Deck 17: Body Defense Mechanisms

Question 1

If a pathogen penetrates nonspecific physical and chemical surface barriers, it breaks through the ________.

A) first line of defense
B) second line of defense
C) third line of defense
D) first and second lines of defense

Answer 1

A

Question 2

This group of proteins can actually punch holes in pathogenic cells.

A) complement system
B) histamines
C) fibrinogens
D) interleukin I

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Ivonna, 15, was exposed to the measles virus 13 days ago but doesn't seem to be getting sick. She was sick from the disease when she was 10, so her body has most likely activated this reaction.

A) secondary response
B) primary response
C) final response
D) anabasic

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is not a function of an antibody?

A) activate complement cascade
B) attract phagocytes
C) stimulate helper T cells
D) neutralize toxins

Question 5

Any substance that triggers an immune response in the body is called a(n) ________.

A) MHC marker
B) memory cell
C) antigen
D) complement

Question 6

These white blood cells attack virus-infected cells in the body.

A) helper T cells
B) cytotoxic T cells
C) suppressor T cells
D) plasma cells

Question 7

Which is a type of lymphocyte that forms in the bone marrow but matures in the thymus gland?

A) lymphoma
B) T cell
C) B cell
D) none of the above

Question 8

If a disease attacked this type of white blood cell, a person would no longer be able to mobilize his or her specific defenses.

A) plasma cells
B) helper T cells
C) cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D) B lymphocytes

Question 9

A child may be given the vaccine for chickenpox. If the child goes to school and plays with other children who have the chickenpox virus, the vaccinated child will not get sick. Why is this?

A) Vaccines act like antibiotics so that any organism in the body will be destroyed before the immune system has to respond.
B) Vaccines introduce a friendly virus into cells so they cannot be infected with a second virus.
C) Vaccines produce a primary response in which memory cells are generated that respond rapidly in a second exposure.
D) Vaccines stimulate macrophages to work extra hard to fight infections.

Question 10

Which antibody has the shape of a pentamer, or five-sided arrangement?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgM
D) IgG

Question 11

Juana is exhibiting redness, swelling, and elevated temperature in one area of her arm. She has a condition known as ________.

A) anaphylactic shock
B) inflammation
C) asthma
D) passive immunity

Question 12

Which of the following can be defined as small proteins that are secreted from virally infected cells to prevent the spread of the infection?

A) macrophages
B) mast cells
C) immunoglobulins
D) interferons

Question 13

Which of the following is not a strategy of the body to defend against foreign organisms and cancer cells?

A) physical barrier
B) adaptive immune response
C) antibiotic pills
D) internal cellular defense

Question 14

The release of stored memory B and T cells in response to a second encounter with an antigen is called ________.

A) secondary response
B) innate response
C) immunity
D) primary response

Question 15

Which of the following is capable of resetting the thermostat of the body to cause a fever?

A) antigen
B) perforin
C) complement
D) pyrogen

Question 16

A system that consists of a group of 20 proteins whose activities enhance the body's other defense mechanisms is called ________.

A) antigen
B) antibodies
C) mast cell
D) complement

Question 17

Antigens are substances that the immune system does not recognize as self. Which of the following are antigens?

A) strep throat bacteria
B) cancer cells in the lung
C) HIV
D) All of these can act as antigens.

Question 18

Descendant cells that are long-lived and "remember" a particular invader and mount a rapid intense response to it if it should reappear are ________.

A) macrophages
B) memory cells
C) suppressor cells
D) helper cells

Question 19

Why are severe burn patients at extreme risk of infection?

A) The skin is the first and primary barrier to preventing ingress of foreign substances.
B) These patients have to stay in a hospital environment for a long time while being exposed to sick people.
C) Most immune system cells are destroyed when the skin is damaged.
D) The skin helps with the production of vitamin E, a necessary disease-fighting vitamin.

Question 20

The eye is a warm, moist environment favored by many harmful bacteria. Nevertheless, eye infections are relatively rare. Why is this?

A) The enzyme tearase inhibits bacterial growth.
B) Tears contain the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme.
C) The eyes are constantly exposed to UV light, which inhibits bacterial growth.
D) Antibodies, particularly IgM, are secreted in abundance in the tears.

Question 21

Briefly explain how the body's first line of defense against pathogens works.

Question 22

A(n) ________ is an overreaction by the immune system to an allergen.

Question 23

If all of the hairlike structures, called ________, in respiratory passages suddenly stopped working, a person would probably have more respiratory infections.

Question 24

Allergens combine with IgE to cause mast cells to release ________.

A) interferons
B) histamine
C) plasma cells
D) interleukin I

Question 25

What are the three strategies for defending against foreign organisms, cells, or molecules?

Question 26

One type of bacteria, called gram-negative bacteria, has a pyrogen molecule that is part of its membrane structure. This endogenous pyrogen is released when the cell is destroyed by the immune system. Why would a severe gram-negative bacterial infection be particularly dangerous to a patient?

Question 27

________ are a type of phagocytic cell that will attack and kill anything not recognized as part of the body.

Question 28

________ is the procedure in which a harmless form of an antigen from a pathogen is introduced into the body in order to stimulate an immune response to that antigen.

Question 29

Each cell in an individual's body carries certain molecules that tell the body they belong to that individual. Those molecules are called ________.

Question 30

Lysozyme, a protective enzyme found in tears and saliva, is an example of a(n) ________ barrier.

Question 31

A wound to the skin may become swollen, red, and hot to the touch. These three responses are part of the ________.

Question 32

According to preliminary tests, Alexandra has liver cancer, but the mass is inoperable and hard to localize. In order to administer x-ray beam therapy safely and effectively, the doctors must find the exact location of the cancer. Which of the following methods would be best in this situation?

A) radioactive monoclonal antibodies
B) fluorescence-linked B cells
C) activated neutrophils
D) enormous mast cell injections

Question 33

Which of the following is not an example of active immunity?

A) passing of antibodies from a mother to an infant during breastfeeding
B) a vaccination against seasonal flu
C) antibodies created in response to exposure to bacteria
D) cytotoxic T cells created in response to a virus

Question 34

Organisms that invade the body and cause disease are known as ________.

Question 35

________ are lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow but then mature in the thymus.

Question 36

Monoclonal antibodies are useful in treating cancer when radioactive materials or tumor-killing drugs are attached to them. How is it that these cancer-killing methods are delivered only to the tumor and not to other, healthy cells?

A) Antibodies will specifically bind to the antigen target for which they are designed, here a cancer cell.
B) Antibodies will attach to any cancer cell found, even if there are several different types present.
C) Antibodies will stimulate the actions of T helper cells to fight the cancer.
D) Antibodies will stimulate the actions of cytotoxic T cells to fight the cancer.

Question 37

Abdul, who is 6 years old and beginning his first day of school, comes into his classroom where some other children are eating peanuts. Within a few minutes he complains of dizziness and seems to be struggling to breathe. You suspect ________.

A) chickenpox
B) anaphylactic shock
C) cancer
D) Kaposi's sarcoma

Question 38

Why is organ transplantation challenging?

A) Organs cannot be grown in the laboratory.
B) Identical twins cannot donate organs to each other by law.
C) T cells from the immune system attack transplanted tissue.
D) To harvest a donor's organs, the donor needs to be dead for at least 24 hours.

Question 39

Zacchias has been in a horrible fire, and 50% of the total surface of his skin has been destroyed. Given the information in this chapter, why is it so important to replace the burned skin, and what is his best specific option for replacement?

Question 40

Lupus is a disease in which the immune system produces antibodies that attach to various tissues throughout the body, which initiates massive inflammation and tissue death. What type of disease is this, and what sort of treatment may prove effective?

Question 41

Allergy shots require many injections over long periods of time to be effective. Why can't the body get over an allergy with just a couple of injections?