Deck 8: Section 1: Personality Theories and Assessment

Question 1

In Maslow's theory, what needs must be satisfied prior to self-actualization?

A) unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy
B) physiological, safety, belonging, and esteem
C) security, self-efficacy, and superiority
D) emotional stability, impulse control, and attention

Answer 1

physiological, safety, belonging, and esteem

Question 2

In Freudian theory, how does projection differ from reaction formation?

A) Projection involves repression of unacceptable impulses, and reaction formation involves expression of unacceptable impulses.
B) Projection involves unconscious activity, and reaction formation involves conscious activity.
C) Projection involves attributing one's own unacceptable impulses to other people, and reaction formation involves behaving opposite to the way one feels.
D) Projection involves channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable behaviors, and reaction formation involves behaving like a child.

Answer 2

Projection involves attributing one's own unacceptable impulses to other people, and reaction formation involves behaving opposite to the way one feels.

Question 3

Self-efficacy and locus of control are similar in that both relate to people's perceptions of their personal effectiveness in dealing with the environment. For example, people with _____ self-efficacy tend to feel helpless as do people with a strong _____ locus of control.

A) low; internal
B) low; external
C) high; internal
D) high; external

Answer 3

low; external

Question 4

Why does the method used to construct the MMPI-2 ensure its predictive validity?

A) It was developed by factor analysis.
B) It includes ten clinical scales and three validity scales.
C) It includes only items that people from two distinct groups responded to differently.
D) It was designed to be scored objectively.

Question 5

In Freud's theory, why does the ego have a difficult job?

A) Because the ego is the conscience, it must constantly resist temptation.
B) Because the ego is the executive, it must resolve conflicts between the id and superego.
C) Because the ego operates on the pleasure principle, it must find ways to avoid unpleasant situations.
D) Because the ego is entirely unconscious, it has difficulty influencing conscious behavior.

Question 6

According to Freudian theory, which statement about fixation is TRUE?

A) Fixation occurs primarily during Freud's genital stage.
B) Fixation occurs because people are so satisfied with how conflicts are resolved in one stage that they refuse to progress to the next stage.
C) Fixation involves a lack of development of the morality of the ego.
D) Fixation involves part of the id's pleasure-seeking energy remaining in a particular erogenous zone.

Question 7

According to Rogers's theory, unconditional positive regard is important because it helps people _____.

A) develop their own true self
B) act in ways that please others
C) demonstrate good moral judgment
D) adjust to different situations

Question 8

When doing factor analysis, the level of abstraction influences the number of factors identified, with more general theories having _____ factors. Another variable that the text indicates has an influence on the number of factors identified is the _____.

A) more; type of data
B) more; sample variability
C) fewer; type of data
D) fewer; sample variability