Deck 12: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

________ involves the evaluation of a strategy to determine its effectiveness.

A)Rehearsal
B)Scripting
C)Summarizing
D)Monitoring

Answer 1

Monitoring

Question 2

Activities that improve remembering are called

A)memory strategies.
B)information processing.
C)sensory memory.
D)working memory.

Answer 2

memory strategies.

Question 3

Which strategy is most effective for remembering main points?

A)summarizing
B)looking
C)touching
D)rehearsal

Answer 3

summarizing

Question 4

Your friend is having a hard time remembering the main points of his psychology textbook. If he asks you to recommend a memory strategy, which one would you suggest?

A)Touch the sentences that contain the main points as you read them.
B)Read the sentences that contain the main points over and over.
C)Outline or write a summary of the main points.
D)Read the assigned chapter twice.

Question 5

Preschool children typically use which of the following memory strategies?

A)They organize to-be-remembered information.
B)They use rehearsal.
C)They outline to-be-remembered information.
D)They touch objects that they are asked to remember.

Question 6

________ are strategies and rules that make thinking more systematic and more powerful.

A)Circular reactions
B)Symbolic processes
C)Mental operations
D)Scaffolds

Question 7

During Piaget's ________ stage, children begin using mental operations to solve problems.

A)formal operational
B)concrete operational
C)sensorimotor
D)preoperational

Question 8

Gene has discovered that even though he has underlined the most important information in the textbook, he does not know any of the material very well. What should he do?

A)He should determine the parts of the textbook he is not learning, and underline more in those parts of the textbook.
B)He should underline in a different color.
C)He should underline more selectively.
D)He should choose another memory strategy.

Question 9

Information that is not transferred from working memory to ________ is lost.

A)sensory memory
B)long-term memory
C)a memory strategy
D)the information processor

Question 10

________ thought is rule-oriented and logical but limited to the tangible and real.

A)Sensorimotor
B)Formal operational
C)Preoperational
D)Concrete operational

Question 11

Which of the following is not involved in successful learning and remembering?

A)using rehearsal because it is the most effective memory strategy
B)identifying the goals of a memory problem
C)choosing an effective memory strategy
D)monitoring the effectiveness of the chosen memory strategy

Question 12

After Tina outlined a chapter in her textbook, she answered questions in her study guide to see whether outlining was helping her learn the information in the chapter. Tina was ________ the effectiveness of her memory strategy.

A)rehearsing
B)monitoring
C)scripting
D)distorting

Question 13

________ is a strategy of repetitively naming information that is to be remembered.

A)Outlining
B)Rehearsal
C)Monitoring
D)Summarizing

Question 14

Perry has always had difficulty knowing where to start when he begins studying. What is the first thing Perry should do when studying?

A)Choose an effective memory strategy.
B)Monitor the effectiveness of his memory strategy.
C)Identify the goals of his study session.
D)Use a memory strategy.

Question 15

Which characteristic of the concrete operational child's thinking helps him or her to solve Piaget's conservation problem?

A)reversibility
B)hypothetical thinking
C)egocentrism
D)animism

Question 16

Four-year-old Jasmine is asked to remember objects on a tray that she is shown for one minute. During the minute she is shown the objects, Jasmine looks at and touches each object. Jasmine is

A)using a memory strategy.
B)using a script.
C)monitoring.
D)testing an alternate hypothesis.

Question 17

Information in working memory

A)stays in working memory indefinitely
B)is displaced as more information is processed and will be lost unless it is moved to long-term memory.
C)moves to sensory memory when it is no longer actively being used.
D)is moved either to the sensory memory or to the long-term memory, depending on the type of information.

Question 18

According to Piaget, the concrete operational child

A)cannot reverse mental operations.
B)cannot solve conservation tasks.
C)thinks in an abstract and hypothetical manner.
D)knows that appearances can be deceiving.

Question 19

The ability to use an effective strategy

A)does not change with age.
B)involves evaluating the effectiveness of a particular strategy for the task at hand.
C)does not influence how much one remembers.
D)is well-developed by the time children are 7 years old.

Question 20

Which memory strategy is a preschooler most likely to use?

A)rehearsal
B)outlining
C)summarizing
D)looking at or touching a to-be-remembered object

Question 21

Scripts of events

A)can distort a child's memory for an event.
B)force children to remember every individual activity that is part of an event.
C)make remembering a specific event more difficult.
D)do not provide information about the sequence in which events occur.

Question 22

Some research has provided support for the notion that there is a general factor of intelligence, but other investigations have suggested that intelligence consists of distinct abilities. These discrepant results were first resolved by proposing

A)information processing approaches.
B)hierarchical theories of intelligence.
C)Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
D)Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.

Question 23

Which of the following does not accurately describe the impact of scripts on memory?

A)In trying to recall an event that fits a script, children can retrieve the script and use it to organize recall of the event.
B)Experiences that do not conform to the script may be forgotten or distorted.
C)Children may "remember" events because they are part of the script, not because they were actually experienced.
D)Memory distortions are particularly likely when children are recounting the first experience of a new activity.

Question 24

Nate has decided that he would like to be a psychometrician. Nate is interested in

A)studying sensory and perceptual processes.
B)Piagetian theory.
C)the treatment of mental illnesses.
D)the measurement of psychological characteristics with tests.

Question 25

A memory structure used to describe the sequence in which events occur is referred to as

A)a script.
B)rehearsal.
C)monitoring.
D)repeated questioning.

Question 26

Michelene Chi's study comparing memory in child chess experts and adult chess novices demonstrated

A)the effect of knowledge on memory.
B)how scripts influence memory.
C)the susceptibility of preschoolers' memories to suggestions.
D)the effectiveness of the rehearsal memory strategy.

Question 27

Jared and Joe are the same age. Jared loves dogs and knows a lot about them while Joe does not. If you asked each of them to remember a list of dog breeds and a list of unrelated words, what would you expect to find?

A)Jared would recall more dog breeds than Joe, but they would both remember about the same number of unrelated words.
B)Jared would recall more dog breeds and more unrelated words than Joe.
C)Jared and Joe would recall the about the same number of dog breeds and unrelated words.
D)Jared would recall more dog breeds than Joe, but Joe would recall more unrelated words than Jared.

Question 28

Thurstone and Thurstone's work on intelligence

A)emphasized specific factors of intelligence.
B)focused on a general factor of intelligence.
C)was based on Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
D)was based on information-processing research.

Question 29

Children's knowledge can be characterized in terms of a network in which

A)the entries are unrelated to one another.
B)younger children have fewer entries but more connecting links.
C)information is organized for adults but not for children.
D)younger children have fewer entries and fewer and weaker connecting links.

Question 30

After Jake set the table, his mother asked him whether he had put napkins on the table. Even though he hadn't, Jake replied "yes" and believed he had because he knew that putting napkins on the table was part of what he always did when he set the table. Jake's distorted memory is best explained as

A)the result of remembering a script.
B)due to the small capacity of his working memory.
C)a result of poorly organized knowledge.
D)intentional lying.

Question 31

As Wendy read her textbook, she wrote summaries of each section. When she met with her study group, she was able to answer many but not all of the questions posed by members of her study group. What should she do next?

A)She should choose a different memory strategy.
B)She should keep using her current strategy but concentrate on summarizing parts of the textbook she knows least well.
C)She should stop studying because she used an effective memory strategy and knows most of the material already.
D)She should stop going to the study group and study by herself.

Question 32

The psychometric approach to intelligence

A)measures intelligence using scorable intelligence tests.
B)equates intelligence with the existence of exceptional talent.
C)says that intelligent behaviour always involves skillful adaptation to an environment.
D)suggests that many different intelligences exist.

Question 33

Psychologists who specialize in the measurement of psychological characteristics such as intelligence and personality could be referred to as

A)Piagetians.
B)psychometricians.
C)information processing theorists.
D)Freudians.

Question 34

The idea that a general factor for intelligence, or g, is responsible for performance on all mental tests was introduced by

A)Gardner.
B)Thurstone.
C)Carroll.
D)Spearman.

Question 35

Research by Michelene Chi with child chess experts and adult chess novices has shown that

A)knowledge within a particular area does not influence memory performance.
B)adults' memories are better than children's even when children have expert knowledge in a particular area.
C)knowledge in a particular area organizes and gives meaning to new information.
D)child chess experts could not remember more chess pieces than adult chess novices.

Question 36

Melody has eaten at fast food restaurants many times. She remembers that first you wait in line, then you order your food, pay for it, carry it to a table, eat, and finally, throw away your trash. Melody's knowledge about the events that typically occur when eating at a fast food restaurant is best described as

A)a script.
B)monitoring.
C)rehearsal.
D)working memory.

Question 37

Knowledge that helps organize information and give it meaning

A)decreases with age.
B)increases with age.
C)does not change with age.
D)does not influence memory.

Question 38

Dr. Jones claims that there is a g, a general factor for intelligence. In an effort to support his claim, he gave several different tests to many people. Which of the following results would support his claim?

A)if performances by one individual were inconsistent across tasks
B)if performances by one individual were consistent across tasks
C)if, when people's scores were averaged across tests, everyone received about the same average score
D)if individuals showed different patterns of high and low scores on tasks

Question 39

Hierarchical theories of intelligence

A)include only general factors of intelligence.
B)include only specific factors of intelligence.
C)include both general and specific factors of intelligence.
D)are based on research and theories of cognitive development.

Question 40

When Michelene Chi asked child chess experts and adult chess novices to remember sequences of numbers and positions of chess pieces on a chess board, she found that

A)child chess experts remembered more number sequences and more chess piece patterns than adult chess novices did.
B)adult chess novices remembered more number sequences and more chess piece patterns than child chess experts did.
C)adult chess novices remembered more number sequences, but child chess experts remembered more chess piece patterns.
D)child chess experts remembered more number sequences, but adult chess novices remembered more chess piece patterns.

Question 41

Gardner's theory of intelligence

A)ignores the developmental history of distinct intelligences.
B)presents a narrow view of intelligence.
C)emphasizes general intelligence.
D)has important implications for education.

Question 42

According to Sternberg's ________ subtheory, intelligence is revealed in both novel and familiar tasks.

A)contextual
B)experiential
C)intrapersonal
D)componential

Question 43

Which of Gardner's intelligences develops the earliest?

A)logical-mathematical
B)linguistic
C)spatial
D)All of the intelligences develop simultaneously.

Question 44

What is intelligent behaviour for Kaylee, who lives in the midwestern United States, is not necessarily what would be intelligent behaviour for Salina, who lives in Kenya. This cultural difference in what would be considered intelligent behaviour is addressed by

A)Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.
B)psychometric theories of intelligence.
C)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
D)Spearman's general factor of intelligence.

Question 45

Binet and Simon developed an intelligence test in order to

A)measure intelligence across cultures.
B)predict job success.
C)determine how much of intelligence is due to heredity and how much is due to the environment.
D)identify children who would need special instruction in school.

Question 46

According to Sternberg's experiential subtheory, which of the following tasks would measure intelligence?

A)applying existing knowledge to a new situation
B)performing familiar school tasks automatically
C)both applying existing knowledge to a new situation and performing familiar school tasks automatically
D)neither applying existing knowledge to a new situation nor performing familiar school tasks

Question 47

Savants

A)receive high scores on traditional intelligence tests.
B)perform consistently on many different types of intellectual tasks.
C)are intellectually delayed but extremely talented in one domain.
D)have a learning disability.

Question 48

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence

A)identifies specific contents of intelligence.
B)suggests that intelligence is independent of one's culture or environment.
C)suggests that intelligence is revealed only in familiar tests.
D)suggests that intelligence refers to a person's ability to obtain what they want in life within their own context.

Question 49

According to the method that Binet and Simon used to score their intelligence scale, a 7-year-old child who could solve correctly problems that the average 8-year-old could solve would have a mental age (MA) of

A)7 years.
B)7 years, 6 months.
C)8 years.
D)9 years.

Question 50

Mrs. Duncan is a second grade teacher who applies Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences in her classroom. Which of the following is she most likely to do?

A)Give all of her students a traditional intelligence test.
B)Strongly emphasize basic reading and language skills.
C)Incorporate the study of music, dance, and interpersonal relationships into her curriculum.
D)Focus on developing her students' logical/mathematical abilities.

Question 51

Your professor tells you that today you will be discussing the contextual, experiential, and componential subtheories of intelligence. Having already read your textbook chapter on intelligence, you know you'll be talking about

A)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
B)Sternberg's triarchic theory.
C)psychometric theory.
D)hierarchical theories of intelligence.

Question 52

Deborah has an average IQ but is an exceptionally talented dancer. Deborah would be considered exceptionally intelligent according to

A)a psychometrician.
B)Carroll's hierarchical theory of intelligence.
C)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
D)Binet.

Question 53

Which of the following intelligences is included both in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and in psychometric theories of intelligence?

A)musical
B)bodily-kinesthetic
C)interpersonal
D)spatial

Question 54

Sternberg's componential subtheory of intelligence

A)states that intelligence is partly defined by environmental or cultural context.
B)associates intelligence with more efficient organization and use of processing skills.
C)considers the familiarity of the task.
D)is concerned with the contents of intelligence.

Question 55

Gardner's theory of intelligence

A)suggests that one general factor of intelligence exists.
B)does not address the issue of the development of intelligence.
C)is a very narrow theory of intelligence.
D)suggests that different intelligences are regulated by different regions of the brain.

Question 56

According to Sternberg's ________ subtheory, intelligent behaviour involves skilfully adapting to the environment.

A)componential
B)contextual
C)experiential
D)hierarchical

Question 57

Justin is intellectually delayed but is an extremely talented carpenter. Justin is

A)learning disabled.
B)a savant.
C)interpersonally intelligent.
D)intrapersonally intelligent.

Question 58

________ refers to the difficulty level of the problems on an intelligence test that children can solve correctly.

A)Reliability
B)Validity
C)Mental age
D)Chronological age

Question 59

The use of information-processing skills, such as monitoring, is addressed in Sternberg's ________ subtheory of intelligence.

A)linguistic
B)componential
C)experiential
D)contextual

Question 60

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory,

A)there are seven distinct intelligences.
B)intelligence is defined by context, experience, and information-processing components.
C)intelligence is a hierarchy of general and specific skills.
D)traditional intelligence tests are the best measure of intelligence.

Question 61

Dynamic testing is based on

A)Piaget's theory.
B)information-processing theory.
C)Vygotsky's theory.
D)the Stanford-Binet.

Question 62

Which of the following would be considered dynamic testing?

A)giving Raven's Progressive Matrices to a group of African American children
B)individually administering the WISC-III to a child
C)introducing the Spanish language to children who speak only English and assessing how quickly they are able to learn Spanish
D)assessing children's current physical fitness level on a variety of fitness tasks

Question 63

Which of the following statements best describes the ability of intelligence tests to predict a child's future skill levels?

A)Intelligence test scores are very useful in predicting on-the-job success.
B)Intelligence test scores almost perfectly predict school performance.
C)Intelligence test scores do a reasonable job of predicting school success.
D)Intelligence test scores are not related to school performance.

Question 64

What is the MA of a 4-year old with an IQ of 125?

A)2
B)4
C)5
D)8

Question 65

The fact that an IQ test is positively correlated with school performance indicates that this IQ test

A)has validity.
B)has reliability.
C)is influenced by heredity.
D)is influenced by the environment.

Question 66

Select the statement about heredity and intelligence that is not true.

A)IQ scores are usually more alike for fraternal twins than for identical twins.
B)Biological parents and children tend to be more alike in intelligence than adoptive parents and children.
C)The impact of heredity on intelligence increases during childhood and adolescence.
D)Children's IQ scores show distinctive patterns of spurts and lags that appear to be genetically influenced.

Question 67

Which pair of individuals is likely to have the most similar IQ scores?

A)Jerry and Larry, who are biological brothers
B)Jessie and Jenny, who are biological sisters
C)Michael and David, who are fraternal twins
D)Greg and Craig, who are identical twins

Question 68

The validity of an intelligence test is usually measured by correlating scores on the test with all of the following except

A)grades in school.
B)a second administration of the same test.
C)teachers' ratings of their students.
D)scores on an established test of intelligence.

Question 69

Your friend was given a test in which she had to learn something new in the presence of the examiner and with the examiner's help. You realize that she had taken

A)the Stanford-Binet.
B)the WISC-III.
C)a culture-fair intelligence test.
D)a dynamic test of intelligence.

Question 70

Which of the following shows the formula Terman used to calculate an intelligence quotient?

A)IQ = MA/CA × 100
B)IQ = CA/MA × 100
C)IQ = CA/MA
D)IQ = MA/CA

Question 71

Which of the following siblings would have the most similar IQ scores?

A)children and their adopted siblings
B)siblings who have the same biological parents
C)fraternal twins
D)identical twins

Question 72

In today's version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, an individual's IQ is calculated by

A)dividing an individual's mental age by his or her chronological age and then multiplying by 100.
B)correlating his or her scores on the various subtests.
C)comparing how many questions the individual passed to the average number passed by individuals of the same age.
D)multiplying the number of test items passed by 100.

Question 73

Which of the following provides evidence that an IQ test is valid?

A)It correlates significantly with age.
B)It correlates significantly with number of years in school.
C)It correlates significantly with body weight.
D)It correlates significantly with academic performance.

Question 74

An intelligence test is valid if it

A)yields consistent scores over various time intervals.
B)measures what it claims to measure.
C)yields similar scores on equivalent forms.
D)has been standardized.

Question 75

What is the MA of an 8-year old with an IQ of 125?

A)3
B)4
C)6
D)10

Question 76

A school system wants to group students according to intelligence and decides to use head circumference as the measure of intelligence. Parents are likely to object to the school's measure of intelligence because it

A)would be expensive to administer.
B)would be culturally biased.
C)lacks reliability.
D)lacks validity.

Question 77

________ refers to the extent that a test actually measures what it was hypothesized to measure when it was created.

A)Psychometrics
B)Contextuality
C)Validity
D)Reliability

Question 78

What percentage of individuals scores between 85 and 115 on IQ tests?

A)10.22%
B)15.18%
C)29.42%
D)68.26%

Question 79

Which of the following provides evidence that a test of extraversion is valid?

A)It correlates significantly with introversion.
B)It correlates significantly with number of years in school.
C)It correlates significantly with socioeconomic status.
D)It correlates significantly with social skills.

Question 80

Dynamic tests of intelligence

A)have been used for many years and have produced well-established results.
B)measure a child's learning potential.
C)produce the same information as static tests of intelligence.
D)measure what a child already knows.