Deck 5: Section 2:memory

Question 1

Temporal integration is a(n) _____ procedure for measuring _____.

A) direct; whether practice can improve iconic memory
B) direct; the duration of iconic memory
C) inferential; whether practice can improve iconic memory
D) inferential; the duration and capacity of iconic memory

Answer 1

direct; the duration of iconic memory

Question 2

According to the three-stage model of memory, in what sequence does incoming information flow through memory?

A) sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
B) short-term memory, sensory memory, long-term memory
C) short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory
D) long-term memory, sensory memory, short-term memory

Answer 2

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Question 3

Iconic memory in the visual sensory register is believed to last for _____.

A) less than 1 second
B) 3 to 5 seconds
C) 5 to 10 seconds
D) 20 to 30 seconds

Answer 3

less than 1 second

Question 4

The duration of iconic memory has been successfully measured using the _____ procedure.

A) iconic integration
B) temporal partial-report
C) temporal integration
D) iconic report

Question 5

_____ memory is to the visual sensory register as _____ is to the auditory sensory register.

A) Iconic; echoic
B) Echoic; iconic
C) Iconic; haptic
D) Haptic; echoic

Question 6

In Sperling's full-report procedure, after viewing a matrix of letters for less than 1 second, what were participants asked to do?

A) listen for a tone, and report only those letters in the row signaled by the tone
B) listen for a tone, and report all letters they could remember from the entire matrix
C) report all letters they could remember from the entire matrix
D) view a second matrix and report only those letters that were in both matrices

Question 7

The initial stage of memory is somewhat comparable to _____, involving input that _____.

A) sensation; has been recognized
B) sensation; has not been recognized
C) perception; has been recognized
D) perception; has not been recognized

Question 8

Which statement about Sperling's procedures to study sensory memory is correct?

A) On each trial, participants recalled about 4.5 letters in the full-report procedure but all letters in the partial-report procedure.
B) On each trial, participants recalled about 4.5 letters in the partial-report procedure but all letters in the full-report procedure.
C) There was a negative correlation between number of letters recalled and time delay before auditory cue in the partial-report procedure.
D) There was a negative correlation between number of letters recalled and time delay before auditory cue in the full-report procedure.

Question 9

Iconic memory duration is to _____ as echoic memory duration is to _____.

A) less than 1 second; 4 to 5 seconds
B) 1 to 2 seconds; 2 to 3 seconds
C) 2 to 3 seconds; 1 to 2 seconds
D) 4 to 5 seconds; less than 1 second

Question 10

Using Sperling's full-report procedure, participants recalled _____ letters on average, and using the partial-report procedure, participants recalled _____ the letters on the indicated row.

A) 3; half
B) 4; half
C) 3; all
D) 4.5; all

Question 11

What were the results of Sperling's partial-report procedure?

A) If a tone was sounded immediately after the matrix disappeared, people accurately reported all letters in the row signaled by the tone.
B) If a tone was sounded immediately after the matrix disappeared, people accurately reported all letters in the top row and part of the second row only.
C) If a tone was sounded 2 seconds after the matrix disappeared, people accurately reported all letters in the row signaled by the tone.
D) If a tone was sounded 2 seconds after the matrix disappeared, people accurately reported all letters in the matrix.

Question 12

The partial report is a(n) _____ procedure for measuring _____.

A) direct; whether practice can improve iconic memory
B) direct; the duration and capacity of iconic memory
C) inferential; whether practice can improve iconic memory
D) inferential; the duration and capacity of iconic memory

Question 13

Which statement about our senses and sensory memory is FALSE?

A) Our sensory memory contains registers for all five senses.
B) In sensory memory, the auditory register is dominant.
C) In sensory memory, the visual register is dominant.
D) Information in iconic memory lasts less than one second.

Question 14

The duration of auditory sensory register is approximately _____.

A) 4 to 5 seconds
B) 5 to 10 seconds
C) 30 seconds
D) 1 minute

Question 15

Photographic memory that lasts for less than 1 second is also called _____.

A) visual memory
B) sensory memory
C) iconic memory
D) both sensory memory and iconic memory

Question 16

When we need to use information previously stored, it flows from _____ memory into _____ memory.

A) short-term; sensory
B) short-term; long-term
C) long-term; sensory
D) long-term; short-term

Question 17

Our sensory memory registers allow us to _____.

A) move into short-term memory everything our sensory registers receive
B) recognize and become consciously aware of all the sensory information we receive
C) see discontinuous stimuli as continuous through iconic memory processing
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 18

Which conclusion(s) can be drawn by combining the results from Sperling's full- and partial-report procedures for studying sensory memory?

A) There is a visual sensory register.
B) Storage in iconic memory is an exact copy of the visual stimulus.
C) Storage in iconic memory lasts less than 1 second.
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 19

_____ memory is to bottom-up processing as _____ memory is to top-down processing.

A) Sensory; long-term
B) Long-term; sensory
C) Short-term; long-term
D) Long-term; short-term

Question 20

Which of the following describes iconic memory?

A) memory for visual images that have accumulated throughout your life
B) memory for pictures that you have seen within the last 30 seconds
C) memory for all incoming visual information that lasts for less than 1 second
D) memory for incoming visual information that has been recognized

Question 21

For most Americans, the acronym USA is _____ chunk(s) of information; the date 1776 is _____ chunk(s) of information.

A) 1; 1
B) 1; 4
C) 3; 1
D) 3; 4

Question 22

In a memory span task, participants are given two lists of items to recall. Items on List A are three-letter acronyms, such as USA and ABC, and items on List B are three unrelated letters, such as BQD and YHP. It is likely that participants will recall more letters from _____, which can be BEST explained by the use of _____.

A) List A; priming
B) List A; chunking
C) List B; priming
D) List B; chunking

Question 23

When it pertains to memory processes, the term "chunk" means _____.

A) a memory strategy used for grouping unrelated information
B) a meaningful unit in memory
C) the information pieces moved from sensory memory into long-term memory
D) the average number of items remembered across a series of memory span trials

Question 24

When recall of a memory requires conscious effort and entails making declarations about the information remembered, you are using your _____ memory.

A) implicit
B) iconic
C) explicit
D) nondeclarative

Question 25

Remembering how to drive a car is to _____ memory as remembering how to ride a bike is to _____ memory.

A) explicit; implicit
B) implicit; explicit
C) implicit; implicit
D) explicit; explicit

Question 26

"Memory span" refers to which of the following?

A) how long a person's recall for a list of 10 words will last
B) the average number of items a person recalls across multiple trials
C) how many different types of items, such as pictures and numbers, a person can recall
D) the average number of items a person recognizes from sets of 20 items

Question 27

Which term does NOT belong with the others?

A) priming
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) classical conditioning

Question 28

George Miller is credited with determining _____.

A) how long information can be held in short-term memory
B) the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory
C) why larger chunks of information are harder to retain in short-term memory than smaller chunks of information
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 29

It has been estimated that the long-term storage capacity of the human brain is approximately one million gigabytes, which is enough to hold _____ million hours of television shows.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 30

The "magical number 7 $\pm$ 2" was derived from studies on _____.

A) the spacing effect
B) the serial position effect
C) STM (short-term memory) capacity
D) STM (short-term memory) duration

Question 31

An experimenter presents a small amount of information to a participant and then immediately distracts her from rehearsal by asking her to count backwards from 100 by 3s. This task would be MOST useful in studying _____.

A) sensory memory capacity
B) sensory memory duration
C) short-term memory capacity
D) short-term memory duration

Question 32

If we do not concentrate on the information in short-term memory, it will be lost after approximately _____.

A) 15 seconds
B) 30 seconds
C) 1 minute
D) 2 minutes

Question 33

Knowing how to ride a bicycle requires the use of _____ memory, whereas knowing the name of a state capital requires the use of _____.

A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) episodic; semantic
D) semantic; episodic

Question 34

Which procedure(s) would be MOST useful in studying the duration of short-term memory?

A) memory distractor task
B) memory span task
C) temporal integration procedure
D) All of these.

Question 35

Laura vividly remembers her high school graduation, an example of _____ memory, but has forgotten the meaning of the term "photosynthesis," a failure of _____ memory.

A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) episodic; semantic
D) semantic; episodic

Question 36

Maintenance rehearsal is MOST useful for _____.

A) retaining information in sensory memory
B) retaining information in short-term memory
C) retaining information in long-term memory
D) All of these.

Question 37

What is the purpose of counting backwards in the distractor task?

A) to prevent rehearsal of the information to be remembered
B) to determine if memory for numbers is better than memory for letters
C) to assess if people can remember a mixture of numbers and letters
D) to block distraction from noise in the experimental laboratory

Question 38

Remembering how to type on a keyboard is an example of which type of memory?

A) iconic memory
B) semantic memory
C) implicit memory
D) explicit memory

Question 39

Which statement concerning memory "chunks" is FALSE?

A) Most people can hold 7 $\pm$ 2 chunks of information in STM (short-term memory).
B) A chunk is a meaningful unit of information in memory.
C) There is no difference in the size of chunks when experts in a particular area are compared to novices in the same area.
D) A memory span task leads to greater recall when it includes acronyms that can be chunked.

Question 40

In the memory span task, participants _____.

A) are presented with a series of items one at a time and then asked to recall the items in the order in which they were presented
B) recall a small part of a matrix of letters
C) recall the entire matrix of presented letters
D) are presented with meaningless dot patterns that produce a meaningful pattern if presented sequentially

Question 41

One explanation for infantile/child amnesia is that _____ is (are) not fully developed.

A) the cerebellum
B) long-term memory
C) the hippocampus
D) both the cerebellum and the hippocampus

Question 42

The primacy effect results from superior recall from _____ memory, and the recency effect results from superior recall from _____ memory.

A) short-term; long-term
B) long-term; short-term
C) explicit; implicit
D) implicit; explicit

Question 43

A research participant is asked to recall one at a time a list of 20 words he has just been asked to learn. When he recalls more words from the beginning than the middle of the list, it is called the _____ effect and is MOST likely due to recall from _____.

A) primacy; short-term memory
B) primacy; long-term memory
C) recency; short-term memory
D) recency; long-term memory

Question 44

We can effectively eliminate the recency effect in a free recall task by _____.

A) selecting a list of words that all begin with the same letter
B) forcing participants to study each of the words on the list equally
C) preventing rehearsal and delaying the time between presentation and recall of the words
D) All of these.

Question 45

In the case study of H. M., his _____ long-term memory was affected and he suffered from _____ amnesia.

A) explicit; retrograde
B) implicit; retrograde
C) explicit; anterograde
D) implicit; anterograde

Question 46

Research evidence suggests the _____ is important in the formation of explicit memories and the _____ is important in the formation of implicit memories.

A) amygdala; hypothalamus
B) hypothalamus; amygdala
C) cerebellum; hippocampus
D) hippocampus; cerebellum

Question 47

Implicit memory for cognitive and motor tasks is known as _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) priming

Question 48

Infantile/child amnesia is the inability of adults to remember events that occurred before about 3 years of age. This means that adults have no _____ memories for this time period.

A) semantic
B) implicit
C) nondeclarative
D) episodic

Question 49

Rebecca demonstrated normal implicit repetition priming effects on a word fragment completion task but had difficulty forming new memories. It is likely Rebecca has experienced damage to her _____.

A) hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) basal ganglia
D) hypothalamus

Question 50

Which statement concerning implicit memory is FALSE?

A) Not all implicit memories are procedural memories.
B) Classically conditioned responses are implicit memories.
C) Implicit memories require conscious effort to recall.
D) Priming is an involuntary, nonconscious implicit process.

Question 51

As explicit memories age, participation by the _____ tends to _____.

A) cerebellum; increase
B) hippocampus; increase
C) cerebellum; decrease
D) hippocampus; decrease

Question 52

_____ memory is to automatic processing as _____ memory is to conscious effort.

A) Episodic; implicit
B) Semantic; episodic
C) Implicit; explicit
D) Explicit; semantic

Question 53

In a free recall task, items from the middle of the list are typically recalled _____ frequently than those at the beginning of the list and _____ frequently than those at the end of the list.

A) less; less
B) less; more
C) more; less
D) more; more

Question 54

Individuals suffering from _____ amnesia are unable to store new _____ memories that are believed to be processed in the _____.

A) retrograde; explicit; cerebellum
B) anterograde; implicit; cerebellum
C) retrograde; implicit; hippocampus
D) anterograde; explicit; hippocampus

Question 55

After surgery to reduce the impact of epileptic seizures, H. M. suffered from _____ amnesia, meaning that he was unable to _____.

A) anterograde; recall long-term memories from the time prior to surgery
B) anterograde; form new long-term memories after surgery
C) retrograde; recall long-term memories from the time prior to surgery
D) retrograde; form new long-term memories after surgery

Question 56

H. M.'s performance on the mirror-tracing task revealed that he _____.

A) could encode new procedural and episodic memories
B) could encode new procedural memories
C) could encode new episodic memories
D) had suffered damage to his cerebellum as well as his hippocampus

Question 57

Which statement concerning H. M.'s memory abilities following surgery is FALSE?

A) H. M.'s short-term and long-term memory abilities were severely damaged following his surgery.
B) H. M. had difficulty remembering new people he met but not people he knew before his surgery.
C) H. M.'s hippocampus and surrounding temporal lobe areas were removed to reduce his epileptic seizures.
D) H. M. had anterograde amnesia following his surgery.

Question 58

_____ is a type of implicit memory that occurs when an earlier stimulus influences the response to a later stimulus.

A) Episodic
B) Semantic
C) Procedural
D) Priming

Question 59

Following injury to his cerebellum, Frank experienced difficulty forming new _____ memories.

A) iconic
B) semantic
C) short-term
D) implicit

Question 60

Joe studies a list of words that includes the word motel. He later completes the word fragment mot--- with the word motel instead of the word mother even though he does not consciously recall studying the word motel. This behavior likely occurs because of _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) episodic memory
C) iconic memory
D) priming

Question 61

Retrieval is _____.

A) the process of maintaining information in a memory stage
B) the process of bringing information stored in long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory
C) the process of bringing information stored in short-term memory to the conscious level in sensory memory
D) the process of transferring information from one memory stage to the next

Question 62

Research suggests which of the following is one of the BEST ways to remember information about memory in your textbook?

A) rereading it several times
B) relating it to yourself
C) saying it aloud
D) copying it from the text

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of elaborative rehearsal?

A) To remember the meaning of temporal integration, Melvin highlights the term in his textbook.
B) To remember the concept "procedural" memory, Margaret thinks of her experience riding a bicycle.
C) To remember the flow of information through memory, Michael repeats the sequence multiple times.
D) To remember the story of H. M., Michelle writes "H. M.-amnesia" several times.

Question 64

If people count backwards for 30 seconds after viewing a list of words, then attempt to freely recall the words, the serial position curve is likely to reveal _____.

A) both a primacy and recency effect
B) a primacy effect but not a recency effect
C) a recency effect but not a primacy effect
D) neither a primacy nor a recency effect

Question 65

Automatic processing involves _____.

A) subconsciously deleting information from the memory system
B) a tendency to automatically recall emotionally significant events
C) processing that does not require attention
D) All of these.

Question 66

Encoding is _____.

A) the process of maintaining information in a particular stage
B) the process of bringing information stored in long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory
C) the process of bringing information stored in short-term memory to the conscious level in long-term memory
D) the process of transferring information from one memory stage to the next

Question 67

Elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal because _____.

A) it takes more time and more time means more memory
B) it provides more retrieval cues when we need to recall information
C) it is more difficult to do, and the extra energy required tells the brain "remember this"
D) it requires the use of mnemonic devices that improve recall

Question 68

Encoding refers to which of the following transfers of information?

A) from sensory to short-term memory
B) from short-term memory to sensory memory
C) from long-term memory to short-term memory
D) both sensory to short-term memory and long-term memory to short-term memory

Question 69

The primacy effect likely occurs because research participants _____.

A) believe that the first words presented are the most important to recall
B) believe that the last words presented are the most important to recall
C) study the first few words in the list more than later words
D) study the last few words in the list more than earlier words

Question 70

Storage is _____.

A) the process of maintaining information in a memory stage
B) the process of bringing information stored in long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory
C) the process of bringing information stored in short-term memory to the conscious level in long-term memory
D) the process of transferring information from one memory stage to the next

Question 71

According to levels-of-processing theory, _____ processing stimulates greater recall than _____ processing.

A) physical; acoustic
B) acoustic; semantic
C) physical; semantic
D) semantic; acoustic

Question 72

Tessa frequently has difficulty remembering where she left her car keys. If she wants to be more likely to recall where she left her keys in the future, she should engage in _____.

A) automatic processing
B) effortful processing
C) levels of processing
D) memory processing

Question 73

Long-term recognition memory is best for words encoded _____, next best for those encoded _____, and worst for those encoded _____.

A) semantically; physically; acoustically
B) acoustically; physically; semantically
C) physically; semantically; acoustically
D) semantically; acoustically; physically

Question 74

Sandra read a section of her textbook, but when she tried to answer the concept check questions at the end of the section, she could not even remember reading about the topics covered in the questions. It is likely that when reading, Sandra used _____ rather than _____, which is required for effective study.

A) visual encoding; verbal encoding
B) verbal encoding; visual encoding
C) automatic processing; effortful processing
D) effortful processing; automatic processing

Question 75

Maintenance rehearsal is to _____ as elaborative rehearsal is to _____.

A) shallower processing; deeper processing
B) long-term memory; sensory memory
C) deeper processing; shallower processing
D) sensory memory; short-term memory

Question 76

What type of "work" is done in working memory?

A) preparing information for transfer to sensory memory
B) storing information permanently for many years
C) processing information for storage or decision making
D) gathering information directly from the environment

Question 77

Research by Craik and Tulving revealed that recognition of words depended on the types of questions asked about each word. Which of the following BEST reflects their findings concerning processing conditions ordered from best to worst?

A) physical $\rightarrow$ acoustic $\rightarrow$ semantic
B) acoustic $\rightarrow$ physical $\rightarrow$ semantic
C) semantic $\rightarrow$ acoustic $\rightarrow$ physical
D) acoustic $\rightarrow$ semantic $\rightarrow$ physical

Question 78

Craik and Tulving found that recognition memory was best in the _____ processing condition and worst in the _____ processing condition.

A) acoustic; semantic
B) semantic; physical
C) acoustic; physical
D) physical; semantic

Question 79

Conscious is to unconscious as _____ is to _____.

A) encoding; retrieval
B) automatic processing; effortful processing
C) effortful processing; automatic processing
D) retrieval; encoding

Question 80

If people are forced to rehearse all words on a list equally, followed by freely recalling the words, the serial position curve is likely to reveal _____.

A) both a primacy and a recency effect
B) a primacy effect but not a recency effect
C) a recency effect but not a primacy effect
D) neither a primacy nor a recency effect