Deck 3: Genetic Bases of Child Development

Question 1

Which of the following is the best example of a phenotype?

A)blue eyes
B)an allele for sickle-shaped cells
C)an XX chromosome pattern
D)codominant genes

Answer 1

blue eyes

Question 2

Each sperm and egg contains ________ chromosomes.

A)23
B)26
C)46
D)a variable number of

Answer 2

23

Question 3

Who is most likely to have sickle-cell anemia?

A)Tad, a person of European descent
B)Jared, a person of African descent
C)Miguel, a person of Hispanic descent
D)Ed, a person of Asian descent

Answer 3

Jared, a person of African descent

Question 4

Rhonda and Reuben just had a baby boy. If they could look at their baby's sex chromosomes, they would see

A)one X and one Y chromosome.
B)two Y chromosomes.
C)one Y chromosome only.
D)one X chromosome only.

Question 5

Blueprints are to a completed house as ________ are to ________.

A)phenotypes; genotypes
B)genotypes; phenotypes
C)recessive genes; dominant genes
D)dominant genes; recessive genes

Question 6

Sex chromosomes

A)do not come in pairs.
B)come in pairs of chromosomes that are about the same size.
C)determine the sex of the child.
D)are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 7

Chromosomes consist of

A)eggs and sperm.
B)phenotypes.
C)alleles.
D)deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 8

Lilly and Kyle have been unable to conceive a baby through sexual intercourse, so they have decided to try in vitro fertilization. Which of the following is true about their situation?

A)Lilly and Kyle's attempts to have a baby through in vitro fertilization are very likely to be successful.
B)Lilly and Kyle are very likely to have to use a surrogate mother to carry the child.
C)Lilly and Kyle will have to use donor sperm.
D)If Lilly does become pregnant, she will have a higher-than-average chance of having twins or triplets.

Question 9

A fertilized egg contains ________ chromosome(s).

A)1
B)22
C)23
D)46

Question 10

In vitro fertilization

A)is usually accompanied by surrogate motherhood.
B)is successful about 80% of the time.
C)is less likely to result in the birth of twins or triplets.
D)sometimes involves the use of egg and sperm from donors.

Question 11

Organic structures in the nucleus of a cell that contain genetic material are called

A)chromosomes.
B)phenotypes.
C)heterozygous.
D)homozygous.

Question 12

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes

A)contain either X or Y chromosomes.
B)determine the sex of the individual.
C)are called autosomes.
D)do not vary in size.

Question 13

Jackie has sickle-cell anemia, a condition which is

A)caused by a virus.
B)caused by a bacterial infection.
C)inherited.
D)related to a lack of protein in the diet.

Question 14

Autosomal chromosomes

A)come in pairs containing one large and one small chromosome.
B)come in pairs that are about the same size.
C)determine the sex of a child.
D)have an X and a Y chromosome.

Question 15

Each group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions is called a

A)phenotype.
B)gene.
C)chromosome pair.
D)recessive allele.

Question 16

In vitro fertilization is a procedure in which

A)an egg is fertilized by sperm in a laboratory dish and then placed in the mother's uterus.
B)sperm is injected into the mother's uterus to fertilize her egg.
C)a fertilized egg is extracted from one woman's uterus and then placed in another woman's uterus.
D)a surrogate mother is used to carry another couple's developing fetus.

Question 17

An individual's physical, behavioural, and psychological features are known as one's

A)phenotype.
B)deoxyribonucleic acid.
C)genotype.
D)genes.

Question 18

The first ________ pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes.

A)22
B)23
C)44
D)46

Question 19

The complete set of genes that makes up a person's heredity is called

A)an allele.
B)deoxyribonucleic acid.
C)a genotype.
D)a phenotype.

Question 20

Eggs and sperm are also called

A)chromosomes.
B)autosomes.
C)genes.
D)gametes.

Question 21

When one allele does not dominate another completely, it is a case of

A)recessive inheritance.
B)incomplete dominance.
C)phenotype.
D)polygenic inheritance.

Question 22

Polygenic inheritance

A)reflects the influence of a single gene.
B)determines "either-or" traits such as eye colour.
C)cannot be studied because its influence is too broad.
D)influences behavioural and psychological traits such as intelligence.

Question 23

The chemical instructions of a ________ allele in an allele pair will be followed while those of a ________ allele will be ignored.

A)heterozygous; homozygous
B)homozygous; heterozygous
C)recessive; dominant
D)dominant; recessive

Question 24

Mindy and Mandy are dizygotic twins. Therefore, they

A)came from two separate eggs.
B)have the same genes.
C)have no shared genes.
D)cannot be used in a twin study.

Question 25

Most behavioural and psychological characteristics follow a(n) ________ pattern of genetic inheritance.

A)dominant-recessive
B)incomplete dominance
C)sex-linked
D)polygenic

Question 26

Lucas has one allele for normal blood cells and one allele for sickle-shaped cells. Lucas' blood cell alleles are

A)recessive.
B)dominant.
C)heterozygous.
D)homozygous.

Question 27

The branch of genetics that addresses the inheritance of behavioural and psychological traits is referred to as

A)evocative genetics.
B)active genetics.
C)behavioural genetics.
D)polygenic genetics.

Question 28

Leslie is homozygous for hair type. Therefore, she must have

A)curly hair.
B)straight hair.
C)one allele for curly hair and one allele for straight hair.
D)either two alleles for curly hair or two alleles for straight hair.

Question 29

Intelligence is

A)determined by a single gene.
B)a polygenic trait.
C)determined by the sex chromosomes.
D)not influenced by genetic factors.

Question 30

An individual who is heterozygous for eye colour would have

A)two alleles for brown eyes.
B)one allele for brown eyes and one for blue eyes.
C)two alleles for blue eyes.
D)blue eyes.

Question 31

If the allele for brown eyes is dominant and the allele for blue eyes is recessive, which genotype produces a person with blue eyes?

A)A blue-eyed person is homozygous with 2 alleles for brown eyes.
B)A blue-eyed person is homozygous with 2 alleles for blue eyes.
C)A blue-eyed person is heterozygous with 1 allele for blue eyes and 1 allele for brown eyes.
D)The alleles for eye color are demonstrating codominance.

Question 32

When alleles in a chromosome pair are identical, they are said to be

A)recessive.
B)dominant.
C)heterozygous.
D)homozygous.

Question 33

Activity level follows a polygenic pattern of inheritance. This means that

A)activity level is a recessive trait.
B)a single gene determines activity level.
C)there is no evidence of a genetic influence on activity level.
D)activity level is determined by the combination of many genes.

Question 34

Sickle-cell anemia

A)occurs in individuals who have one allele for normal blood cells and one allele for sickle-shaped cells.
B)is not an inherited disorder.
C)is not a serious health problem because it is easily cured.
D)is becoming less common in successive generations of African descendants in North America.

Question 35

Alleles

A)in a chromosome pair are always identical.
B)in a chromosome pair are always different.
C)in a chromosome pair are sometimes identical and sometimes different.
D)occur singly, not in pairs.

Question 36

Individuals with an allele for sickle-cell anemia are

A)more resistant to malaria.
B)likely to be of Asian heritage.
C)becoming more common in recent years in Canada.
D)infertile and thus unable to pass on the gene to offspring.

Question 37

Abner has a dominant allele for a full head of hair and a recessive allele for male pattern baldness. You would expect Abner to

A)be completely bald.
B)be partially bald.
C)have a full head of hair.
D)have thin hair.

Question 38

Jolie has sickle-cell trait, a temporary, relatively mild form of sickle-cell anemia, but does not have full-blown sickle-cell anemia. Her condition is most likely the result of

A)incomplete dominance with one allele for normal blood cells and one for sickle-shaped cells.
B)two recessive alleles for sickle-shaped cells.
C)a dominant sickle-shaped cell allele and a recessive normal blood cell allele.
D)two dominant alleles for normal blood cells.

Question 39

When phenotypes are caused by the combined effect of many separate genes, the pattern of inheritance is referred to as

A)polygenic inheritance.
B)dominant-recessive.
C)codominant.
D)sex-linked inheritance.

Question 40

Twins that come from a single fertilized egg that splits in two are called

A)dizygotic twins.
B)monozygotic twins.
C)fraternal twins.
D)homozygous.

Question 41

Adoption studies may be flawed because

A)adopted children are more likely than non-adopted children to have genetic disorders.
B)the results of adoption studies usually conflict with results of twin studies.
C)agencies may try to place adoptees in environments similar to those of their biological parents.
D)parents treat adopted children differently than biological children.

Question 42

A researcher uses a twin study to determine the influence of heredity on emotionality. If emotionality is influenced by heredity, the researcher will find that the level of emotionality is more similar in

A)sibling pairs than in identical twins.
B)fraternal twins than in sibling pairs.
C)fraternal twins than in identical twins.
D)identical twins than in fraternal twins.

Question 43

Twin studies

A)cannot be used to study polygenic traits such as intelligence.
B)are based on the assumption that monozygotic twins are not more similar genetically than dizygotic twins.
C)are based on the assumption that heredity influences a trait if identical twins are more alike than fraternal twins.
D)often underestimate the influence of heredity because identical twins may have more similar environments than fraternal twins.

Question 44

A researcher conducts an adoption study to estimate the heritability of intelligence. If intelligence is primarily influenced by the environment, the researcher will find that

A)adopted children's intelligence level is more similar to that of their biological parents than that of their adoptive parents.
B)adopted children's intelligence level is more similar to that of their adoptive parents than that of their biological parents.
C)adopted children's intelligence level is unrelated to that of either their biological or adoptive parents.
D)he cannot determine heritability with an adoption study, therefore he will need to do a twin study.

Question 45

Which pair has the most genes in common?

A)mother and daughter
B)identical twins
C)fraternal twins
D)brother and sister

Question 46

Whose opinion is best supported by the results of twin and adoption studies?

A)Aaron, who assumes heredity is solely responsible for behavioural development
B)Baron, who believes heredity has a substantial but not total influence on behavioural development
C)Karen, who asserts that heredity has virtually no influence on development
D)Sharon, who asserts that twin and adoption studies are too flawed to yield accurate information about the influence of genetics on development

Question 47

Results of twin and adoption studies suggest that genetics strongly influence

A)intelligence but do not strongly influence psychological disorders or personality.
B)intelligence and psychological disorders but do not strongly influence personality.
C)personality and psychological disorders but do not strongly influence intelligence.
D)intelligence, psychological disorders, and personality.

Question 48

________ is an inherited disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome which results in mental retardation.

A)Phenylketonuria
B)Huntington's disease
C)Down syndrome
D)Turner's syndrome

Question 49

The textbook's example study of extraversion in twins revealed

A)there was no evidence that extraversion is inherited.
B)identical twins showed more similar levels of extraversion than fraternal twins.
C)fraternal twins showed more similar levels of extraversion than identical twins.
D)there was considerable evidence that extraversion was influenced primarily by the environment.

Question 50

What was the source of the prenatal maternal stress examined by Quebec researchers Suzanne King and David Laplante in 2005?

A)ice storm
B)poverty
C)depression
D)divorce

Question 51

In adoption studies,

A)the results may be biased because biological and adoptive parents may be similar.
B)adoptive parents are assumed to provide genetic influence.
C)biological parents are assumed to provide environmental influence.
D)the greater similarity of adoptees to biological parents than to adoptive parents on a trait would indicate that the trait is influenced by the environment.

Question 52

If a trait is strongly influenced by genetic factors, you would expect to find that

A)adopted children resemble their biological parents more than their adoptive parents on that trait.
B)adopted children resemble their adoptive parents more than their biological parents on that trait.
C)dizygotic twins would be more similar on that trait than monozygotic twins would be.
D)dizygotic twins would be more similar on that trait than siblings would be.

Question 53

Adoption studies tend to study mothers more often than fathers because

A)mothers tend to have a stronger genetic influence on their children than fathers do.
B)mothers tend to have a stronger environmental influence on their children than fathers do.
C)fathers generally have less genetic and environmental influence on their children's development than mothers do.
D)it's harder to get information about the biological fathers than about the mothers.

Question 54

Recessive alleles are responsible for

A)Down syndrome.
B)Huntington's disease.
C)Klinefelter's syndrome.
D)phenylketonuria.

Question 55

________ twins are to identical twins as ________ twins are to fraternal twins.

A)Homozygous; heterozygous
B)Heterozygous; homozygous
C)Dizygotic; monozygotic
D)Monozygotic; dizygotic

Question 56

The problems associated with twin studies and adoption studies

A)are not serious enough to cause concern.
B)can be minimized by using both kinds of studies to see if they yield similar results.
C)can be minimized by using only one kind of study so potential flaws are not multiplied.
D)are insurmountable.

Question 57

Individuals with Down syndrome show which of the following characteristics?

A)cognitive delay
B)aggression
C)an extra X chromosome
D)a lack of sexual development

Question 58

The textbook's example study of extraversion in identical and fraternal twins demonstrated that

A)identical twins were more extraverted than fraternal twins.
B)fraternal twins were more extraverted than identical twins.
C)identical twin pairs were more similar than fraternal twin pairs.
D)there was no differences between identical and fraternal twin pairs.

Question 59

A potential flaw of twin studies is that

A)monozygotic twins do not always have identical genes.
B)dizygotic twins do not have identical genes.
C)parents may treat identical twins more similarly than they treat fraternal twins.
D)parents may treat fraternal twins more similarly than they treat identical twins.

Question 60

Sadie is depressed. You would be most likely to find that

A)Sadie's identical twin is depressed.
B)Sadie's adoptive mother is depressed.
C)Sadie's brother is depressed.
D)no one else in Sadie's family is depressed.

Question 61

Inherited disorders

A)are most often caused by dominant alleles.
B)are relatively rare.
C)do not run in families.
D)are more common than disorders caused by the wrong number of chromosomes.

Question 62

Harold has Klinefelter's syndrome which is caused by a(n) ________ chromosome pattern.

A)XYY
B)XXY
C)Y
D)YY

Question 63

Tom has Huntington's disease. You would expect him to begin to show signs of nervous system deterioration

A)at birth.
B)during childhood.
C)during adolescence.
D)during middle adulthood.

Question 64

The extra 21st chromosome that causes Down syndrome is

A)usually provided by the egg.
B)usually provided by the sperm.
C)provided by the egg about half the time and by the sperm about half the time.
D)usually created sometime during prenatal development.

Question 65

________ is one of the few serious inherited disorders caused by a dominant allele.

A)Sickle-cell anemia
B)Phenylketonuria
C)Turner's syndrome
D)Huntington's disease

Question 66

Who has the greatest risk of having a child with Down syndrome?

A)15-year-old Meredith
B)22-year-old Katie
C)36-year-old Lisa
D)44-year-old Susan

Question 67

Why are relatively few inherited disorders caused by two dominant alleles?

A)Because most disorders caused by dominant alleles lead to sterility which means the dominant allele will not be passed on.
B)Because genetic testing can more readily identify dominant rather than recessive alleles, genetic counseling has more successfully reduced the incidence of disorders caused by dominant alleles.
C)Because every person with one of the dominant alleles will have the disorder, and people with most of these disorders do not usually live long enough to reproduce, so the allele will not be passed on.
D)Because individuals carrying dominant alleles for a disorder are less likely to actually have the disorder than individuals carrying a recessive allele for a disorder.

Question 68

Tyler has Down syndrome and is intellectually delayed. He is in a regular classroom at school, a practice known as

A)enrichment.
B)niche-picking.
C)an evocative relation.
D)mainstreaming.

Question 69

The incidence of Down syndrome

A)increases as the mother gets older.
B)decreases as the mother gets older.
C)decreases as the father gets older.
D)is unrelated to parental age.

Question 70

Aletha and Frank are worried about their one-year-old baby. His eyes are almond-shaped (unlike theirs), his head seems small, and his development is slower than average-he's just now starting to sit up by himself. Which of the following disorders would you suspect their baby has?

A)Huntington's disease
B)Klinefelter's syndrome
C)Turner's syndrome
D)Down syndrome

Question 71

Huntington's disease is associated with

A)the absence of an important liver enzyme.
B)limited development of secondary sexual characteristics.
C)a progressive deterioration of the nervous system.
D)taller than normal height.

Question 72

Wendy's development was normal through childhood and early adulthood. However, during her 40s she began to experience muscle spasms, depression, and personality changes. Which of the following disorders or diseases is most likely to be causing her symptoms?

A)Phenylketonuria
B)Huntington's disease
C)Turner's syndrome
D)XXX syndrome

Question 73

Perry was born with phenylketonuria (PKU) which means that

A)she is mentally retarded and has an extra 21st chromosome.
B)phenylalanine can accumulate and damage her nervous system.
C)she will develop normally until middle adulthood, at which time her nervous system will begin to deteriorate.
D)she has a missing chromosome and will be severely retarded.

Question 74

Extra, missing, or damaged chromosomes

A)do not usually disturb development.
B)sometimes disturb development.
C)have far-reaching consequences for development.
D)always cause spontaneous abortion.

Question 75

The most common reason for fertilized eggs to spontaneously abort shortly after conception is

A)abnormal autosomal chromosomes.
B)abnormal sex chromosomes.
C)environmental teratogens.
D)maternal disease.

Question 76

Huntington's disease

A)is caused by two recessive alleles.
B)can lead to depression and changes in personality.
C)is apparent in young babies.
D)is usually not fatal.

Question 77

Children with Down syndrome typically have

A)advanced development.
B)normal development.
C)delayed development.
D)no development.

Question 78

Peter has Klinefelter's syndrome. He is likely to be

A)tall, passive, and have intellectual delay.
B)short and have difficulty with spatial relations.
C)of normal height and have delayed language development.
D)tall and of average or above average intelligence.

Question 79

Inherited disorders

A)are more often caused by recessive alleles than by dominant alleles.
B)are more often caused by dominant alleles than by recessive alleles.
C)are due to dominant alleles about half the time.
D)do not usually seriously impair a child's development.

Question 80

Huntington's disease involves progressive deterioration of the nervous system which causes

A)muscle spasms, depression, and personality changes.
B)schizophrenia.
C)an accumulation of poisonous substances in the body.
D)sterility.