus that secretes neuropeptide Y
D) in the area outside the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus that secretes orexins

Question 36

What is true of leptin?

A) It is secreted by fat cells.
B) It may signal sufficient fat supplies and thereby lead to decreased eating.
C) It may secrete glucoreceptors, which leads to decreased eating.
D) Both a and b are true.

Question 37

A big, hairy dog is in a room comfortably heated to 65 degrees Fahrenheit. Its hypothalamus is warmed experimentally. How will the dog respond?

A) It will shiver and its body temperature will go up.
B) It will shiver and experience vasodilatation.
C) It will pant and its body temperature will go up.
D) It will pant and experience vasodilatation.

Question 38

According to the dual-center theory, where is the "stop eating" center for feeding?

A) in the lateral region of the hypothalamus
B) in the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus
C) in the area outside the lateral region of the hypothalamus that secretes neuropeptide Y
D) in the area outside the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus that secretes orexins

Question 39

Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to external cues for eating, such as the sight of food?

A) They act independently of internal cues such as feelings of satiety.
B) They are more likely to lead to eating in the context of hunger than satiety.
C) They are more likely to lead to eating in the context of satiety than hunger.
D) They have no effect on the hypothalamus.

Question 40

What metabolic reaction triggers a signal that leads to eating?

A) Glucose is converted into fat.
B) Glycogen is converted into fat.
C) Glucose is converted into glycogen in the pancreas.
D) Glycogen is converted into glucose in the liver.

Question 41

Benjamin is overweight. Claudette is obese. Dean is morbidly obese. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Claudette's BMI is between 30 and 40.
B) Dean's BMI is at least 50.
C) Benjamin's BMI is between 30 and 35.
D) Claudette's BMI is 40 or higher.

Question 42

According to your text, how does aggression differ from such motives as thermoregulation and hunger?

A) The physiological basis of aggression is poorly understood; the physiological foundations of thermoregulation and hunger are clear.
B) Aggression is influenced by cultural factors; thermoregulation and hunger are not.
C) Aggression is regulated primarily by external rather than internal triggers.
D) Human aggression is very different from aggression in other species; thermoregulation and hunger are similar across species.

Question 43

Twelve pairs of male identical twins were fed 1,000 calories above the amount needed to maintain initial weight. Also, during the experiment, the twins were not allowed to exercise. The results? All men gained weight. But even more interesting was this:

A) Each twin in a twin pair gained different amounts of weight.
B) The twins gained weight in different areas of the body: For some, it was the abdomen, and for others it was the rear end.
C) The twins gained weight in the same areas of the body.
D) There was actually a negative correlation between the amount of weight one twin in a pair gained and the amount the other twin in the pair gained.

Question 44

Which form of aggression is more common in girls than in boys?

A) verbal or social assaults
B) territorial aggression
C) passive aggression
D) murder

Question 45

The physiologist associated with the phrase "fight or flight" is __________.

A) Walter Cannon
B) William James
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Howard Gardner

Question 46

Natalie's BMI is 26. She is best described as __________.

A) normal weight
B) overweight
C) obese
D) morbidly obese

Question 47

Your text describes a study in which participants viewed photos of fat and thin women and decided whether or not letter strings presented on a computer screen spelled real words. According to your text's chapter on memory, what is the name for the letter task?

A) free recall
B) inspection time
C) fragment completion
D) lexical decision

Question 48

Your friend wishes to eat less in order to lose weight. Which of the following pieces of advice is contradicted by your text's discussion of hunger and eating?

A) "Eat with other people; you'll feel pressure to keep your portions small."
B) "Don't grocery shop when you are hungry."
C) "Use smaller plates."
D) "Build exercise into your daily routine to burn calories."

Question 49

Brenna claims that she does have a negative attitude toward overweight people. She participates in a study in which she views photos of fat and thin women on a computer screen and then determines whether or not letter strings spell real words. Based on your text's discussion, which of the following statements describes Brenna's likely performance in this task?

A) Brenna will respond equally rapidly to positive and negative words after viewing photos of fat women.
B) Brenna will be slower to respond to positive than to negative words after viewing photos of fat women.
C) Brenna will be faster to respond to positive than to negative words after viewing photos of fat women.
D) Brenna will respond more rapidly to positive words after viewing photos of thin women than after viewing photos of fat women.

Question 50

What does the "thrifty gene" hypothesis propose?

A) Those predisposed to obesity would have survived better in the world of our ancestors than would those predisposed to thinness.
B) Those predisposed to thinness would have survived better in the world of our ancestors than would those predisposed to obesity.
C) Those predisposed to obesity are better suited to today's affluent cultures than are those predisposed to thinness.
D) Those predisposed to obesity and those predisposed to thinness are equally well suited to today's affluent cultures.

Question 51

What does Aldolph's (1947) study using rats tell us about the set point for weight, and why?

A) The set point determines the number of calories we consume. The rats in the study varied the volume of food they consumed to maintain a relatively constant calorie intake.
B) The set point determines the volume of food we consume. The rats in the study varied their calorie intake to continue consuming a relatively steady volume of food.
C) The set point is quite variable. The rats' calorie intake changed quite dramatically from day to day.
D) The set point is relatively fixed. The rats' calorie intake changed very little from day to day.

Question 52

Your text describes a study in which participants viewed photos of fat and thin women and decided whether or not letter strings on a computer screen spelled real words. Which of the following is the study's main result?

A) Participants responded equally rapidly to positive and negative words after viewing photos of fat women.
B) Participants were faster to respond to positive than to negative words after viewing photos of fat women.
C) Participants were slower to respond to positive than to negative words after viewing photos of fat women.
D) Participants responded more rapidly to positive words after viewing photos of thin women than after viewing photos of fat women.

Question 53

Regarding the recent increase in the obesity rate, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) During the past 15 years, the proportion of American adults who are obese has increased from one-quarter to nearly one-third.
B) The increase in the prevalence of obesity is largely confined to North America.
C) More than one-half of American adults are obese.
D) The increase in the rate of obesity continued during the 1990s, but has leveled off in recent years.

Question 54

Charlotte meets Will, an old high school friend, at a party and is startled to learn that he went from 150 to 280 pounds in the year since his automobile accident. Damage to which area of the hypothalamus might account for his weight gain?

A) dual center
B) hypermedial
C) ventromedial
D) lateral

Question 55

Which of the following is identified in your text as a question of interest to current obesity researchers?

A) Have reports exaggerated the increase in the prevalence of obesity?
B) What are some potential genetic explanations of the increase in obesity?
C) How severe are the health risks for morbidly obese persons.
D) How severe are the health risks for moderately obese persons.

Question 56

What might demonstrations of both physiological and cultural influences on eating have to say with respect to the nature vs. nurture issue, if anything?

A) They suggest that the motive to eat is largely a matter of nature, not nurture.
B) They suggest that the motive to eat reflects an interaction between nature and nurture.
C) They suggest that the motive to eat is largely a matter of nurture, not nature.
D) They do little to inform the nature vs. nurture debate.

Question 57

Why might it be a bad idea to think of obesity as a genetic defect?

A) Some people lack adipose cells altogether but still become obese.
B) Obesity is too rare.
C) All people seem to be equally sensitive to leptin, a chemical secreted by fat cells.
D) The genes leading to fat storage may have conferred a survival advantage: They were assets for our ancestors, not defects.

Question 58

Arnie is morbidly obese. Which of the following is FALSE?

A) His weight is probably about 100 pounds higher than the ideal weight for a man of his height.
B) His BMI is 40 or more.
C) His weight must be at least 50 pounds above the ideal for a man of his height.
D) He is subject to serious health risks.

Question 59

Why does the current rise in the obesity rate reflect cultural rather than genetic influences?

A) The rise in the prevalence of obesity has been largely confined to North America.
B) The increase began only very recently.
C) The increase has occurred very rapidly.
D) The increase in the obesity rate has occurred in a number of places in the world.

Question 60

Your text describes the influence of culture on hunger and eating. Would the existence of such influences pose a problem for instinct and drive theories of motivation?

A) No. Drive and instinct theorists explicitly considered cultural influences on motivation.
B) Yes. Drive and instinct theories suggest that motivation is largely innate and physiological rather than learned and cultural.
C) Not really. Cultural influences on eating are largely irrelevant from the perspective of instinct and drive theories.
D) Somewhat. Instinct and drive theories were focused mainly on psychological motivations, rather than physiological ones like hunger and eating.

Question 61

Manny's cat J. J. rolls on his back and extends his paws, exposing his belly. Having studied the discussion of aggression in your text's chapter on motivation and emotion, Manny recognizes this as a(n) __________ gesture.

A) fearful
B) angry
C) conciliatory
D) loving

Question 62

Cannon argued that sympathetic arousal serves as an emergency reaction that mobilizes the organism for "fight or flight." Why was this explanation deemed too simplistic?

A) When threatened, organisms often respond with actions other than "fight or flight."
B) Fight or flight reactions are often counterproductive to survival.
C) Both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are released during sympathetic arousal.
D) Both excitatory and vegetative functions (such as the inhibition of digestion) can occur during sympathetic arousal.

Question 63

Which gland(s) is (are) stimulated by sympathetic excitation?

A) the pituitary gland
B) the adrenal gland
C) the lymph gland
D) the smooth glands of the autonomic nervous system

Question 64

Emmeline's dog Rusty looks ready to fight with its neighborhood nemesis, a haughty Persian named Princess. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Rusty's heartbeat is accelerated.
B) Rusty's digestion is enhanced.
C) Rusty's pupils are dilated.
D) Rusty is experiencing piloerection.

Question 65

Natural selection __________.

A) limits aggression
B) encourages aggression
C) underlies virtually all forms of aggression
D) both limits and encourages aggression

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT suggested in your text's discussion of the prevalence of warfare on the one hand and crime rates on the other?

A) It appears that aggression is probably inevitable.
B) The prevalence of warfare is declining more rapidly than are American crime rates.
C) Violent crime more directly reflects aggression's evolutionary roots than does warfare.
D) We can be optimistic that aggression does not seem to be inevitable.

Question 67

Your text suggests that modern-day stressors exact so great a toll in wear and tear on the body because, as compared to stressors in the evolutionary past, they:

A) require greater effort to confront
B) are more chronic and uncontrollable
C) are more numerous
D) are more acute and dramatic

Question 68

According to your text, a critical feature of aggression is the presence of __________. By this definition of aggression, predatory attacks are __________.

A) threat; excluded
B) hunger; included
C) anger; excluded
D) violence; included

Question 69

One form of violence that organisms engage in is called predation. Such predatory attacks seem to be an outgrowth of __________.

A) dominance hierarchies
B) hormonal imbalance
C) intense arousal
D) the hunger motive

Question 70

Dr. Spielmann is reading several students' essays on aggression. Which of the following students is most accurate in describing trends in crime rates and the prevalence of warfare?

A) Niall: "The American crime rate continues to rise. Similarly, warfare is becoming more common, having increased 50% worldwide."
B) Otto: "While the American crime rate continues to rise, warfare is becoming less common around the world, its prevalence having dropped by 50%."
C) Pat: "The prevalence of warfare worldwide has remained unchanged. In contrast, the American crime rate has fallen over the past 15 years, though this trend may be slowing or reversing."
D) Rosemary: "The prevalence of warfare worldwide has dropped by half. In recent years, the American crime rate has also fallen, though this trend may be slowing or even reversing."

Question 71

Your text notes that aggression is related to both sensation-seeking and impulsivity. What type of correlation might you predict between sensation-seeking and impulsivity scores?

A) a zero correlation
B) a negative correlation
C) a positive correlation
D) a perfect correlation

Question 72

Walking into a class that he had foolishly ignored for a month, Roy discovers that an exam is scheduled for that session. As part of his panic, which of the following happens?

A) Roy's sympathetic nervous system becomes aroused.
B) Roy's parasympathetic nervous system becomes aroused.
C) Roy's hindbrain shuts down to conserve energy.
D) Roy's midbrain shuts down to conserve energy.

Question 73

Your text notes that until recently, most studies of the stress response had been conducted on males. The use of only male participants is most likely to compromise a study's __________.

A) external consistency
B) internal consistency
C) external validity
D) internal validity

Question 74

Dr. Figueroa finds a correlation between testosterone levels and the likelihood of aggressive behavior. Which of the following statements regarding this correlation is FALSE?

A) It is positive.
B) It is not perfect.
C) It may mean that aggression produces high testosterone levels.
D) It means that high testosterone levels produce aggression.

Question 75

"New and different is always better," Karl often says. Karl would score high on a measure of the personality trait of __________.

A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) impulsivity
D) sensation seeking

Question 76

The primary purpose of sympathetic nervous system activation is to __________.

A) prepare the body for rest
B) regulate heart rate and respiration
C) prepare the body for muscular effort
D) aid digestion

Question 77

High testosterone levels in the bloodstream are associated with increased physical aggressiveness. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Some human aggression bears no relationship to testosterone levels.
B) Testosterone is not associated with aggression in many other species, like lizards, turtles, mice, and monkeys.
C) Researchers have yet to show that aggressive feelings lead to an increase in the secretion of testosterone.
D) Aggression has also been shown to reflect high levels of the female sex hormone, estrogen.

Question 78

LeAndra tends to act without thinking. LeAndra would score high on a measure of the personality trait of __________.

A) sensation seeking
B) impulsivity
C) extraversion
D) neuroticism

Question 79

Which of the following BEST reflects your text's conclusion regarding the relationship between media violence and aggression?

A) There is no real association between media violence and aggression.
B) There is a loose association between media violence and aggression.
C) There is a causal association between media violence and aggression.
D) There is a correlational association between media violence and aggression.

Question 80

Social provocations are more likely to inspire aggression if the person involved __________.

A) has unrealistically high self-esteem
B) is an extravert
C) has a history of child abuse
D) suffers from social anxiety disorder