Deck 4: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

The period of the embryo goes from ________ weeks after conception.

A)0 to 2
B)3 to 8
C)6 to 12
D)9 to 38

Answer 1

3 to 8

Question 2

Immediately after conception, a fertilized egg is referred to as a(n)

A)fetus.
B)embryo.
C)germ disc.
D)zygote.

Answer 2

zygote.

Question 3

A zygote is

A)a structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing organism.
B)a sac filled with amniotic fluid.
C)a fertilized egg.
D)what a developing organism is called after it is completely embedded in the uterine wall.

Answer 3

a fertilized egg.

Question 4

A fertilized egg is called a(n)

A)amnion.
B)umbilical cord.
C)mesoderm.
D)zygote.

Question 5

The ________ is where nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing organism.

A)germ disc
B)placenta
C)ectoderm
D)amnion

Question 6

The zygote implants into the

A)uterine wall.
B)fallopian tube.
C)vaginal wall.
D)ovarian wall.

Question 7

Differentiation of cells begins

A)during the period of the embryo.
B)during the period of the fetus.
C)during the period of the zygote.
D)at birth.

Question 8

Most of the body structures and internal organs develop during the period of the

A)embryo.
B)fetus.
C)zygote.
D)ectoderm.

Question 9

Amy doesn't know it yet, but she is pregnant. She conceived one week ago and has not yet missed a menstrual period. Amy's developing child is in the period of the

A)fetus.
B)zygote.
C)embryo.
D)endoderm.

Question 10

The ectoderm will become

A)the arms and legs.
B)hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system.
C)muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.
D)the digestive system and lungs.

Question 11

Once implantation is complete, the developing organism is called a(n) ________.

A)fetus
B)zygote
C)germ disc
D)embryo

Question 12

The developing organism is called an embryo

A)from the moment of conception.
B)when cell division begins.
C)when bodily systems begin to work.
D)once implantation is complete.

Question 13

When a zygote burrows into the uterine wall, it is referred to as

A)fertilization.
B)implantation.
C)differentiation.
D)crowning.

Question 14

The period from conception to birth normally lasts ________ weeks.

A)30
B)34
C)38
D)42

Question 15

Near the center of a zygote is a small cluster of cells called the ________, which will eventually develop into the baby.

A)placenta
B)amnion
C)fetus
D)germ disc

Question 16

Your sister is pregnant and wonders how her baby takes in nutrients and gets rid of waste products. You tell her that it happens through a structure called a(n)

A)germ disc.
B)amnion.
C)placenta.
D)ectoderm.

Question 17

Your friend, Marie, is pregnant and wants to learn about the changes that will take place in the child she is carrying before it is born. You suggest that she go to the library and look up

A)prenatal development.
B)neonatal development.
C)the Apgar.
D)anoxia.

Question 18

Implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterus begins

A)immediately after conception.
B)about two weeks after conception.
C)during the period of the embryo.
D)during the period of the fetus.

Question 19

Three layers, called the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm, form in the developing organism during the period of the

A)amnion.
B)fetus.
C)zygote.
D)embryo.

Question 20

Which of the following events does not occur during the period of the zygote?

A)rapid division of the cells
B)differentiation of cells
C)development of body structures and internal organs
D)implantation

Question 21

The endoderm will become

A)the arms and legs.
B)hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system.
C)muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.
D)the digestive system and lungs.

Question 22

The ________ houses blood vessels that join the embryo to the placenta.

A)amnion
B)amniotic fluid
C)umbilical cord
D)endoderm

Question 23

The ________ is the inner layer, the ________ is the middle layer, and the ________ is the outer layer of the embryo.

A)mesoderm; ectoderm; endoderm
B)ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm
C)endoderm; mesoderm; ectoderm
D)endoderm; ectoderm; mesoderm

Question 24

The age of viability refers to

A)time since conception.
B)the age at which a baby is expected to be born.
C)the age at which fetuses can hear sounds.
D)the age at which a fetus has a chance to survive if born.

Question 25

The cephalocaudal principle means that growth proceeds from the

A)head to the base of the spine.
B)base of the spine to the head.
C)centre of the body to the more distant parts of the body.
D)more distant parts of the body to the centre of the body.

Question 26

The ________ is a fluid-filled sac that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature.

A)placenta
B)umbilical cord
C)germ disc
D)amnion

Question 27

The ________ will form the digestive system and the lungs.

A)endoderm
B)amnion
C)ectoderm
D)mesoderm

Question 28

Which of the following illustrates the proximodistal principle?

A)the arms developing before the legs
B)the head developing before the trunk
C)the toes developing before the legs
D)the arms developing before the hands

Question 29

The ________ will form muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

A)ectoderm
B)mesoderm
C)placenta
D)endoderm

Question 30

According to the proximodistal principle, growth proceeds from the

A)head to the base of the spine.
B)base of the spine to the head.
C)centre of the body to the more distant parts of the body.
D)more distant parts of the body to the centre of the body.

Question 31

In the ________, the blood vessels from the umbilical cord run close to the mother's blood vessels, but aren't actually connected to them.

A)amnion
B)placenta
C)zygote
D)germ disc

Question 32

The longest phase of prenatal development is the period of

A)the embryo.
B)viability.
C)the fetus.
D)the zygote.

Question 33

Erin is 8 weeks pregnant with her first child. She wonders what her developing child looks like. You tell her that her developing child resembles a

A)hollow ball.
B)salamander more than a human being.
C)human being complete with eyes, jaw, arms, and legs, but no sex organs.
D)human being complete with functional lungs and sex organs.

Question 34

The period of the ________ lasts from 9 to 38 weeks after conception.

A)fetus
B)zygote
C)germ disc
D)embryo

Question 35

The hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system develop from the

A)ectoderm.
B)endoderm.
C)mesoderm.
D)germ disc.

Question 36

During the period of ________, the developing individual becomes much larger and its bodily systems begin to work.

A)the zygote
B)the fetus
C)the embryo
D)differentiation

Question 37

According to the cephalocaudal principle, you would expect development of the ________ to occur before development of the ________.

A)trunk; head
B)head; trunk
C)hands; shoulders
D)shoulders; hands

Question 38

The mesoderm will become

A)the arms and legs.
B)hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system.
C)muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.
D)the digestive system and lungs.

Question 39

The age of viability occurs around the

A)third month of prenatal development.
B)fifth month of prenatal development.
C)seventh month of prenatal development.
D)ninth month of prenatal development.

Question 40

The umbilical cord

A)has blood vessels that connect the embryo to the placenta.
B)has blood vessels that are directly connected to the mother's blood vessels.
C)develops during the period of the fetus.
D)is filled with amniotic fluid.

Question 41

Which of the following is not a general risk factor for prenatal development?

A)nutrition
B)ethnic background
C)mother's age
D)stress

Question 42

Research in which mothers read aloud during the last months of their pregnancy suggests that

A)fetuses are unable to hear.
B)fetuses are able to hear in utero but will not remember what they heard in utero after they are born.
C)newborns are able to recognize some sounds they heard before they were born.
D)both fetuses and newborns prefer non-rhythmic to rhythmic sounds.

Question 43

Teenage mothers are

A)more likely to have children who do less well in school and who have more behavioural problems.
B)more likely to have babies with Down syndrome.
C)less likely to have problems with pregnancy, labour, and delivery.
D)more likely to seek out prenatal care.

Question 44

Which of the following is true of the relationship between maternal stress during pregnancy and outcomes for the baby?

A)Maternal stress increases the flow of blood to the fetus.
B)Women who report greater anxiety during pregnancy more often give birth early or have babies who weigh less than average.
C)Stress does not seem to affect a pregnant woman's immune system.
D)The effects of occasional, mild anxiety are the same as those associated with prolonged, extreme stress.

Question 45

Newborns whose mothers had read The Cat in the Hat aloud twice a day during the last two months of pregnancy

A)did not show any recognition of the story.
B)would activate tapes of their mother reading The Cat in the Hat but not other stories.
C)could not hear the story because their ears were not well-developed.
D)listened to The Cat in the Hat and other stories equally.

Question 46

The weight of the baby, placenta, and amniotic fluid makes up about ________ of the weight that a pregnant woman gains.

A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)all

Question 47

Regina is pregnant and has heard that maternal stress during pregnancy can be harmful to the unborn baby. She is generally calm and happy but becomes a little upset when her favorite basketball team loses and wonders if she should stop watching basketball until her baby is born. What should she do?

A)Regina should either quit watching basketball or start rooting for a better team. Maternal stress at any level has been found to have harmful consequences on prenatal development.
B)Regina should keep following her favourite team. Maternal stress has been found to have a positive, stimulating effect on an unborn child.
C)As long as Regina doesn't get too upset and stressed when her team loses, she should keep watching basketball. Although excessive stress may harm prenatal development, mild anxiety is not thought to have any harmful consequences on prenatal development.
D)Regina should do whatever she wants to do. Even high levels of stress do not appear to be related to prenatal development.

Question 48

Stress during pregnancy

A)is harmful even when it is relatively mild.
B)increases the mother's resistance to illness during pregnancy.
C)is associated with premature birth and low birthweight babies.
D)does not appear to have any harmful effects on the developing child.

Question 49

Maternal stress during pregnancy may affect prenatal development because when a pregnant woman experiences stress

A)her immune system is weakened.
B)oxygen flow to the fetus is increased.
C)she is less likely to smoke and drink.
D)she is more likely to consume high levels of folic acid.

Question 50

Amy is of average height and weight. How much weight should she gain during pregnancy?

A)0 to 6 kilograms
B)6 to 11 kilograms
C)11 to 16 kilograms
D)16 to 21 kilograms

Question 51

Which of the following pregnant women has an increased risk of having a child with spina bifida?

A)Elizabeth, who is under a great deal of stress
B)Elaine, who is a heavy drinker
C)Eleanor, who has rubella
D)Ellen, whose diet is low in folic acid

Question 52

During the period of the fetus,

A)cells begin to differentiate.
B)most of the bodily structures and organs are formed.
C)vernix covers the skin.
D)very little growth of the fetus occurs.

Question 53

Your friend, Kristy, is terribly concerned about getting fat during pregnancy so she has severely restricted her calorie intake. What would you tell her about eating during pregnancy?

A)"You're right to keep your calorie intake low. It'll make losing weight after the baby's born much easier, and the baby won't be affected because she is going to get all the nourishment she needs from you anyway."
B)"Keep restricting your calories! Research shows that mothers who eat low calorie, low fat diets during pregnancy have healthier, smarter babies."
C)"You'd better start eating better. Inadequately nourished babies are likely to be born prematurely, are more vulnerable to illness, and may have damaged nervous systems."
D)"Eat whatever you want and don't worry about getting fat. Ninety percent of the weight gained during pregnancy is the baby, the placenta, and the fluid in the amniotic sac. Just make sure you get plenty of calories and you'll have a healthy baby."

Question 54

Which of the following is correct regarding the findings of Janet DiPietro and her colleagues on fetal activity and infant behaviour?

A)fetal activity and infant fussiness are positively correlated
B)fetal activity and infant fussiness are negatively correlated
C)fetal activity and infant fussiness are not correlated
D)infant fussiness reflects nurture more than nature

Question 55

Inadequate prenatal nourishment can

A)affect the nervous system.
B)cause blindness.
C)cause deafness.
D)cause encephalitis.

Question 56

When pregnant women do not consume enough folic acid, their babies are at risk for

A)rubella.
B)low birth weight.
C)cytomegalovirus.
D)spina bifida.

Question 57

Roxanne is a 16-year-old African American pregnant with her first child. Which of the following statements is true?

A)If Roxanne gets adequate prenatal care, she is just as likely as a woman in her 20s to have a problem-free pregnancy and to give birth to a healthy child.
B)If Roxanne gives birth to a healthy child, the child has no greater risk of later school or behavioural problems than a child born to a woman in her 20s.
C)Roxanne is as likely as a woman in her 20s to seek out good prenatal care.
D)Even with good prenatal care, Roxanne is less likely than a woman in her 20s to have a problem-free pregnancy and a healthy child.

Question 58

Cheri is 7 months pregnant, has gone into labour, and is worried about what will happen if her baby is born now. Cheri's baby

A)is unlikely to survive.
B)has a chance to survive but may have difficulty breathing and regulating his body temperature.
C)has a chance to survive but will not yet be able to hear.
D)is sufficiently developed that he has an excellent chance of survival with little risk of developmental problems.

Question 59

Olga is pregnant and wonders how much food she should eat. She should

A)reduce her calorie consumption by 10 to 20 percent.
B)consume the same number of calories as she did before she became pregnant.
C)increase her calorie consumption by 10 to 20 percent.
D)increase her calorie consumption by 100 percent.

Question 60

Your friend, Elva, is 8 months pregnant and has heard that she should read to her unborn child. What would you tell her based on research of reading aloud during pregnancy?

A)Don't bother. Your baby's hearing isn't sufficiently developed to hear you anyway.
B)Your baby can hear, but the uterine environment is so noisy that your baby is not going to hear what you read very well.
C)If you read to your baby before she's born, she will be able to hear you but she won't have any memory of it after she's born.
D)If you read to your baby before she's born, not only will she hear you but after she is born she will recognize a story you read to her in utero.

Question 61

________ can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her offspring both through the placenta and during passage through the birth canal.

A)Genital herpes
B)Cytomegalovirus
C)Syphilis
D)AIDS

Question 62

Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A)are usually born prematurely.
B)may have limited motor skills.
C)usually have normal levels of intelligence.
D)have deformed limbs.

Question 63

Kim contracted rubella while she was pregnant. She is therefore at risk of having a baby with

A)cognitive delay and damaged eyes, ears, and heart.
B)damage to the central nervous system, teeth, and bones.
C)an abnormally small head.
D)frequent infections and neurological disorders.

Question 64

Women who took thalidomide during pregnancy gave birth to offspring with a high incidence of

A)cognitive delays.
B)deafness and blindness.
C)deformed arms, legs, hands, or fingers.
D)poor verbal and memory skills.

Question 65

Exposure to video-display terminals (VDTs) during pregnancy

A)causes mental retardation in the developing child.
B)retards growth in the developing child.
C)is associated with an increased risk of cancer in offspring.
D)does not appear to cause any birth defects.

Question 66

Any agent that disrupts normal prenatal development is referred to as a(n)

A)teratogen.
B)stressor.
C)anoxia.
D)disease.

Question 67

The incidence of giving birth to a child with Down Syndrome is highest for women in their

A)teens.
B)twenties.
C)thirties.
D)forties.

Question 68

Exposure to lead, mercury, or X-rays during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of

A)cognitive delay.
B)premature birth.
C)facial deformities.
D)poor motor control.

Question 69

The best policy for pregnant women to follow concerning alcohol is to

A)not drink at all.
B)drink lightly.
C)drink moderately.
D)drink heavily.

Question 70

Who has the best chance of having a healthy baby?

A)Silvia, who is 16 years old and under a great deal of stress because her pregnancy is unwanted and she's afraid to tell anyone about it
B)Judi, who is 26 years old and constantly dieting
C)Rebecca, who is 29 years old and gets regular checkups
D)Cindy, who is 40 years old and gets regular checkups

Question 71

Amme drank heavily during her pregnancy. She has an increased risk of having a child

A)who has difficulty with language.
B)with Down syndrome.
C)with deformed limbs.
D)who is irritable.

Question 72

The general principle that the impact of a teratogen depends upon the genotype of the organism is best illustrated by

A)rubella being more likely to cause birth defects during some times of pregnancy than during others.
B)thalidomide during pregnancy causing deformed limbs but not low birth weight while the use of marijuana during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight but not deformed limbs.
C)the effects of eating PCB-contaminated fish while pregnant not being obvious when a child is born, but appearing later in the child's life.
D)two women who both drank heavily during pregnancy with one of them giving birth to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome and the other giving birth to a normal, healthy child.

Question 73

Cytomegalovirus

A)is a genetic disorder.
B)can result in an abnormally small head.
C)is associated with deformed arms, legs, hands, or fingers.
D)is likely to result in encephalitis.

Question 74

Women who smoke marijuana while pregnant have an increased risk of having

A)an irritable baby.
B)a low birthweight baby with poor motor control.
C)a baby with facial deformities and retarded growth.
D)a mentally retarded baby.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true of the influence of teratogens on prenatal development?

A)If a teratogen is harmful to one species of mammals it will be harmful to all species of mammals.
B)Teratogens have widespread, not specific, effects on prenatal development.
C)The timing of exposure to a teratogen is important.
D)Damage from teratogens is always evident at birth.

Question 76

________ can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby as it passes through the birth canal.

A)Genital herpes
B)Rubella
C)Syphilis
D)Cytomegalovirus

Question 77

________ during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of having a baby with deformed arms, legs, hands, or fingers.

A)Having AIDS
B)Using marijuana
C)Using cocaine
D)Taking thalidomide

Question 78

Maternal exposure to PCBs during pregnancy is associated with

A)hyperactivity.
B)deafness.
C)retarded growth.
D)below average verbal and memory abilities.

Question 79

Gitte has AIDS and is pregnant. What are the potential consequences for her offspring?

A)frequent infections, neurological disorders, and death
B)mental retardation, damage to eyes, ears, and heart
C)deafness, blindness, abnormally small head
D)encephalitis, enlarged spleen, improper blood clotting

Question 80

Prenatal exposure to X-rays is associated with

A)leukemia.
B)cerebral palsy.
C)deformed limbs.
D)blindness.