Deck 5: Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers

Question 1

"Average" physical growth

A)varies from one generation to the next.
B)does not vary from country to country.
C)is the same as "normal" physical growth.
D)is the same in Africa and Europe.

Answer 1

varies from one generation to the next.

Question 2

Nutritional needs during infancy are high because ________ requires a relatively large amount of energy.

A)digestion
B)respiration
C)an infant's high activity level
D)growth

Answer 2

growth

Question 3

Who is likely to be accumulating fat least rapidly?

A)Belle, who is 6 months of age
B)Greta, who is 4 years of age
C)Caroline, who is 10 years of age
D)Claire, who is 13 years of age

Answer 3

Greta, who is 4 years of age

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true of the role of hormones in growth?

A)Growth hormone is secreted by the liver.
B)Thyroxine triggers the release of somatomedin which causes muscles and bones to grow.
C)Thyroxine is necessary for the proper development of nerve cells.
D)Low levels of thyroxine cause dwarfism.

Question 5

Which of the following helps bones and muscles grow?

A)somatomedin
B)thyroxine
C)antibodies
D)epiphyses

Question 6

Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the

A)pituitary gland.
B)thyroid gland.
C)epiphyses.
D)myelin.

Question 7

Which of the following accurately describes secular growth trends over the last 100 years?

A)Adults and children are heavier today but no taller than in previous generations.
B)Adults and children are heavier and taller today than in previous generations.
C)Adults and children are lighter and shorter today than in previous generations.
D)Adults and children have the same average height and weight today as they did in previous generations.

Question 8

Fat accumulates rapidly

A)only during infancy.
B)during infancy and the preschool years.
C)during the preschool years and adolescence.
D)during infancy and adolescence.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of nutrition and physical growth?

A)Nutrition is particularly important during infancy when growth is rapid.
B)In a 2-month-old, almost 80 percent of the body's energy is devoted to growth.
C)Young babies need fewer calories per pound of body weight than adults do.
D)Nutrition is not related to physical growth.

Question 10

Marie has a deficiency in thyroxine, which is likely to result in

A)accelerated growth.
B)early maturation.
C)improperly developed nerve cells and cognitive delay.
D)no observable developmental problems.

Question 11

Growth during infancy and childhood follows the ________ in which growth occurs first in the head and trunk and later in the hips, legs, and feet.

A)secular growth trend
B)epiphyses principle
C)cephalocaudal principle
D)proximodistal principle

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true?

A)The body's muscle fibres appear after birth.
B)Very little fat accumulates after birth.
C)Cartilage begins to turn to bone after birth.
D)Toddlers and young children have disproportionately large heads.

Question 13

Epiphyses are

A)the collective physical changes that occur in early adolescence.
B)chemicals that travel in the bloodstream to act on other body parts.
C)changes in physical development from one generation to the next.
D)the ends of the cartilage structures in a fetus.

Question 14

Bone develops from

A)cartilage.
B)muscle fibres.
C)fat tissue.
D)the central nervous system.

Question 15

Mrs. Wolff reminded her art students that in order to draw toddlers and young children realistically they need to draw disproportionately large

A)feet.
B)hips.
C)arms.
D)heads.

Question 16

The body's muscle fibres

A)are mostly absent at birth and do not appear in great numbers until middle childhood.
B)become longer and thicker during childhood.
C)become shorter and thinner during childhood.
D)are fused together at birth but gradually separate.

Question 17

Compared to bottle-fed babies, breast-fed babies

A)are ill more often.
B)are less prone to diarrhea and constipation.
C)have a more difficult time making the transition to solid foods.
D)do not receive the antibodies that are found in formula.

Question 18

Because David's pituitary gland releases inadequate amounts of growth hormone, he is likely to

A)develop into a dwarf.
B)have improperly developed nerve cells.
C)have cognitive delay.
D)mature early.

Question 19

Which of the following describes a secular growth trend?

A)Girls begin puberty earlier than boys.
B)Boys eventually grow taller than girls.
C)Boys in the current generation are taller on average than boys from the previous generation.
D)The rate of growth during adolescence is faster than it is during middle childhood.

Question 20

Cartilage turns to bone

A)first in the centre and later in the ends of the cartilage structure.
B)first at the ends and later in the centre of the cartilage structure.
C)in all parts of the cartilage structure simultaneously.
D)beginning at birth.

Question 21

Candace has been overwhelmed with advice and information from well-meaning friends and relatives after the birth of her first child, and she isn't sure how much of what they tell her she should believe. Which of the following statements that she has been told about nutrition and eating early in life is true?

A)At 2 years, growth becomes more rapid so children need to eat more.
B)No more than one new food should be presented to an infant at one time.
C)In Canada, most babies are bottle-fed exclusively, because that way they get more nutrients than they would if they were breast-fed.
D)Babies should not eat solid foods until they are 1 year of age.

Question 22

The gap between one neuron and another is a(n)

A)axon.
B)hemisphere.
C)synapse.
D)dendrite.

Question 23

Axons are wrapped in a fatty sheath called ________ that helps transmit information more rapidly.

A)a cell body
B)a synapse
C)myelin
D)dendrite

Question 24

Each neuronal cell body consists of

A)a nucleus.
B)an axon.
C)dendrites.
D)tree-like branches.

Question 25

The ________ contains the basic biological machinery that keeps the neuron alive.

A)dendrite
B)axon
C)cell body
D)neural plate

Question 26

Structures at the ends of the axon that release chemicals are called

A)terminal buttons.
B)synapses.
C)myelin.
D)neurotransmitters.

Question 27

Neurotransmitters

A)are chemicals that carry information to nearby neurons.
B)are tube-like structures at one end of a cell body.
C)look like a tree with many branches.
D)contain the basic biological machinery that keeps a neuron alive.

Question 28

The diseases that kill the largest number of young children

A)are caused by malnutrition.
B)could often be prevented with proven cost-effective treatments.
C)are due to birth defects.
D)are responsible for more deaths than accidents.

Question 29

A(n) ________ is a cell that specializes in receiving and transmitting information.

A)dendrite
B)axon
C)corpus callosum
D)neuron

Question 30

Penelope is undergoing treatment for malnourishment. The most appropriate treatment would be one which

A)focused solely on improving Penelope's diet.
B)educated Penelope's parents about malnourishment.
C)used medication to control Penelope's behaviour.
D)combined dietary improvements with parent training.

Question 31

You are asked to create a brochure for a "Hungry Children" campaign designed to educate the public about malnourishment during infancy and childhood. Which of the following subtitles would be most appropriate to include in the brochure?

A)"Parents-Stimulate Your Malnourished Children"
B)"Malnutrition-Only A Third World Problem"
C)"How to Treat Hyperactivity Resulting from Malnutrition"
D)"How to Avoid Malnourishment During Its Most Dangerous Period-Middle Childhood"

Question 32

The corpus callosum

A)is the wrinkled surface of the brain.
B)is a tube-like structure at one end of a neuron.
C)is a thick bundle of neurons that links the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
D)controls personality and the ability to make and carry out plans.

Question 33

Which of the following looks like a tree with many branches?

A)a neuron
B)a dendrite
C)an axon
D)a cell body

Question 34

Michelle and Deana are arguing about the relative benefits of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding. Which of their arguments is most valid?

A)Michelle's claim that breast-fed babies are ill less often because breast milk has the mother's antibodies in it.
B)Deana's assertion that bottle-fed babies are less likely to have diarrhea and constipation.
C)Michelle's argument that breast-fed babies' psychological development is enhanced.
D)Deana's belief that bottle-fed babies make the transition to solid foods more easily.

Question 35

Gavin was severely malnourished as an infant. He is likely to experience damage to his ________, which may affect his intelligence and ability to pay attention.

A)brain
B)pituitary gland
C)hormones
D)basal metabolic rate

Question 36

The most common cause of accidental death in children is

A)drowning.
B)motor vehicle accidents.
C)suffocation.
D)burns.

Question 37

The ________ receives input from neurons whereas the ________ sends information from other dendrites.

A)dendrite; axon
B)dendrite; cell body
C)axon; cell body
D)axon; dendrite

Question 38

Malnourishment is most harmful during

A)adolescence.
B)middle childhood.
C)the preschool years.
D)infancy.

Question 39

Malnutrition

A)is common only in developing nations.
B)does not affect children's size or intelligence.
C)is especially damaging during middle childhood.
D)needs to be treated by training parents to engage with their children.

Question 40

Research suggests that severe malnourishment during infancy

A)will not impair childhood intellectual ability as long as children have attained normal height and weight.
B)nearly always stunts height and weight later in later childhood.
C)has been found to result in normal physical development but below average intelligence during later childhood.
D)will stunt physical growth but will not impair intellectual development.

Question 41

Who is performing a fine-motor skill?

A)Johnny, who is walking
B)Guy, who is rolling over
C)Vincent, who is scribbling with a pencil
D)Juan, who is playing soccer

Question 42

The entire nervous system arises from the embryonic structure known as the

A)medulla.
B)neural plate.
C)corpus callosum.
D)cerebral cortex.

Question 43

Damage to the left hemisphere of the brain is likely to affect which of the following functions?

A)language
B)musical ability
C)spatial relations
D)regulation of feelings of happiness and sadness

Question 44

________ refers to the extent to which brain organization is flexible.

A)Neuroplasticity
B)Epiphyses
C)Interposition
D)Differentiation

Question 45

After suffering a head injury, Kent began having difficulty planning and his personality changed. Kent appears to have suffered damage to his brain's

A)right hemisphere.
B)left hemisphere.
C)corpus callosum.
D)frontal cortex.

Question 46

Synaptic pruning refers to the

A)production of synapses.
B)positioning of synapses.
C)disappearance of synapses.
D)wrapping of neurons in a fatty sheath that allows them to transmit information more rapidly.

Question 47

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A)measures electrical activity in the brain.
B)records the amount of glucose used in various parts of the brain.
C)uses sound waves to produce an image of the brain.
D)is a brain X-ray.

Question 48

Coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs are referred to as

A)psychological skills.
B)social skills.
C)cognitive skills.
D)motor skills.

Question 49

PET-scans show that activity in the frontal cortex

A)of 5-day-old babies is like that of adults.
B)approaches adult levels by 7 or 8 months after birth.
C)reaches adult levels by adolescence.
D)does not reach adult levels until adulthood.

Question 50

Which is a form of locomotion?

A)holding a bottle
B)crawling
C)using a stick shift
D)building with blocks

Question 51

The production of neurons is virtually complete

A)by 28 weeks after conception.
B)by 6 months of age.
C)by 3 years of age.
D)by adolescence.

Question 52

For most people, the left hemisphere of the brain controls

A)artistic and musical abilities.
B)the perception of spatial relations.
C)the ability to produce and understand language.
D)the ability to recognize faces.

Question 53

The brain's electrical activity is measured by

A)X-rays.
B)positron emission tomography (PET).
C)ultrasound.
D)electroencephalograms (EEG).

Question 54

For most people, the right hemisphere of the brain controls

A)the perception of spatial relationships.
B)the ability to produce and understand language.
C)planning ability.
D)reasoning ability.

Question 55

Emotions such as happiness and curiosity that involve a desire to approach a stimulus are regulated by the

A)left frontal cortex.
B)right frontal cortex.
C)left hemisphere.
D)right hemisphere.

Question 56

Newborn reflexes

A)are uncommon.
B)are learned.
C)are unlearned motor responses to stimuli.
D)do not have any major significance.

Question 57

Ten-year-old Bruce moved to a house in the opposite direction from school as his old house. Every day when he left school, he walked in the direction of his old house, not his new one. The difficulty that Bruce was having in keeping himself from travelling the old route home suggests that Bruce may have damage in the ________ of his brain.

A)right hemisphere
B)left hemisphere
C)corpus callosum
D)frontal cortex

Question 58

Karen's baby, Carly, is connected to an EEG and is showing much activity in the right frontal cortex of her brain. Karen says,

A)"Carly must find this procedure quite distressing."
B)"Carly seems to be concentrating on listening to the examiner speak."
C)"Carly sees something she's curious about."
D)"Carly must recognize that picture of her father's face."

Question 59

Neurons

A)are produced in their final positions.
B)migrate to their final positions in stages.
C)migrate to their final positions in the brain after birth.
D)are produced throughout life.

Question 60

The brain is

A)fully specialized by 28 weeks after conception.
B)fully specialized by birth.
C)somewhat specialized at birth but continues to become more specialized throughout childhood and into adulthood.
D)not at all specialized at birth.

Question 61

When a newborn's foot is stroked from heel to toe, the infant will fan its toes. This is known as the

A)Moro reflex.
B)Babinski reflex.
C)palmar reflex.
D)rooting reflex.

Question 62

Haley is 2 months old. Which of the following motor milestones is she likely to have most recently attained?

A)chest up
B)sitting with support
C)standing with help
D)grasping object

Question 63

After first learning to do a backbend and then learning to stand up from a backbend, Janine combined those two elements to do a complete back walkover. Janine's combining of the two component skills to perform a more complex skill is referred to as

A)differentiation.
B)locomotion.
C)a fine-motor skill.
D)integration.

Question 64

Nellie has noticed that her 3-month-old cannot coordinate the motions of his hands. When should she expect him to be able to do this?

A)He should have been able to coordinate his hands at birth.
B)He should be learning how to coordinate his hands right now-at about 3 months.
C)He should be able to coordinate his hands at about 5 months.
D)He won't be able to coordinate his hands until he is about one year.

Question 65

Sarah has noticed that whenever she touches her baby son's cheek, he turns his head and opens his mouth. Sarah has triggered the

A)sucking reflex.
B)Moro reflex.
C)Babinski reflex.
D)rooting reflex.

Question 66

________ refers to breaking down complex skills into their component parts.

A)Differentiation
B)Integration
C)Motor skill
D)Locomotion

Question 67

Reflexes

A)are not important to the newborn's survival.
B)do not protect the infant from danger in the environment.
C)indicate whether or not the newborn's nervous system is working properly.
D)are not related to later motor behaviour.

Question 68

In order to learn to do a triple jump in ice-skating, Jennifer broke the triple jump into its component parts-the take-off, the individual turns, and the landing-and practised each of those individually. Jennifer was using ________ to master a complex act.

A)locomotion
B)fine-motor skills
C)integration
D)differentiation

Question 69

When Grant puts a small rattle in his newborn daughter's hand, she grasps it tightly. Grant's daughter is displaying the

A)palmar reflex.
B)Moro reflex.
C)Babinski reflex.
D)rooting reflex.

Question 70

In newborns, upright posture is impossible due in part to their tendency to

A)be top-heavy.
B)be bottom-heavy.
C)have a more developed trunk than limbs.
D)have more developed limbs than trunk.

Question 71

Motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet the demands of specific tasks according to

A)positron emission tomography.
B)dynamic systems theory.
C)synaptic pruning theory.
D)terminal buttons theory.

Question 72

The Moro reflex

A)may help a baby cling to its mother.
B)helps a baby find the mother's nipple.
C)is a precursor to voluntary grasping.
D)permits feeding.

Question 73

When infants are held upright over a treadmill

A)most 3-month-olds demonstrate alternate stepping.
B)most 6- and 7-month-olds demonstrate alternate stepping.
C)only 10-month-olds demonstrate alternate stepping.
D)only infants who could walk already demonstrate alternate stepping.

Question 74

Combining the component skills of a complex motion to form a working whole is called

A)a fine-motor skill.
B)myelinization.
C)differentiation.
D)integration.

Question 75

Prior to a voluntary industry ban in 1989, Canadian parents used ________ to support children's locomotion before they were able to walk.

A)infant walkers
B)upright strollers
C)specially designed guardrails
D)baby harnesses

Question 76

Margaret's newborn daughter shows few reflexive behaviours and those she does have are weak. Margaret should be

A)concerned and take her daughter for a thorough physical and behavioural assessment.
B)congratulated for having a developmentally advanced infant daughter.
C)happy that she has a perfectly normal daughter.
D)a little more observant. All infants have many reflexive behaviours.

Question 77

Kamar has just learned to sit without support. Which motor milestone would you expect he has not yet achieved but will master the soonest?

A)rolling from back to front
B)walking with assistance
C)standing while holding an object for support
D)jumping

Question 78

Which of the following fine-motor skills is the last to develop?

A)shaking a toy
B)moving a hand while holding an object
C)using both hands in a coordinated way
D)using only one hand to simply hold an object

Question 79

Most 4-month-olds

A)do not have the muscles necessary to keep their balance.
B)use cues from the inner ears to maintain balance.
C)use only visual cues to maintain balance.
D)cannot maintain balance if they are blindfolded.

Question 80

Graham is 6 months old. How would you expect him to be feeding himself?

A)He is unlikely to be able to feed himself at all, so is likely to be completely dependent on adults to get fed.
B)He's probably beginning to be able to pick up finger foods, but is likely to have difficulty getting them in his mouth.
C)He can probably use a spoon to bring food to his mouth, but may keep his wrist rigid.
D)He should be able to use a spoon to eat using the same motions as an adult uses.