Deck 6: Section 3: Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

The representativeness heuristic leads us to _____.

A) judge the probability of an event in terms of its prominence in memory
B) judge the probability of category membership by resemblance to categorical definition
C) seek only evidence that confirms our beliefs
D) maintain our beliefs even though we have been given evidence that contradicts them

Answer 1

judge the probability of category membership by resemblance to categorical definition

Question 2

A heritability estimate of 100 percent for intelligence in a given population means that the variation in intelligence for this population is determined _____.

A) solely by genetics
B) solely by environmental experiences
C) 50 percent by genetics and 50 percent by environmental experiences
D) 75 percent by genetics and 25 percent by environmental experiences

Answer 2

solely by genetics

Question 3

Mistakenly believing that two events are related is called _____.

A) functional fixedness
B) illusory correlation
C) the Flynn effect
D) the conjunction fallacy

Answer 3

illusory correlation

Question 4

If you compute the area of a room by using the formula length $\times$ width = area, you are using _____.

A) an algorithm
B) a heuristic
C) the conjunction rule
D) the anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Question 5

The folding problem in which you are asked to estimate the thickness of a 0.1 millimeter sheet of paper folded in on itself 100 times illustrates how the _____ can lead to dramatic underestimates of the correct answer to an estimation problem.

A) representativeness heuristic
B) availability heuristic
C) anchoring and adjustment heuristic
D) conjunction rule

Question 6

Which statement about test reliability and validity is FALSE?

A) A test can be reliable and valid.
B) A test can be reliable but not valid.
C) A test can be valid but not reliable.
D) A test can be neither reliable nor valid.

Question 7

Which intelligence theorist proposed three types of intelligence-analytical, practical, and creative?

A) Sternberg
B) Gardner
C) Thurstone
D) Spearman

Question 8

In the 2-4-6 problem, participants demonstrate _____ in testing their hypotheses.

A) mental set
B) confirmation bias
C) person-who reasoning
D) belief perseverance

Question 9

Overestimating the probability of dying in an airplane crash is likely the result of using the _____.

A) representativeness heuristic
B) availability heuristic
C) anchoring heuristic
D) conjunction rule

Question 10

A person who questions the validity of the research findings that indicate smoking leads to health problems because he knows someone who has smoked most of his life and has no health problems is using _____.

A) the representativeness heuristic
B) the availability heuristic
C) person-who reasoning
D) inferential-statistical reasoning

Question 11

Which intelligence theorist emphasized the g factor?

A) Sternberg
B) Gardner
C) Spearman
D) Thurstone

Question 12

The Flynn effect refers to the observation that average intelligence test scores in the United States and other Western industrialized nations have _____ over the past century.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) stayed the same
D) first increased but then decreased

Question 13

The intelligence test scores for _____ are most strongly correlated.

A) identical twins reared apart
B) fraternal twins reared together
C) siblings reared together
D) unrelated people reared apart

Question 14

The tendency to think of only the most typical uses of objects in a problem setting is called _____.

A) fixation
B) mental set
C) functional fixedness
D) anchoring

Question 15

In the Linda problem, if you judge that it is more likely that Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement than that Linda is a bank teller, you are using the _____ heuristic and committing the _____ fallacy.

A) availability; gambling
B) availability; conjunction
C) representativeness; gambling
D) representativeness; conjunction