Deck 2: Section 2: Neuroscience

Question 1

The cells comprising the support system in the nervous system are the _____, and the cells responsible for receiving, sending, and integrating information in the nervous system are the _____.

A) neurons; glial cells
B) glial cells; neurons
C) glial cells; glial cells
D) neurons; neurons

Answer 1

glial cells; neurons

Question 2

The process of neural transmission within a neuron begins at the _____ and ends at the _____.

A) cell body; axon
B) axon terminals; cell body
C) cell body; dendrites
D) dendrites; axon terminals

Answer 2

dendrites; axon terminals

Question 3

Approximately _____ percent of the cells in the human brain are glial cells.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 60
D) 90

Answer 3

90

Question 4

Which part of the neuron decides whether or not information should be passed on to other neurons?

A) axon
B) cell body
C) dendrites
D) axon terminals

Question 5

In which instances will the cell body generate an impulse?

A) Excitatory input and inhibitory input are equal.
B) Inhibitory input outweighs excitatory input by a certain amount.
C) Excitatory input outweighs inhibitory input by a certain amount.
D) The cell body will generate an impulse if either (a) or (c) is true.

Question 6

The _____ is the totality of the connections between neurons in your nervous system.

A) genome
B) connectome
C) neuronome
D) glianome

Question 7

For any particular neuron, an "all-or-nothing" event refers to which of the following?

A) All impulses travel at the same speed, no matter how intense a stimulus is.
B) All dendrites must receive input or the axon will not transmit an impulse.
C) All axon terminals pass on information, or none do.
D) All input must be excitatory or no information will travel down the axon.

Question 8

Starting with incoming information, which of the following describes the sequence of neuronal transmission?

A) dendrites $\rightarrow$ cell body $\rightarrow$ axon $\rightarrow$ axon terminal
B) dendrites $\rightarrow$ axon terminal $\rightarrow$ axon $\rightarrow$ cell body
C) axon $\rightarrow$ axon terminal $\rightarrow$ cell body $\rightarrow$ dendrite
D) axon terminal $\rightarrow$ axon $\rightarrow$ cell body $\rightarrow$ dendrite

Question 9

Which part of the neuron looks like the branches of a tree?

A) axon
B) cell body
C) dendrites
D) myelin sheath

Question 10

We are able to interpret varying intensities of stimuli (e.g., a pat versus a slap) because _____.

A) a single neuron can send an intense message or a less intense message
B) special neurons send messages more intensely
C) neurons send messages more frequently when we receive more intense stimuli
D) each neuron sends a different type of signal

Question 11

The _____ contain(s) the nucleus of the neuron.

A) axon
B) dendrites
C) cell body
D) glial cell

Question 12

Which statement about the speed of neural impulses is TRUE?

A) Impulses in all neurons travel at the same speed.
B) Impulses can travel as fast as 200 miles per hour.
C) Impulses travel slower if an axon is encased in myelin.
D) Impulses travel faster if the intensity of the stimulus is strong.

Question 13

The human brain is estimated to consist of approximately _____ nerve cells (neurons).

A) 100 million
B) 500 million
C) 100 billion
D) 500 billion

Question 14

_____ receive information from nearby neurons and then electrical impulses travel down _____ en route to other neurons.

A) Axons; axons
B) Axons; dendrites
C) Dendrites; axons
D) Dendrites; dendrites

Question 15

Recent research suggests the function of glial cells includes all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) Glial cells communicate with other glial cells.
B) Glial cells release neurotransmitters.
C) Glial cells strengthen and weaken neuronal connections.
D) Glial cells insulate neurons and remove the waste products of neurons.

Question 16

The neuronal structure responsible for receiving information from other neurons is the _____.

A) axon
B) axon terminal
C) dendrite
D) cell body

Question 17

When Cheyanne sees a bright light compared to a dim light, _____.

A) more neurons generate impulses with no change in rate
B) more neurons generate impulses with an increase in rate
C) the same number of neurons generates impulses with an increase in rate
D) the impulse travels down the axon faster

Question 18

Comparing the number and size of glial cells to neurons, we have _____ glial cells than neurons; and glial cells are _____ than neurons.

A) more; smaller
B) more; larger
C) fewer; smaller
D) fewer; larger

Question 19

Within neurons, communication is _____. Between neurons, communication is _____.

A) chemical; chemical
B) chemical; electrical
C) electrical; chemical
D) electrical; electrical

Question 20

The long, singular fiber leaving the cell body is the _____.

A) dendrite
B) axon
C) glial cell
D) axon terminal

Question 21

_____ first coined the term synapse.

A) Michael Foster
B) Santiago Ramün y Cajal
C) Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
D) James Lange

Question 22

What happens to neurotransmitters after they deliver their message to the receiving neuron?

A) They are destroyed by enzymes.
B) They are taken back into the axon terminals of the sending neuron for reuse.
C) Both answers are correct.
D) Neither answer is correct.

Question 23

As a victim of multiple sclerosis, Mrs. Samuels is suffering from deterioration of _____, leading to an obvious difficulty in _____.

A) dendrites; hearing
B) dendrites; moving
C) the myelin sheath; hearing
D) the myelin sheath; moving

Question 24

Compared to the impulses generated by a whisper, a loud scream will cause _____.

A) impulses to travel faster down axons
B) fewer neurons to generate impulses
C) more neurons to generate impulses more often
D) a single neuron to send a bigger impulse

Question 25

The destruction of the myelin sheath results in movement difficulties for sufferers of multiple sclerosis because _____.

A) unmyelinated axons transmit neural messages erratically, greatly slowing movement
B) cell bodies cannot respond to dendritic messages when axons are unmyelinated
C) the transmission of the neural impulses is greatly slowed when myelin deteriorates
D) the all-or-nothing event is stopped when axons are unmyelinated

Question 26

The synapse _____.

A) is the microscopic gap between neurons
B) is a naturally occurring chemical in our nervous system that specializes in transmitting information
C) was named by Santiago Ramün y Cajal
D) both A and C are correct

Question 27

The myelin sheath _____ the neural impulse because _____.

A) speeds up; the axon becomes narrower
B) speeds up; the impulse "leaps" from one gap in the sheath to another
C) slows down; the axon becomes wider
D) slows down; the impulse is partially blocked by the myelin

Question 28

White matter in the brain is composed of _____.

A) myelinated axons
B) unmyelinated axons
C) myelinated dendrites
D) unmyelinated dendrites

Question 29

During reuptake _____.

A) vesicles release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic gap
B) neurotransmitter molecules cross the synaptic gap and attach to the receiving neuron
C) neurotransmitter molecules are reabsorbed into the sending neuron's axon terminals
D) enzymes destroy unused neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap

Question 30

In relation to neural transmission, what is happening during binding?

A) Neurotransmitters attach themselves to cell bodies.
B) Neurotransmitters travel from the axon to the axon terminals.
C) Neurotransmitters attach to the axon terminals.
D) Neurotransmitters attach to dendrite receptor sites.

Question 31

The brain consumes approximately _____ percent of the body's oxygen.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 25
D) 50

Question 32

After carrying their message across the synapse to the receptor sites, neurotransmitters _____.

A) may be consumed by the brain for energy
B) may be destroyed in the synaptic gap by enzymes
C) may travel through the receptor sites into the next neuron
D) None of the answers are correct.

Question 33

_____, the father of neuroscience, won the Nobel Prize in 1906 for discovering synapses.

A) Michael Foster
B) Santiago Ramün y Cajal
C) Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
D) James Lange

Question 34

What happens when the impulse reaches the axon terminals?

A) The impulse reverses direction and travels back to the cell body.
B) The vesicles in the axon terminals fuse together.
C) The vesicles in the axon terminals open and neurotransmitters enter the synaptic gap.
D) The vesicles absorb neurotransmitters.

Question 35

Recycling is to aluminum cans as _____ is (are) to neurotransmitters.

A) reuptake
B) synapses
C) myelination; axons
D) enzymes

Question 36

White matter is composed of _____; gray matter is composed of _____.

A) myelinated axons; cell bodies and dendrites
B) cell bodies and dendrites; myelinated axons
C) dendrites; cell bodies and myelinated axons
D) cell bodies and myelinated axons; dendrites

Question 37

The outside layer of our cerebral hemispheres appears gray because it is composed of millions of _____.

A) neurotransmitters
B) cell bodies and dendrites
C) dendrites and glial cells
D) myelinated axons

Question 38

Neurotransmitters _____.

A) bind to receptors on the axon
B) specialize in transmitting information
C) are reabsorbed into the dendrites after transmission in a process called reuptakeD) all of these

Question 39

The _____ is an insulating layer of a white fatty substance.

A) glial cell
B) dendrite
C) axon
D) myelin sheath

Question 40

The synaptic gap is so small that _____ synaptic gaps would fill one strand of human hair.

A) one hundred
B) five hundred
C) two thousand
D) ten thousand

Question 41

Prior to undergoing a brain scan, Brian takes a harmless dose of radioactive glucose. It is likely that Brian's doctor is using which technique?

A) PET scan
B) fMRI
C) X-ray
D) CT scan

Question 42

In studying the brain, the _____ technique involves detection of radioactive substances and the _____ technique involves the detection of the amount of oxygen being used by brain areas.

A) fMRI; X-ray
B) X-ray; PET scan
C) fMRI; PET scan
D) PET scan; fMRI

Question 43

What are the disadvantages of using L-dopa as a treatment for Parkinson's disease?

A) L-dopa becomes less effective as the disease progresses.
B) L-dopa is not effective for all Parkinson's patients.
C) Side effects of taking L-dopa resemble the symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) All of these are disadvantages.

Question 44

Dopamine activity is believed to be _____ among schizophrenics and _____ among Parkinson's disease sufferers.

A) lower; lower
B) higher; higher
C) higher; lower
D) lower; higher

Question 45

Low levels of the neurotransmitter _____ are associated with Parkinson's disease.

A) ACh
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) GABA

Question 46

In which of the following ways may a drug or poison have an agonistic effect on a neurotransmitter?

A) stimulating release
B) inhibiting release
C) stimulating neurotransmitter breakdown
D) blocking receptor sites

Question 47

Approximately _____ percent of the body's blood supply is pumped to the brain.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 25
D) 40

Question 48

Black widow spider venom is _____ to ACh as an antianxiety drug is_____ to GABA.

A) agonistic; antagonistic
B) antagonistic; agonistic
C) agonistic; agonistic
D) antagonistic; antagonistic

Question 49

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that is involved in _____.

A) control of arousal and mood states
B) pain relief
C) inhibitory control
D) muscle movement

Question 50

Botulinum poison, an _____ for acetylcholine (ACh), works by _____.

A) antagonist; blocking receptor sites for ACh
B) antagonist; blocking release of ACh
C) agonist; stimulating receptor sites for ACh
D) agonist; stimulating release of ACh

Question 51

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans would be useful in answering which of the following questions?

A) Which areas of the brain are active when a person is reading a book?
B) Is the left hemisphere or right hemisphere more involved in speech production?
C) Does neural activity during speech differ between deaf and speaking individuals?
D) All the answers are correct..

Question 52

Why has Parkinson's disease been treated by injections of L-dopa rather than injections of dopamine?

A) Dopamine cannot be made into a drug.
B) Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
C) L-dopa has fewer side effects than dopamine when taken as a drug.
D) L-dopa is less expensive to manufacture than dopamine.

Question 53

_____ is a neurotransmitter involved in thought processes and physical movement.

A) Serotonin
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) GABA

Question 54

Which poison initially acts as an agonist for acetylcholine (ACh) by causing its continuous release?

A) black widow spider venom
B) botulinum
C) curare
D) All of these poisons.

Question 55

In which of the following ways may a drug or poison have an antagonistic effect on a neurotransmitter?

A) blocking reuptake
B) stimulating production
C) blocking release
D) both A and C are correct

Question 56

The fMRI is preferred over the PET scan because _____.

A) it is much less costly
B) health insurance is more likely to cover fMRIs than PET scans
C) fMRIs are less invasive and produce sharper images
D) The fMRI is preferable for all of these reasons.

Question 57

Amphetamines act as a dopamine _____ by _____.

A) agonist; stimulating dopamine release
B) agonist; blocking reuptake of dopamine
C) antagonist; stimulating dopamine release
D) antagonist; blocking reuptake of dopamine

Question 58

The neurotransmitter implicated in the memory losses associated with Alzheimer's disease is _____.

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) GABA
D) serotonin

Question 59

Considering their effects on acetylcholine (ACh), the poison curare _____ and the poison botulinum _____.

A) stimulates release; blocks release
B) occupies receptor sites; stimulates release
C) occupies receptor sites; blocks release
D) blocks release; occupies receptor sites

Question 60

An agonist _____ the activity of one or more neurotransmitters, and an antagonist _____ the activity of one or more neurotransmitters.

A) increases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) decreases; decreases

Question 61

Valium, an_____ for GABA, is often prescribed to _____.

A) agonist; reduce anxiety
B) agonist; increase arousal
C) antagonist; reduce anxiety
D) antagonist; increase arousal

Question 62

_____ is a neurotransmitter involved in levels of arousal and mood that is influenced by drugs such as Zoloft.

A) Serotonin
B) GABA
C) Dopamine
D) ACh

Question 63

The brain is part of the _____ nervous system and the spinal cord is part of the _____ nervous system.

A) central; central
B) central; peripheral
C) peripheral; central
D) peripheral; peripheral

Question 64

Cocaine acts as a dopamine _____ by _____.

A) agonist; stimulating dopamine release
B) agonist; blocking reuptake of dopamine
C) antagonist; stimulating dopamine release
D) antagonist; blocking reuptake of dopamine

Question 65

_____ is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, whereas _____ is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.

A) Glutamate; GABA
B) GABA; glutamate
C) Serotonin; dopamine
D) Dopamine; serotonin

Question 66

How do drugs such as Cymbalta and Effexor work to reduce depression?

A) They block the reuptake of serotonin only.
B) They block the release of serotonin only.
C) They block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
D) They block the release of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Question 67

While exercising, Sally experiences a "runner's high" that is associated with an increase in levels of _____.

A) acetylcholine
B) endorphins
C) GABA
D) norepinephrine

Question 68

Pleasurable mood effects of addictive drugs are associated with the release of _____.

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) GABA

Question 69

It has been suggested that a lack of _____activity may contribute to epilepsy.

A) dopamine
B) ACh
C) glutamate
D) GABA

Question 70

How do morphine and heroin reduce pain?

A) They prevent the reuptake of dopamine.
B) They prevent the release of GABA.
C) They block the receptor sites for serotonin.
D) They stimulate the receptor sites for endorphins.

Question 71

The neurotransmitter(s) involved in pain perception and pain relief is (are) _____.

A) GABA
B) ACh
C) endorphins
D) dopamine

Question 72

How do drugs such as Prozac work to reduce depression?

A) They block the reuptake of serotonin.
B) They block the release of serotonin.
C) They block the reuptake of GABA.
D) They block the release of GABA.

Question 73

Jose has epilepsy and has been prescribed Valium, a _____ agonist, to help block epileptic convulsions.

A) serotonin
B) norepinephrine
C) GABA
D) glutamate

Question 74

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system is _____.

A) GABA
B) norepinephrine
C) glutamate
D) dopamine

Question 75

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) GABA

Question 76

_____ is a neurotransmitter involved in sleeping and eating.

A) Serotonin
B) GABA
C) Dopamine
D) ACh

Question 77

Morphine and heroin produce their pain relieving effects by _____.

A) releasing serotonin
B) binding to serotonin receptors
C) releasing endorphins
D) binding to endorphin receptors

Question 78

Amphetamines are to cocaine as _____ is to _____.

A) dopamine agonist; dopamine antagonist
B) dopamine antagonist; dopamine agonist
C) dopamine agonist; dopamine agonist
D) dopamine antagonist; dopamine antagonist

Question 79

Shelby had been receiving acupuncture to help relieve her pack pain. Acupuncture may partially be explained as stimulation of _____.

A) endorphins
B) glutamate
C) serotonin
D) norepinephrine

Question 80

Brakes are to an automobile as_____ is to the nervous system.

A) dopamine
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) glutamate