Deck 5: A Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers Person-Centered Theory of Personality

Question 1

Which of the following was developed as a measure of attitudes and the meaning of concepts?

A) Q-data.
B) Q-sort.
C) adjective checklist.
D) semantic differential.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Research by D'Argembeau et al. (2010) confirmed the Rogerian prediction that the actual self and _____ self are distinct structures of personality

A) aggrandized
B) unwanted
C) feared
D) ideal

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following was not employed by phenomenologists?

A) Q-sort.
B) semantic differential.
C) adjective checklist.
D) MMPI.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is not a phenomenological method?

A) Q-sort.
B) Thematic Apperception Test.
C) adjective checklist.
D) semantic differential.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a characteristic Rogerian emphasis?

A) research.
B) phenomenology.
C) objective tests.
D) unstructured tests.

Question 6

Which of the following is not expressive of Rogers?

A) experience is the highest authority.
B) people have inherently cruel parts.
C) life is a flowing, changing process.
D) people drop false fronts when provided with security.

Question 7

For Rogers, the highest authority is

A) data.
B) the scientific process.
C) experience.
D) there is no single authority.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is not true of Rogers' phenomenological theory?

A) Reactions to the environment are based on individual perceptions.
B) Subjective self-reports can be treated objectively.
C) There is an orderly process of change.
D) Structure and fixity are more important than process and change.

Question 9

Research by Lieberman, Jarcho, and Sapute (2004) indicates that when people think intuitively about themselves the brain regions that become active are those that are relatively more connected to emotional life, including an area of the temporal lobe, the posterior cingulate cortex, and the _____.

A) amygdala
B) fornix
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus

Question 10

In research by D'Argembeau et al. (2010), the medial prefrontal cortex of participants' brains became more active when they thought about their _____selves, relative to when they thought of their _____selves.

A) present actual; future ideal
B) present actual; future feared
C) future ideal; present actual
D) future ideal; present feared

Question 11

Two main trends seen throughout Rogers' life are

A) a concern with the subjective-experiential and the objective-scientific.
B) concern with religion and philosophy.
C) concern with individuals and media.
D) concern with the correlational approach and theconstruct validity approach.

Question 12

Which of the following statements does not accurately reflect an aspect of Rogers' theory of personality?

A) A person's phenomenological field is made up of both conscious and unconscious perceptions.
B) The most important determinants of behavior are those which are unconscious.
B)
C) A person's phenomenological field is made up of both symbolized and unsymbolized perceptions.
D) The most important determinants of behavior are those which are symbolized.

Question 13

Rogers' theory is primarily a theory of

A) the structure of personality.
B) the nature of psychology as a science.
C) the process of change.
D) psychopathology.

Question 14

In terms of his view of people, Rogers

A) has a Pollyanna view.
B) denies that people can be hostile or selfish.
C) emphasizes the potential for destruction.
D) emphasizes positive tendencies.

Question 15

Research by Lieberman, Jarcho, and Sapute (2004) confirms the Rogerian idea that people have a core _____ sense of self.

A) counterintuitive
B) intuitive
C) counternormative
D) nonintuitive

Question 16

The phenomenological approach emphasizes

A) feelings-experiences.
B) perceptions.
C) self-report measures.
D) all of the above.

Question 17

In terms of the potential for discovery of laws of personality, Rogers is

A) optimistic.
B) pessimistic.
C) uncertain.
D) ambivalent.

Question 18

According to Rogers, the direction of our movement basically is toward

A) self-actualization.
B) maturity.
C) socialization.
D) all of the above.

Question 19

The Q-sort can be used as a quantitative measure of

A) the difference in meaning between two concepts.
B) the independence of various motives.
C) anxiety associated with incongruence.
D) depression associated with incongruence.

Question 20

The person's perceptions of the world make up the

A) construct system.
B) phenomenal field.
C) ego.
D) self.

Question 21

One measure of recognition of the self is

A) self-directed mirror behavior.
B) startle response at one's mirror image.
C) reflected appraisals.
D) all of the above.

Question 22

As Rogers conceptualizes it, a number of meaningful statements can be made about the "self." Which of the following statements would Rogers agree with?

A) In general, the complex of meanings and perceptions which make up the "self" are unsymbolized by the individual.
B) The "self" is not structural in nature--being instead, an amorphous unit.
C) The "self" represents an organized set of perceptions.
D) The concept of the "self" as conceptualized by Rogers does not fit into what traditionally has been a topic of study in psychology.

Question 23

Unconscious is to projective, as _______ is to the Q-sort.

A) phenomenal field.
B) defense.
C) self-actualization.
D) conflict.

Question 24

An outstanding feature of the Q-sort is that

A) it is an objective measure of the phenomenal field.
B) it provides for comparisons of concepts.
C) it does not require a verbal response.
D) it can be used with all age groups.

Question 25

The self as Rogers has conceptualized it and as related to his client-centered therapy can be thought of as

A) self-as-progress.
B) self-as-object.
C) self-as-doer.
D) all of the above.

Question 26

With which of the following statements would Rogers be most likely to disagree?

A) There is no one self but many selves.
B) Most tests of the self only get at a conscious aspect.
C) Most tests used are subject to defensive distortion.
D) No one test provides a satisfactory measure of the self concept.

Question 27

Within the framework of the Rogerian theory of personality, the "self" is the most important structural concept. In short, the "self" is

A) those particular parts of an individual's phenomenal field which relate to the individual.
B) the total system of events which make up the individual's life.
C) the perceptions and meanings which are potentially relevant to the individual and which are highly valued by the individual.
D) all of the above.

Question 28

Stephenson developed the

A) Q-sort technique.
B) adjective checklist.
C) semantic differential.
D) TAT.

Question 29

According to current research, recognition of the self

A) is limited to humans.
B) is limited to humans and chimps.
C) is present in humans and dolphins.
D) is present in dogs if they are given practice.

Question 30

Which of the following is not typically a measure of the self-concept?

A) Q-sort.
B) adjective checklist.
C) Rorschach.
D) semantic differential.

Question 31

For Rogers, the source of most concepts is (are)

A) novels.
B) experiments.
C) psychological tests.
D) therapy.

Question 32

The concept of self-actualization

A) can be measured in terms of projective tests.
B) is too concrete to be of scientific utility.
C) has yet to be tied to an objective measure.
D) all of the above.

Question 33

A measure of the self-concept used frequently by Rogers in his research is called

A) REP test.
B) Q technique.
C) Rorschach test.
D) self-as-object.

Question 34

Compared to people with high self-esteem, research shows that people with low self-esteem

A) are more motivated to improve their negative moods
B) are less motivated to improve their negative moods
C) are equally motivated to improve their negative moods

Question 35

On the Q-sort, the subject distributes the statements according to

A) a random distribution.
B) a normal distribution.
C) a binomial distribution.
D) whichever distribution is chosen by the experimenter.

Question 36

For Rogers, the self is made up of `

A) an organization of parts.
B) parts.
C) stimulus-response units.
D) parts that basically are stable and unchanging.

Question 37

Which of the following is not part of the phenomenal field?

A) conscious perceptions.
B) unconscious perceptions.
C) feelings.
D) all of the above.

Question 38

In the Q-sort, the subject

A) sorts statements into categories following a normal distribution.
B) sorts statements into categories following a binomial distribution.
C) sorts statements into self and ideal self categories.
D) sorts statements into desired self and undesired self categories.

Question 39

According to the phenomenological position

A) the normal individual perceives the world in ways corresponding to other individuals.
B) for normals, the phenomenological field contains chiefly conscious perceptions.
C) the most important determinants of behavior are the unconscious ones.
D) study of the subjective phenomena cannot be "scientific."

Question 40

The concept of self-actualization most differs from

A) a tension-reduction model.
B) an existential model.
C) an ego model.
D) all of the above.

Question 41

Research on the variability of self suggests that

A) high variability expresses flexibility.
B) high variability expresses instability.
C) variability is not a personality characteristic.
D) none of the above.

Question 42

Rogers' view of self-actualization includes

A) a concept similar to competence motivation.
B) a concept like tension-reduction.
C) one of three motives relevant to process.
D) both (a) and (b).

Question 43

Subception is the process through which experiences unavailable to awareness can lead to

A) depression.
B) ambiguity.
C) anxiety.
D) freedom.

Question 44

Rogers' concept for the experiencing of a stimulus without bringing it into awareness is

A) incongruence.
B) subception.
C) self-actualization.
D) defensiveness.

Question 45

Relative to nondefensive subjects, defensive subjects are likely to

A) be more self-actualizing.
B) recall more stimuli inconsistent with the self.
C) recall fewer stimuli inconsistent with the self.
D) show no difference in recall of stimuli inconsistent with the self.

Question 46

The process of subception refers to

A) cases in which an individual can experience a stimulus without bringing it into awareness.
B) self-consistency.
C) the process whereby a therapist understands the emotional experience of a client.
D) the need for positive regard from others.

Question 47

Freud is to drives as Rogers is to

A) tension reduction.
B) self actualization.
C) incongruence.
D) subception.

Question 48

The concept of self consistency was originally developed by

A) Rogers.
B) Lecky.
C) Kelly.
D) Allport.

Question 49

According to Rogers, the response to incongruence is

A) growth.
B) defense.
C) self-actualization.
D) none of the above.

Question 50

Congruence is a synonym for

A) equifinality.
B) genuineness.
C) equality.
D) moral integrity.

Question 51

Efforts to maintain self-consistency have been demonstrated in relation to

A) perception.
B) recall.
C) behavior.
D) all of the above.

Question 52

According to Rogers, vulnerability to anxiety is due to

A) incongruence.
B) inconsistency.
C) aggressive thoughts.
D) unconscious wishes.

Question 53

According to Lecky,

A) the individual seeks to maintain the self structure.
B) rewards determine the elements of the self.
C) the individual seeks self enhancement.
D) all of the above.

Question 54

A discrepancy between self and experience leads to the state of

A) incongruence.
B) reflected appraisal.
C) depression.
D) anger.

Question 55

According to Rogers, the basic tendency for humans is to strive for

A) satisfaction of biological needs.
B) meeting security needs.
C) self-actualization.
D) psychosocial maturation.

Question 56

According to Rogers, a discrepancy between perceived self and experience leads to a state of

A) congruence.
B) incongruence.
C) confusion.
D) terror.

Question 57

Within the Rogerian framework of personality, anxiety is the result of

A) subception.
B) denial.
C) incongruence.
D) the need for positive regard from others.

Question 58

The psychoanalytic concept most relevant to that of self-actualization is

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) competence motivation.

Question 59

The view that one should be true to oneself is violated in

A) incongruence.
B) congruence.
C) consistency.
D) self-ideal self discrepancy.

Question 60

Cartwright found subjects were better able to recall

A) adjectives consistent with the self.
B) adjectives inconsistent with the self.
C) There was no difference.
D) It depended on the situation.

Question 61

The development of self-esteem is associated with

A) freedom.
B) limits.
C) freedom within boundaries.
D) freedom without boundaries.

Question 62

Which of the following is not suggested as an important aspect of parent-child interaction?

A) degree of acceptance.
B) degree of narcissism.
C) permissiveness.
D) democratic processes.

Question 63

For Rogers, defense occurs due to the threat of

A) punishment.
B) loss of positive regard.
C) reflected appraisal.
D) the ideal self.

Question 64

The development of creative potential is associated with conditions of

A) psychological safety and freedom.
B) psychological safety and no guidelines.
C) guidelines and intermittent reinforcement.
D) all of the above.

Question 65

According to Coopersmith, which of the following is not a building block for high self-esteem in children?

A) loving mother.
B) democratic parenting.
C) varying enforcement of rules.
D) they all are building blocks.

Question 66

With regard to the interaction of parent and child during the child's development, it has been found that

A) there appears to be an inverse relationship between the types of evaluations a parent makes of himself and the types of evaluations he makes of the child.
B) the most critical determinant of what a child feels about himself is his perception of his parents' feeling about him.
C) children of authoritarian parents tend to have greater intellectual development.
D) children of democratic parents tend to be more aggressive in filling their needs.

Question 67

According to Rogers, an organism may react to threatening stimuli with

A) denial.
B) projection.
C) neither (a) nor (b).
D) both (a) and (b).

Question 68

Which of the following does not have a significant effect on the development of self-esteem in children?

A) degree of acceptance.
B) amount of education.
C) permissiveness and punishments.
D) democratic practices.

Question 69

Two major defensive processes described by Rogers are

A) distortion and denial.
B) distortion and subception.
C) denial and subception.
D) distortion and repression.

Question 70

According to Rogers, the imposition of conditions of worth on children causes

A) a lack of self-efficacy.
B) demands on the ego.
C) a rift between organism and self.
D) a rift between self and negative self.

Question 71

Freud's concept of the superego might be related to Rogers' concept of

A) self-actualization.
B) subception.
C) need for positive regard.
D) defense.

Question 72

Through the defense mechanism of denial we

A) allow an experience into awareness, but in a form consistent with the self.
B) preserve the self structure from threat.
B)
C) experience a stimulus without bringing it into awareness.
D) none of the above.

Question 73

The basis for the denial of experience is

A) imposition of conditions of worth.
B) early trauma.
C) fixation and regression.
D) all of the above.

Question 74

The evaluation an individual makes and maintains with regard to the self is

A) self-efficacy.
B) reflected appraisal.
C) positive regard.
D) self-esteem.

Question 75

Parental attitudes and practices are very important factors in the development of self-esteem in children. The research on the subject to date indicates that

A) parental permissiveness allows the child to develop confidence in his own decisions and enhances self-esteem.
B) parents of high self-esteem children tend to set behavioral guidelines and enforce them consistently.
C) parents of high self-esteem children tend to set few behavioral guidelines and are consistent in their enforcement of those rules.
D) low self-esteem children are given a wide latitude for individual action within the limited rules which are established.

Question 76

Parents with high self-esteem were found to

A) give little guidance.
B) set ambiguous limits.
C) make clear demands.
D) all of the above.

Question 77

Parents who communicate negative appraisals may be suspected of

A) having low self-regard.
B) being hostile.
C) enforcing strict standards.
D) being zealous in the enforcement of rules.

Question 78

Research suggests that the following parental attitudes most facilitate psychological growth in children:

A) acceptant, authoritarian.
B) acceptant, democratic.
C) strict, democratic.
D) authoritarian, kind.

Question 79

The utilization of the views of others to define the self is expressed in the concept of

A) dependence.
B) reflected appraisals.
C) mirroring.
D) self-directedness.

Question 80

One way in which people maintain a self-concept is through

A) being hostile to others.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) manipulating others through guilt.
D) dreams.