Deck 10: Section 2: Abnormal Psychology

Question 1

Which provides the BEST evidence for the role of biological preparedness in causing specific fears?

A) Fears that seem to have more evolutionary survival value are more frequent than those that do not.
B) Stressful experiences may lead to classical conditioning of specific fears.
C) Fears can be excessive and unreasonable, interfering with our normal functioning.
D) Some fears are related to biochemical dysfunctions in the brain.

Answer 1

Fears that seem to have more evolutionary survival value are more frequent than those that do not.

Question 2

A biological preparedness view of anxiety disorders would suggest that a fear of _____ would be more easily learned than a fear of _____.

A) enclosed spaces; spiders
B) snakes; public spaces
C) snakes; spiders
D) public spaces; enclosed spaces

Answer 2

snakes; public spaces

Question 3

Meghan is afraid of snakes. Which instance would contribute to her fear being considered a specific phobia?

A) Meghan realizes her fear is excessive and unreasonable.
B) Meghan cannot control her fear.
C) Meghan avoids places where snakes are likely to be found.
D) All the answers are correct.

Answer 3

All the answers are correct.

Question 4

Which is NOT a criterion for defining abnormal behavior?

A) atypical
B) irrational
C) maladaptive
D) unpleasant

Question 5

Sam, _____, is the LEAST likely to have a specific phobia.

A) a teenage boy
B) an elderly man
C) a Hispanic American woman
D) an African American woman

Question 6

Medical school syndrome is _____.

A) the increase in vulnerability to disease experienced by medical students who regularly interact with sick patients
B) the increase in stress experienced by overworked medical students that can lead to psychological breakdowns
C) the high dropout rate among medical students caused by the anxiety and depression resulting from high stress and long work hours
D) the tendency to think that you have a disorder or disease when you read about its symptoms

Question 7

Which statement about causal explanations for mental disorders and the four major research approaches is TRUE?

A) The biological approach is consistently better at explaining all of the various disorders.
B) The most in-depth explanations are based on a single research approach.
C) Explanations that consider the interaction between the approaches are preferred.
D) The sociocultural approach is generally not helpful in explaining mental disorders.

Question 8

The number of psychological disorders identified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has increased from 60 in 1952 to approximately 400 in 2013. Which is the BEST explanation for the increase in the number of psychological disorders?

A) Psychologists have learned how to better differentiate among the various psychological disorders.
B) There are significantly more psychologists and psychiatrists available to identify different psychological disorders.
C) The increasingly stressful lives of children and adults have led to a significant increase in the number of psychological disorders.
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 9

The DSM-5 provides information about _____ for each of the included disorders.

A) specific diagnostic criteria
B) key clinical features
C) background information
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 10

After reading about the avoidant personality, Tomika begins to think that she has this disorder. Tomika's thinking BEST illustrates which of the following?

A) the medical school syndrome
B) the perceptual bias of labeling
C) psychosis syndrome
D) the vulnerability-stress model

Question 11

Which statement about phobia is FALSE?

A) A phobia is indicated by a marked and persistent fear of specific objects or situations that is excessive and unreasonable.
B) In the United States, the overall prevalence rate for specific phobia ranges from 7 to 9 percent.
C) The prevalence rate for phobias is lower in teenagers and older adults than the overall prevalence rate.
D) Having a specific phobia is about twice as prevalent in women as it is in men.

Question 12

According to the text, which is a common misrepresentation of disordered people by television and other media?

A) Disordered people are violent and dangerous to others.
B) Disordered people usually come from families with multiple mental disorders.
C) Disordered people are often experiencing a troubled period in their lives and are having difficulty adjusting to it.
D) Disordered people are more of a threat to themselves than to others.

Question 13

The biopsychosocial approach is an example of which of the following?

A) classifying disorders in the DSM-5
B) designing graduate school programs to train clinicians
C) explaining abnormal behavior as an interaction of multiple factors
D) conducting therapy adapted by Rogers and Maslow

Question 14

People should be diagnosed with a disorder only if their reactions to life's challenges become _____.

A) atypical
B) maladaptive
C) irrational
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 15

The Rosenhan (1973) study illustrated which of the following?

A) the variability in schizophrenia symptoms
B) the importance of differentiating between clinical and personality disorders
C) the perceptual biasing effects of labeling
D) the media's role in misrepresenting disordered people

Question 16

Which statement concerning the DSM-5 is FALSE?

A) It includes 20 major categories of disorders.
B) A major criticism is that many aspects of normal behavior fit the criteria for diagnosis of a mental disorder.
C) People undergoing a normal grief reaction to the loss of a loved one do not fit the diagnosis of major depressive disorder.
D) It aids in the accurate diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.

Question 17

Which statement about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is FALSE?

A) The first edition was published more than 100 years ago.
B) The latest edition is more reliable than previous editions.
C) The latest edition describes approximately 400 disorders.
D) The latest edition is almost 1,000 pages long.

Question 18

In the Rosenhan (1973) study, _____ realized that the researchers were faking their symptoms.

A) neither the staff nor other patients
B) other patients, but not the staff,
C) the staff, but not other patients,
D) both the staff and other patients

Question 19

Abnormal psychology is the scientific study of _____.

A) abnormal individuals living in abnormal circumstances
B) mental disorders and their treatment
C) abnormal thinking but not abnormal behavior
D) statistically infrequent circumstances that cause mental disorders

Question 20

Which statement concerning the DSM-5 is FALSE?

A) Clinicians can make more reliable classifications of disorders.
B) Insurance companies use DSM-5 classifications to justify payment of therapy services.
C) Clinicians use this as a diagnostic tool that provides both the symptoms and causes of various mental disorders.
D) Clinicians are more likely to agree on a particular diagnosis for a particular patient.

Question 21

According to the fear-of-fear hypothesis, panic disorder with agoraphobia is an example of _____ conditioning in which the fear and avoidance response is a(n) _____ response to the initial panic attack.

A) classical; unconditioned
B) classical; conditioned
C) operant; unconditioned
D) operant; conditioned

Question 22

Which would NOT be a compulsion?

A) brushing your hair 100 strokes every 10 minutes
B) washing your hands 30 times after touching any surface in your home
C) recurring thoughts that a family member is being killed in an auto accident
D) flicking a light switch 30 times every time you enter or leave a room

Question 23

The leading explanation for social anxiety disorder is _____.

A) behavioral
B) evolutionary
C) cognitive
D) biological

Question 24

For nine months, Alicia has experienced considerable distress from constant worry about a wide variety of events beyond her control. Which is the MOST appropriate classification for Alicia's problem?

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) major depressive disorder
C) panic disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 25

_____ is to GABA activity as _____ is to serotonin activity.

A) Panic disorder; generalized anxiety disorder
B) Generalized anxiety disorder; obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) Personality disorder; mood disorder
D) Mood disorder; personality disorder

Question 26

_____ is an example of a(n) _____ disorder.

A) Bipolar disorder; anxiety
B) Specific phobia; anxiety
C) Panic disorder; mood
D) Schizophrenia; mood

Question 27

One biological explanation for generalized anxiety disorder suggests there is _____ available in the brain.

A) too little GABA
B) too much GABA
C) too little dopamine
D) too much dopamine

Question 28

Which is NOT an example of an anxiety disorder?

A) agoraphobia
B) panic disorder
C) bipolar disorder
D) specific phobia

Question 29

David washes his hands excessively, even when he has not touched anything that belongs to another person or because his hands are dirty. Ellen checks that all burners on the stove are turned off at least five times before she goes to bed, whenever she is ready to leave the house, and when she first wakes up in the morning. David's behavior BEST illustrates a(n) _____ and Ellen's behavior BEST illustrates a(n) _____.

A) obsession; obsession
B) obsession; compulsion
C) compulsion; obsession
D) compulsion; compulsion

Question 30

Which statement about prevalence rates is FALSE?

A) The prevalence rate for specific phobias is 7 to 9 percent.
B) The prevalence rate for social anxiety disorder is 7 percent.
C) The prevalence rate for agoraphobia is 2 percent.
D) The prevalence rate for panic disorder is 8 percent.

Question 31

Victoria has a marked and persistent fear of people critiquing how she eats, so she consistently declines dinner invitations. Which appears to be the MOST appropriate classification for Victoria's problem?

A) agoraphobia
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) panic disorder
D) social anxiety disorder

Question 32

William walks up 20 flights of stairs rather than taking the elevator because he is afraid he cannot escape if the elevator stalls. Which is the MOST appropriate classification for William's behavior?

A) agoraphobia
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) panic disorder
D) social anxiety disorder

Question 33

Agoraphobia often accompanies _____.

A) panic disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) major depressive disorder

Question 34

Antidepressant drugs that _____ activity may help provide relief to obsessive-compulsive patients.

A) decrease serotonin
B) increase serotonin
C) decrease GABA
D) increase GABA

Question 35

_____ is an anxiety disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing.

A) Social phobia
B) Agoraphobia
C) Panic disorder
D) Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 36

Panic disorder is to _____ as generalized anxiety disorder is to _____.

A) classical conditioning; operant conditioning
B) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
C) chronic; sudden
D) sudden; chronic

Question 37

For no apparent reason, Laura suddenly feels dizzy, experiences shortness of breath, and starts trembling and sweating. Which appears to be the MOST appropriate classification for Laura's problem?

A) agoraphobia
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) panic disorder
D) social phobia

Question 38

According to the American Psychiatric Association, approximately _____ of individuals will develop generalized anxiety disorder during their lifetimes.

A) 1 percent
B) 6 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 15 percent

Question 39

Most people experience _____ when they suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A) only obsessive thoughts
B) only compulsive behaviors
C) both obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors
D) more compulsive behaviors than obsessive thoughts

Question 40

Kate is consistently anxious because she is always thinking about the dangers of slipping and falling. Whenever he leaves his apartment, Charlie immediately goes back at least 10 times to check that the door is locked. Kate's thoughts BEST illustrate a(n) _____, and Charlie's behavior BEST illustrates a(n) _____.

A) compulsion; compulsion
B) compulsion; obsession
C) obsession; compulsion
D) obsession; obsession

Question 41

Jasmine has been experiencing a lot of stress in her life lately and has begun pulling out one hair at a time from her scalp. According to the DSM-5, Jasmine would MOST likely be diagnosed with _____.

A) tardive dyskinesia
B) schizophrenia
C) trichotillomania
D) excoriation

Question 42

To be classified as a major depressive episode, feelings of hopelessness, inability to concentrate, and greatly diminished interest in people and activities must last for at least _____.

A) one week
B) two weeks
C) one month
D) two months

Question 43

For over a week, Barbara, sleeping very little but having lots of energy, has spent considerable money on shopping sprees for new clothes. She talks rapidly and constantly about how she will use her new wardrobe to become an immediate success as a model. Barbara is demonstrating many of the symptoms of _____, which is related to _____ disorder.

A) obsession; obsessive-compulsive
B) a manic episode; bipolar
C) a panic episode; anxiety
D) delusions; psychotic

Question 44

About _____ percent of individuals with hoarding disorder also have an anxiety or depressive disorder.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 60
D) 75

Question 45

Which statement about major depressive disorder is FALSE?

A) Women suffer from major depressive disorder more often than men.
B) The concordance rate for depression is higher among identical twins than among fraternal twins.
C) A leading biological explanation for depression proposes it is caused by a lack of GABA.
D) About 19 percent of all adults suffer a major depressive disorder at some point in their lives.

Question 46

Elvis cannot sit on his sofa or chairs in his living room because they are covered with papers, clothing, and other items he feels he needs to save. It is likely that Elvis is exhibiting _____.

A) hoarding
B) excoriation
C) trichotillomania
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 47

April has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Which drug is her doctor MOST likely to prescribe?

A) antidepressants that increase serotonin activity
B) antidepressants that decrease GABA activity
C) antipsychotics that decrease serotonin activity
D) antipsychotics that increase GABA activity

Question 48

Unipolar disorder is to _____ percent as bipolar disorder is to _____ percent concordance rate in identical twins.

A) 50; 70
B) 70; 50
C) 30; 50
D) 50; 30

Question 49

If a disorder were totally genetic in origin, the concordance rate would be _____ percent.

A) 0
B) 50
C) 66
D) 100

Question 50

Which is NOT an obsessive-compulsive related disorder?

A) hoarding
B) excoriation
C) tardive dyskinesia
D) trichotillomania

Question 51

Recent research suggests that the gender difference in rates of depression may be due to _____.

A) the different effects of estrogen and testosterone on neurotransmitters influencing mood
B) differences in emotional reactions and symptomology for men and women
C) women being more likely than men to seek help for symptoms of depression
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 52

The 12-month prevalence for major depressive disorder is _____ percent, but the prevalence in the 18 to 29 age group is _____ times greater than that in individuals age 60 years or older.

A) 2; two
B) 7; three
C) 9; two
D) 14; three

Question 53

Trichotillomania involves _____.

A) a persistent difficulty in discarding possessions due to a perceived need to save the items and the distress associated with discarding them
B) picking at one's skin, particularly the face, leading to sores and other skin problems
C) continually pulling out hair from the scalp, eyebrows, or eyelids
D) uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue

Question 54

A concordance rate expresses the likelihood of which of the following?

A) that two therapists agree on a diagnosis
B) that two types of therapy have similar effects
C) that two related people have the same disorder
D) that two disorders occur simultaneously

Question 55

Lisa spends several hours a day picking her skin and has several sores and lesions. According to the DSM-5, Lisa would MOST likely be diagnosed with _____.

A) tardive dyskinesia
B) schizophrenia
C) trichotillomania
D) excoriation

Question 56

Which brain structure has NOT been linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A) orbital region of the frontal cortex
B) caudate nuclei of the basal ganglia
C) cingulate cortex
D) cerebellum

Question 57

Unipolar disorder is to _____ as bipolar disorder is to _____.

A) depression; depression and anxiety
B) depression; depression and mania
C) mania; depression and mania
D) mania; mania and anxiety

Question 58

Compared to men, women are _____ likely to develop major depressive disorder and _____ likely to develop schizophrenia.

A) more; less
B) more; equally
C) equally; less
D) less; more

Question 59

When Allison does poorly on her statistics exam, she concludes that she does not know how to study, she will never learn how to study, and she will do poorly on all her other exams. Allison's thinking BEST illustrates _____, which has been linked to _____.

A) compulsive thinking; schizophrenia
B) a pessimistic explanatory style; schizophrenia
C) compulsive thinking; learned helplessness
D) a pessimistic explanatory style; learned helplessness

Question 60

One explanation for obsessive-compulsive disorder is that _____ stabilizes activity in areas of the brain involved in _____.

A) dopamine; disengaging attention
B) dopamine; motor movement
C) serotonin; disengaging attention
D) serotonin; motor movement

Question 61

Carla is experiencing major episodes of depression, with milder episodes of mania. Carla's disorder would be classified as _____ disorder, which is the _____ common form of this disorder.

A) Bipolar I; less
B) Bipolar I; more
C) Bipolar II; less
D) Bipolar II; more

Question 62

The concordance rate among identical twins for depression is _____ that for bipolar disorder and _____ that for schizophrenia.

A) less than; greater than
B) less than; similar to
C) greater than; less than
D) greater than; similar to

Question 63

Which is the MOST common treatment for bipolar disorder?

A) behavioral therapy
B) cognitive therapy
C) drug therapy
D) humanistic therapy

Question 64

Loss of contact with reality is characteristic of which of the following?

A) a personality disorder
B) Bipolar II disorder
C) a psychotic disorder
D) agoraphobia

Question 65

The biological predisposition for bipolar disorder is evidenced by _____.

A) low levels of lithium
B) low levels of GABA
C) an imbalance of neurotransmitters
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 66

In schizophrenia, loss of speech is considered a _____ symptom and false sensory perceptions are considered a _____ symptom.

A) negative; negative
B) negative; positive
C) positive; negative
D) positive; positive

Question 67

Estimates are that approximately _____ percent of the population suffers from Bipolar II disorder.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 5
D) 8

Question 68

David believes that he is president of the United States and that there is a conspiracy to kill him. David's beliefs are examples of _____ that are considered _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

A) hallucinations; positive
B) hallucinations; negative
C) delusions; positive
D) delusions; negative

Question 69

Hearing voices when no one is speaking is an example of a _____ and seeing people who are not really there is an example of a _____.

A) hallucination; hallucination
B) hallucination; delusion
C) delusion; hallucination
D) delusion; delusion

Question 70

Type I schizophrenia is to _____ as Type II schizophrenia is to _____.

A) positive symptoms; negative symptoms
B) negative symptoms; positive symptoms
C) hallucinations; delusions
D) delusions; hallucinations

Question 71

Which disorder is considered a psychotic disorder?

A) schizophrenia
B) major depressive disorder
C) bipolar disorder
D) anxiety disorder

Question 72

Kevin sits in the same position for several hours at a time, then begins rocking back and forth constantly. Kevin is MOST clearly exhibiting a _____symptom of schizophrenia.

A) paranoid
B) disorganized
C) residual
D) catatonic

Question 73

Mark, who is either pacing rapidly or sitting for hours in the same position, is displaying _____ symptoms of schizophrenia. Nate, who is extremely difficult to understand because his sentences are incoherent, is displaying _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

A) residual; undifferentiated
B) catatonic; disorganized
C) disorganized; residual
D) catatonic; undifferentiated

Question 74

For which disorder are the MOST people institutionalized?

A) anxiety disorder
B) bipolar disorder
C) major depressive disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 75

Type II schizophrenia is characterized by _____ symptoms that _____ well to drugs.

A) positive; respond
B) positive; do not respond
C) negative; respond
D) negative; do not respond

Question 76

When Ellen speaks, it is difficult to understand what she is trying to say. Her words don't appear to fit together and she jumps from one topic to another, as if following a series of weakly connected associations. Ellen is MOST clearly exhibiting one of the _____symptoms of schizophrenia.

A) paranoid
B) disorganized
C) catatonic
D) residual

Question 77

Because the concordance rate for bipolar disorder among identical twins is _____, biological causal explanations are _____.

A) high; rare
B) high; common
C) low; rare
D) low; common

Question 78

In acute schizophrenia, the symptoms develop _____ and recovery is _____.

A) suddenly; unlikely
B) suddenly; likely
C) slowly; unlikely
D) slowly; likely

Question 79

Henry seems to express himself in an organized manner and demonstrates appropriate emotions. However, he hears voices that say, "We are coming to get you" and believes that aliens have entered his room in an attempt to kidnap him. Henry is MOST clearly exhibiting _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

A) positive
B) negative
C) disorganized
D) catatonic

Question 80

Karen believes that the TV is controlling her thoughts by sending cable signals to her brain while she is sleeping, illustrating a _____ symptom of schizophrenia. Karl believes that he is the current president of the United States and that the real president is an imposter, illustrating a _____ symptom of schizophrenia.

A) negative; positive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; negative
D) positive; positive