Deck 6: Section 1: Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

To avoid the possibility that confirmation bias may lead us to perceive an illusory correlation, we need to focus on which of the following?

A) disconfirming events only
B) confirming events only
C) both disconfirming and confirming events
D) adherence to the conjunction rule

Answer 1

both disconfirming and confirming events

Question 2

The average correlation between intelligence scores is greater for identical twins than fraternal twins, supporting the _____ explanation of intelligence. The average correlation between intelligence scores for identical twins decreases when the twins are adopted and raised apart in different environments, supporting the _____ explanation of intelligence.

A) nurture; nurture
B) nurture; nature
C) nature; nurture
D) nature; nature

Answer 2

nature; nurture

Question 3

How does a deviation IQ score differ from Stern's IQ formula?

A) A deviation IQ reveals how a child performed relative to all children of the same age.
B) Calculating a deviation IQ score involves dividing a child's mental age by the child's chronological age.
C) Calculating Stern's IQ formula involves expressing scores in standard deviation units.
D) Wechsler's standardization procedure for the deviation IQ ignored individuals' ages.

Answer 3

A deviation IQ reveals how a child performed relative to all children of the same age.

Question 4

After reading the description of Linda in your text, most people indicate it is more likely that Linda is both a bank teller and active in the feminist movement than that Linda is just a bank teller. That example illustrates that the _____ heuristic leads people to _____.

A) availability; create an illusory correlation
B) representativeness; create an illusory correlation
C) availability; commit the conjunction fallacy
D) representativeness; commit the conjunction fallacy

Question 5

How are Sternberg's and Gardner's theories of intelligence different from other theories of intelligence?

A) Neither includes a measure of analytical ability.
B) Both propose types of intelligence that are not measured by the WAIS or Stanford-Binet.
C) Both include at least three abilities that are not considered mental abilities.
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 6

Use of the representativeness heuristic can lead to the conjunction fallacy by causing us to do which of the following?

A) ignore the conjunction rule
B) make judgments based on similarity
C) disregard objective probabilities
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 7

The availability heuristic leads us to make incorrect estimates regarding the risk of different causes of death because we _____ the risk of more publicized causes and _____ the risk of less publicized causes.

A) overestimate; overestimate
B) overestimate; underestimate
C) underestimate; overestimate
D) underestimate; underestimate

Question 8

Why is standardization of a test necessary?

A) to be sure a test is reliable
B) to be sure a test is valid
C) to provide an index of heritability
D) to provide a way to interpret performance

Question 9

Why might the anchoring and adjustment heuristic lead us to make errors in estimation?

A) We have difficulty finding an anchor.
B) We tend to use an incorrect anchor, even though our adjustment is typically accurate.
C) We fail to adjust our initial anchor properly.
D) After focusing on an anchor, we completely forget to adjust it.

Question 10

Imagine a base rate of 2 percent for a disease, a false positive rate of 10 percent, and a sensitivity rate of 90 percent for the screening test for the disease. Which is the BEST estimate of the conditional probability that a person given a positive test result actually has the disease?

A) 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 15 percent
D) 20 percent