Deck 16: Social and Emotional Development in Adolescents

Question 1

Adolescents are more likely to reach achievement status when their parents

A)recognize their children's autonomy.
B)discourage discussion.
C)discourage personal experimentation.
D)simply tell them what identity to adopt.

Answer 1

recognize their children's autonomy.

Question 2

Michael, 15, was just dumped by his girlfriend, Lisa. Michael's dad told him that he knows how he feels but that in time he will feel better. Michael is convinced that his dad does not know how it feels to be dumped by a girlfriend and that his dad does not know what he is talking about. Which of the following terms best describes this phenomenon?

A)adolescent egocentrism
B)imaginary audience
C)personal fable
D)illusion of invulnerability

Answer 2

personal fable

Question 3

In Marcia's theory, ________ describes individuals who have identities that are determined largely by adults, rather than from personal exploration.

A)diffusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Answer 3

foreclosure

Question 4

Troy, a college student, is in the achievement status for career. What does that tell you about his identity status for religion and politics?

A)Troy is in the achievement status for religion and politics.
B)Troy is not in the achievement status for religion and politics.
C)Troy is in the achievement status for religion but not for politics.
D)It is not possible to determine Troy's identity status for religion and politics by knowing his identity status for career.

Question 5

Adolescents tend to believe that misfortune only happens to others, a belief that is referred to as

A)the personal fable.
B)an illusion of invulnerability.
C)the imaginary audience.
D)hypothetical reasoning.

Question 6

On Laurel's sixteenth birthday, her parents gave her a new car and a Conservative party bumper sticker. Laurel was happy to accept the car but didn't want to display the bumper sticker. She had begun to read and think about different political parties and, although she hadn't yet decided which political party she supported, she didn't want to be a Conservative just because her parents were. In terms of her political beliefs, Laurel appears to be in Marcia's ________ identity status.

A)diffusion
B)achievement
C)moratorium
D)foreclosure

Question 7

As individuals move from early adolescence to young adulthood, Marcia's ________ and ________ identity statuses become less common while ________ and ________ become more common.

A)achievement, moratorium; foreclosure, diffusion
B)moratorium, diffusion; foreclosure, achievement
C)foreclosure, moratorium; diffusion, achievement
D)foreclosure, diffusion; moratorium, achievement

Question 8

Sixteen-year-old Edward is sexually active but doesn't practice safe sex. He thinks becoming infected with AIDS is something that would happen to other people, but not to him. Which of the following concepts best explains this phenomenon?

A)hypothetical reasoning
B)the personal fable
C)the imaginary audience
D)the illusion of invulnerability

Question 9

Individuals who have explored alternatives and have deliberately chosen a specific identity are in Marcia's _______ identity status.

A)diffusion
B)achievement
C)moratorium
D)foreclosure

Question 10

The self-absorption characteristic of the teenage search for identity is called

A)diffusion.
B)crystallization.
C)adolescent egocentrism.
D)specification.

Question 11

Although 15-year-old Vince hasn't thought about it much, he has decided to become a priest when he grows up because that's what his mother wants. Marcia would describe Vince as being in the ________ phase of achieving identity.

A)foreclosure
B)diffusion
C)achievement
D)moratorium

Question 12

As adolescents progress towards achieving an identity,

A)adolescent egocentrism increases while the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become less common.
B)adolescent egocentrism decreases while the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become more common.
C)adolescent egocentrism, the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become less common.
D)adolescent egocentrism, the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become more common.

Question 13

In Marcia's theory, ________ describes individuals who are still examining different alternative identities.

A)diffusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 14

Sixteen-year-old Ingrid discovered a spot on her blouse after she arrived at school. Ingrid is afraid that everyone will notice the spot and think that she is stupid. Which of the following terms best describes this phenomenon?

A)adolescent egocentrism
B)imaginary audience
C)personal fable
D)illusion of invulnerability

Question 15

Fourteen-year-old Tyler is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and has done little to achieve one. Tyler appears to be in Marcia's ________ identity status.

A)moratorium
B)achievement
C)foreclosure
D)diffusion

Question 16

Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by

A)an inability to understand that others have different perspectives of the world.
B)an indifference about what other people think about them.
C)a belief that they are the focus of others' thinking.
D)having attained identity achievement.

Question 17

Fifteen-year-old Angela's belief that she is, in effect, an actor whose performance is watched constantly by her peers is a phenomenon referred to as

A)the imaginary audience.
B)the personal fable.
C)the illusion of invulnerability.
D)perspective-taking.

Question 18

Who is most likely to reach achievement status?

A)Gabriel, whose parents discourage discussion
B)Amanda, whose parents give her explicit direction for her choices
C)Kathryn, whose parents encourage her to explore alternatives on her own
D)Ashley, whose parents set rules with little justification

Question 19

Teenagers' tendency to believe that their experiences and feelings are unique and that no one has ever felt or thought as they do is known as

A)the personal fable.
B)the imaginary audience.
C)the illusion of invulnerability.
D)hypothetical reasoning.

Question 20

Marcia's achievement identity status

A)occurs more in younger than in older adolescents.
B)occurs more in older than in younger adolescents.
C)is not related to age.
D)is achieved in all aspects of identity at the same time.

Question 21

In what way does a crowd differ from a clique?

A)A crowd is a larger group than a clique.
B)A crowd is a smaller group than a clique.
C)Members of a crowd tend to have similar interests, but members of a clique do not.
D)Crowds are common during adolescence, but cliques are not.

Question 22

If Hunter is a typical adolescent, he will

A)be rebellious.
B)rely upon his parents for advice.
C)not share many of his parents' values.
D)be unhappy.

Question 23

According to intercultural research, most adolescents

A)try to avoid their home most of the time.
B)are more affectionate with their parents than they were as children.
C)experience much conflict with parents and emotional turmoil.
D)report that they are happy most of the time.

Question 24

The typical pattern for self-esteem is to

A)start out low during the preschool years and gradually increase throughout childhood and adolescence.
B)start out high during the preschool years, decline during the early elementary school years, then stabilize, then drop at the beginning of high school, then increase during high school.
C)start out high during the preschool years and gradually decline throughout the elementary and high school years.
D)remain relatively stable throughout childhood and adolescence.

Question 25

A strong, well-defined ethnic identity is associated with

A)younger rather than older adolescents.
B)lower school achievement.
C)higher self-esteem.
D)higher rate of employment.

Question 26

As adolescents acquire more adult skills, such as driving a car, their self-esteem usually

A)decreases somewhat.
B)stays the same.
C)increases somewhat.
D)reaches its highest level.

Question 27

Two rival youth groups, the Eastsiders and the Westsiders, were brought together to clean up a park in the centre of town in order to earn new park equipment which both groups will be able to use. The Eastsiders and the Westsiders have traditionally been hostile toward each other. What would you expect to happen as they work together to clean up the park?

A)The Eastsiders and the Westsiders are likely to become more antagonistic toward each other.
B)Each group will probably develop more negative stereotypes of members of the other group.
C)Boundaries between the Eastsiders and the Westsiders are likely to become less pronounced.
D)Eastsiders will probably become more loyal to the Eastsider group and Westsiders will probably become more loyal to the Westsider group.

Question 28

The Robbers Cave Study demonstrated that

A)adults usually need to intervene to establish a group structure.
B)when groups compete for scarce resources a friendly competition between the two groups arises.
C)when common goals require co-operation, hostility between groups increases.
D)competition between groups for scarce resources increases individuals' identification with and support for their own group.

Question 29

When Kristin makes the transition from elementary school to high school, you would expect her self-esteem to

A)decrease.
B)increase.
C)fluctuate up and down unpredictably.
D)remain stable.

Question 30

From the Robbers Cave study, we know that

A)when groups of children are brought together, a structure emerges rapidly with individuals having specific roles, such as leader, etc.
B)when groups compete for scarce resources, individuals' identification with their own group decreases.
C)once groups begin to compete and form negative stereotypes, it is impossible to eliminate the barriers that have formed between the groups.
D)group barriers become less pronounced when groups participate together in pleasant, noncompetitive events.

Question 31

You are working with a church youth group and have noticed that the children have divided into two subgroups that are somewhat antagonistic towards each other. What would be the most effective way to reduce the hostility between the two subgroups?

A)Have the entire group take part in a fun, noncompetitive activity such as going out for pizza.
B)Create a common goal for the two subgroups that requires co-operation, such as raising enough money to go on a field trip.
C)Set up overt competitions, such as softball games or trivia contests, between the subgroups.
D)Nothing. Once subgroups become hostile, there's no effective way to reduce their hostility.

Question 32

Who is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A)Abe, who just started high school
B)Tex, who just started junior high school
C)Gus, who is in early elementary school
D)Len, who is in preschool

Question 33

Most adolescents report that they

A)do not love their parents.
B)do not ask their parents for advice.
C)embrace many of their parents' values.
D)feel unloved by their parents.

Question 34

A ________ is a large group of older children or adolescents who have similar values and attitudes and are known by a common label.

A)crowd
B)clique
C)dominance hierarchy
D)class

Question 35

Adolescents who have achieved a strong ethnic identity

A)have lower self-esteem.
B)find interactions with family and friends less satisfying.
C)do poorly in school.
D)have parents who encouraged them to explore alternative identities.

Question 36

Competition between two groups of children

A)usually leads to an increased willingness to co-operate between the groups.
B)often results in increased hostility within each group.
C)usually makes individuals more loyal to their own group.
D)does not usually occur unless adults set up the competition.

Question 37

Blythe, Amy, Candi, and Holly are all 12-year-old European American girls who are good friends. They enjoy spending time together and tend to dress alike and act alike. The four girls would be considered

A)a clique.
B)a crowd.
C)a dominance hierarchy.
D)unusual.

Question 38

At which age would you be most likely to find the highest levels of self-esteem?

A)preschool years
B)early elementary school years
C)late elementary school years
D)junior high years

Question 39

Which adolescent is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A)James, who is in a high-status crowd
B)Evan, who is in a medium-status crowd
C)Derrick, who is in a low-status crowd
D)Dustin, who is not a member of a crowd

Question 40

Which of the following statements about parent-child relations during adolescence is true?

A)Parent-adolescent relations can be accurately summed up as being full of turmoil and conflict.
B)Parent-adolescent relationships become more egalitarian throughout adolescence.
C)Parents and adolescents continue to spend the same amount of time together as they did when the adolescent was a child.
D)Adolescents show their parents more affection than they did as children.

Question 41

When dominance hierarchies form in girls' groups, the girls at the top of the hierarchy

A)are the smartest.
B)have the traits that are the most valuable to the group.
C)are the most intimidating physically.
D)are the friendliest.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about friendships during adolescence is true?

A)Adolescents are more likely to turn to family members than to friends for support.
B)Adolescents with prosocial friendships tend to be happier and have more satisfying relationships when they are in their 30s.
C)Intimacy is more common in boys' friendships than in girls' friendships.
D)Adolescents tend to choose friends who are different from themselves in age, gender, and race.

Question 43

When her family is trying to decide about rules or where to go on vacation, Amanda's parents often include her in the decision-making process. Amanda is most likely to be a member of the ________ crowd.

A)"druggie" or "burnout"
B)"jock"
C)"brain" or "normal"
D)"nerd"

Question 44

Later in adolescence, ________ become(s) a more important function of dating.

A)companionship and intimacy
B)establishing status among peers
C)recreation and entertainment
D)teaching adult standards of behaviour

Question 45

Who is most likely to be in the "druggie" crowd?

A)Tony, whose parents emphasize achievement
B)Sam, whose parents don't monitor his out-of-school activities
C)Greg, whose parents include him in joint decision-making
D)Tony, Sam, and Greg are equally likely to be in the "druggie" crowd

Question 46

For which pair of friends is intimacy most likely to be an important part of their friendship?

A)Timmy and Jordan, 5-year-old boys
B)Caitlin and Alyssa, 6-year-old girls
C)Lacy and Meredith, 13-year-old girls
D)Brad and Michael, 14-year-old boys

Question 47

Which of the following elements of friendship is (are) an important part of adolescent friendships but not of childhood friendships?

A)common interests
B)mutual liking
C)similarity in age, gender, and race
D)loyalty, trust, and intimacy

Question 48

Friendships during adolescence

A)are characterized by intimacy and trust.
B)tend to conform to an "opposites attract" pattern.
C)are not as important as friendships in younger children.
D)are not different from those of younger children.

Question 49

In groups with a dominance hierarchy,

A)all members have equal status.
B)there is an increased incidence of conflict.
C)members are usually unsure of their status within the group.
D)there is a leader to whom all other group members defer.

Question 50

Children whose parents use an ________ parenting style are most likely to be in a crowd that endorses adult standards of behaviour.

A)indulgent-permissive
B)indifferent-uninvolved
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative

Question 51

Peer groups are most likely to exert influence

A)when the appropriate behaviour is clear and well-defined.
B)in subjective areas such as preferences in music and clothing.
C)on clearly antisocial behaviours such as stealing.
D)in unambiguous situations.

Question 52

Ashley is most likely to yield to peer pressure when trying to decide

A)what kind of clothes to buy.
B)whether to shoplift.
C)whether to go to college.
D)what church to attend.

Question 53

Peer pressure is most powerful when adult standards for appropriate behaviour are

A)high.
B)moderate.
C)low.
D)not clear-cut.

Question 54

In groups of young boys, the leader is most often determined on the basis of

A)physical power.
B)grades in school.
C)attractiveness.
D)creativity.

Question 55

Carly's parents place a high emphasis on achievement. Carly is least likely to be a member of the ________ crowd.

A)jock
B)normal
C)druggie
D)popular

Question 56

Ned's parents are quite permissive with him. This makes it more likely that Ned will become involved with which crowd?

A)"normal"
B)"jocks"
C)"brains"
D)"druggies"

Question 57

Adolescents are more likely to be in a "druggie" crowd when their parents

A)emphasize academic achievement.
B)use the authoritative style of parenting.
C)fail to monitor their out-of-school behaviour.
D)include them in joint decision making.

Question 58

Which of the following functions of dating would you expect 19-year-old Ted to seek from dating?

A)mate selection
B)companionship
C)status with his peers
D)recreation and entertainment

Question 59

In a group of girls who formed an informal "tennis club," the leader of the group is most likely to be

A)Lela, who is the most talkative.
B)Casey, who is the best tennis player.
C)Jenny, who is the nicest.
D)Lacey, who is the strongest.

Question 60

Fourteen-year-old Jennifer is just starting to date. She would be most likely to

A)go to a movie with 17-year-old Todd.
B)take a bus to meet Todd at a shopping mall.
C)go with her friend Tamara to meet Todd and Nick at a concert.
D)go to her high school football game with a group of her friends, knowing that a group of boys they know will be at the game.

Question 61

Which of the following teens is most at risk for becoming a juvenile delinquent?

A)Frank, who has lots of parental supervision
B)Joe, who has lots of self-control and often delays gratification
C)Chet, who is impulsive and aggressive
D)Fenton, who is from a middle-class home

Question 62

Which is the most commonly used drug among adolescents in Canada?

A)alcohol
B)cocaine
C)marijuana
D)heroin

Question 63

Antisocial behaviour that emerges at an early age and continues throughout life is referred to as

A)an index offense.
B)a status offense.
C)life-course persistent antisocial behaviour.
D)adolescent-limited antisocial behaviour

Question 64

Which of the following is the clearest indicator of suicide risk?

A)running away from home
B)skipping school
C)sexual promiscuity
D)giving away valued possessions

Question 65

Which of the following might be an effective way to minimize juvenile delinquency?

A)Teach adolescents how to act more impulsively.
B)Encourage parents of delinquent teens to be less controlling.
C)Have schools show greater leniency in terms of school performance expectations.
D)Improve economic conditions in neighbourhoods with high levels of delinquency.

Question 66

Neither _____ nor _____ have been adequately studied as treatments for depression in children and adolescents.

A)family therapy, drugs.
B)drugs, group therapy.
C)psychotherapy, drugs.
D)letting time pass without treatment, drugs.

Question 67

Teens are less likely to drink when

A)they are from a family where alcohol consumption is a problem.
B)they experience much conflict at home with their parents.
C)their peers do not use alcohol.
D)they receive pressure to drink from their peers.

Question 68

Pervasive feelings of sadness, irritability, and low self-esteem characterize an individual

A)with depression.
B)who has a drinking problem.
C)with an addiction to drugs.
D)who is a juvenile delinquent.

Question 69

When an adolescent commits illegal acts that are destructive toward others, they are showing signs of

A)juvenile delinquency.
B)depression.
C)suicidal thoughts.
D)alcohol abuse.

Question 70

Amy is a depressed adolescent. She is likely to

A)want to avoid spending time alone.
B)avoid interactions that might be rewarding.
C)find life satisfying and rewarding.
D)believe that family members and friends are friendly to her.

Question 71

Who has committed a status offense?

A)Dan, who has skipped school
B)Jill, who robbed a convenience store
C)Marsha, who set a school on fire
D)Bill, who raped a classmate

Question 72

Delinquent behaviour

A)is equally common across all socioeconomic levels.
B)is often related to a lack of parental supervision.
C)often occurs in teens with high levels of self-control.
D)has no genetic basis.

Question 73

Acts that are not crimes if committed by an adult, such as truancy, sexual promiscuity, and running away from home, are considered

A)index offenses.
B)status offenses.
C)rites of passage.
D)personal fables.

Question 74

When 16-year-old Greg was caught selling drugs to his friends at school, it was the first time he had exhibited delinquent behaviour. Greg's behaviour would best be described as

A)life-course persistent antisocial behaviour.
B)adolescent-limited antisocial behaviour.
C)an illusion of invulnerability.
D)a status offense.

Question 75

A(n) ________ refers to acts such as robbery, rape, and arson, which are crimes regardless of the age of the perpetrator.

A)rite of passage
B)catalogue offense
C)status offense
D)index offense

Question 76

If someone you know is showing signs that they are contemplating suicide,

A)you should ignore them to avoid encouraging the idea.
B)ask the person if he or she is planning on hurting himself or herself.
C)leave the person alone.
D)professional therapy is likely to be ineffective.

Question 77

Depression

A)does not seem to be influenced by heredity.
B)is related to increased levels of neurotransmitters.
C)is likely to be triggered by events that the adolescent feels that he or she can control.
D)can be partly addressed by drugs that change the levels of serotonin.

Question 78

Carla feels like she is always at the mercy of external events, with no ability to control her own destiny. Carla's feeling is best described as

A)adolescent egocentrism.
B)foreclosure.
C)learned helplessness.
D)a personal fable.

Question 79

Suicide is more common among

A)street youth than teens in school.
B)non-First Nations boys than First Nations boys.
C)girls than boys.
D)non-depressed than depressed adolescents.

Question 80

Recently, Madeleine has lost interest in shopping, which used to be one of her favourite activities. She has changed from being a very happy-go-lucky teen to being very quiet and serious. She has given her favourite CDs to her best friend. Madeleine

A)appears to be making a normal transition from childhood to adolescence.
B)is showing signs that she may be considering suicide.
C)has probably been drinking alcohol frequently.
D)may have fallen in love for the first time.