Deck 3: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Question 1

The period of the embryo goes from __________ weeks after conception.

A) zero to two
B) three to eight
C) six to 12
D) nine to 38

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Differentiation of cells begins

A) during the period of the embryo.
B) during the period of the fetus.
C) during the period of the zygote.
D) at birth.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Your sister is pregnant and wonders how her baby takes in nutrients and gets rid of waste products. You tell her that it happens through a structure called an)

A) germ disc.
B) amnion.
C) placenta.
D) ectoderm.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Most of the body structures and internal organs develop during the period of the

A) embryo.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) ectoderm.

Question 5

Which of the following events does not occur during the period of the zygote?

A) rapid division of the cells
B) differentiation of cells
C) development of body structures and internal organs
D) implantation

Question 6

Three layers called the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm form in the developing organism during the period of the

A) amnion.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) embryo.

Question 7

Once implantation is complete, the developing organism is called an)

A) fetus.
B) zygote.
C) germ disc.
D) embryo.

Question 8

A fertilized egg is called an)

A) amnion.
B) umbilical cord.
C) mesoderm.
D) zygote.

Question 9

The __________ is where nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing organism.

A) germ disc
B) placenta
C) ectoderm
D) amnion

Question 10

Amy doesn't know it yet, but she is pregnant. She conceived one week ago and has not yet missed a menstrual period. Amy's developing child is in the period of the

A) fetus.
B) zygote.
C) embryo.
D) endoderm.

Question 11

Implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterus begins

A) immediately after conception.
B) about one week after conception.
C) during the period of the embryo.
D) during the period of the fetus.

Question 12

The period from conception to birth normally lasts on average __________ weeks.

A) 30
B) 34
C) 38
D) 42

Question 13

When the zygote consists of about 100 cells and looks like a hollow ball, it is called an)

A) fertilized egg.
B) embryo.
C) fetus.
D) blastocyst.

Question 14

Immediately after conception, a fertilized egg is referred to as an)

A) fetus.
B) embryo.
C) germ disc.
D) zygote.

Question 15

Near the center of a zygote is a small cluster of cells called the __________, which will eventually develop into the baby.

A) placenta
B) amnion
C) fetus
D) germ disc

Question 16

A zygote is

A) a structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing organism.
B) a sac filled with amniotic fluid.
C) a fertilized egg.
D) what a developing organism is called after it is completely embedded in the uterine wall.

Question 17

The zygote implants into the

A) uterine wall.
B) fallopian tube.
C) vaginal wall.
D) ovarian wall.

Question 18

The developing organism is called an embryo

A) from the moment of conception.
B) when cell division begins.
C) when bodily systems begin to work.
D) once implantation is complete.

Question 19

The hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system develop from the

A) ectoderm.
B) endoderm.
C) mesoderm.
D) germ disc.

Question 20

The process of a zygote burrowing into the uterine wall is referred to as

A) fertilization.
B) implantation.
C) differentiation.
D) crowning.

Question 21

The __________ houses blood vessels that join the embryo to the placenta.

A) amnion
B) amniotic fluid
C) umbilical cord
D) endoderm

Question 22

The period of the __________ lasts from nine to 38 weeks after conception.

A) fetus
B) zygote
C) germ disc
D) embryo

Question 23

During the period of the fetus

A) cells begin to differentiate.
B) most of the bodily structures and organs are formed.
C) an insulating layer of fat develops.
D) very little growth of the fetus occurs.

Question 24

Your friend, Cassie, is eight months pregnant and has heard that she should read to her unborn child. What would you tell her based on research of reading aloud during pregnancy?

A) Don't bother. Your baby's hearing isn't sufficiently developed to hear you anyway.
B) Your baby can hear, but the uterine environment is so noisy that your baby is not going to hear what you read very well.
C) If you read to your baby before she's born, she will be able to hear you, but she won't have any memory of it after she's born.
D) If you read to your baby before she's born, not only will she hear you, but after she is born she might recognize the rhythm of a story you read to her in utero.

Question 25

Erin is eight weeks pregnant with her first child. She wonders what her developing child looks like. You tell her that her developing child resembles a

A) hollow ball.
B) salamander more than a human being.
C) human being complete with eyes, jaw, arms, and legs, but no sex organs.
D) human being complete with functional lungs and sex organs.

Question 26

The __________ will form muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) placenta
D) endoderm

Question 27

During the period of __________, the developing individual becomes much larger and its bodily systems begin to work.

A) the zygote
B) the fetus
C) the embryo
D) differentiation

Question 28

In the __________, the blood vessels from the umbilical cord run close to the mother's blood vessels, but aren't actually connected to them.

A) amnion
B) placenta
C) zygote
D) germ disc

Question 29

The age of viability refers to the

A) time since conception.
B) age at which a baby is expected to be born.
C) age at which a fetus can hear sounds.
D) age at which a fetus has a chance to survive if born.

Question 30

Research in which mothers read aloud during the last months of their pregnancy suggests that

A) fetuses are unable to hear.
B) fetuses are able to hear in utero, but will not remember what they heard in utero after they are born.
C) newborns are able to recognize some sounds they heard before they were born.
D) both fetuses and newborns prefer non-rhythmic to rhythmic sounds.

Question 31

The __________ is a fluid-filled sac that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature.

A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) germ disc
D) amniotic sac

Question 32

Cheri is 28 weeks pregnant, has gone into labor, and is worried about what will happen if her baby is born now. Cheri's baby

A) is unlikely to survive.
B) has a chance to survive, but may have difficulty breathing and regulating his body temperature.
C) has a chance to survive, but will not yet be able to hear.
D) is sufficiently developed that he has an excellent chance of survival with little risk of developmental problems.

Question 33

Newborns whose mothers had read The Cat in the Hat aloud twice a day during the last several weeks of pregnancy

A) did not show any recognition of the story.
B) recognized The Cat in the Hat when their mother read it to them.
C) could not hear the story because their ears were not well-developed.
D) listened to The Cat in the Hat and other stories equally.

Question 34

The age of viability occurs around

A) 17-21 weeks of prenatal development
B) 28-34 weeks of prenatal development
C)22-28 weeks of prenatal development
D)35-40 weeks of prenatal development

Question 35

The longest phase of prenatal development is the period of

A) the embryo.
B) viability.
C) the fetus.
D) the zygote.

Question 36

The umbilical cord

A) has blood vessels that connect the embryo to the placenta.
B) has blood vessels that are directly connected to the mother's blood vessels.
C) develops during the period of the fetus.
D) is filled with amniotic fluid.

Question 37

The __________ will form the digestive system and the lungs.

A) endoderm
B) amnion
C) ectoderm
D) mesoderm

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for having a healthy baby?

A) Stop drinking alcohol and caffeinated beverages.
B) Eat healthy foods including food from each of the five major food groups.
C) Limit exercise. Exercise during pregnancy can rob the baby of essential nutrients.
D) Get enough rest, especially during the last two months of pregnancy.

Question 39

The __________ is the inner layer, the __________ is the middle layer, and the __________ is the outer layer of the embryo.

A) mesoderm; ectoderm; endoderm
B) ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm
C) endoderm; mesoderm; ectoderm
D) endoderm; ectoderm; mesoderm

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a general risk factor for prenatal development?

A) nutrition
B) ethnic background
C) mother's age
D) stress

Question 41

Which of the following is TRUE of the relationship between maternal stress during pregnancy and outcomes for the baby?

A) Maternal stress increases the flow of blood to the fetus.
B) Women who report greater anxiety during pregnancy more often give birth early or have babies who weigh less than average.
C) Stress does not seem to affect a pregnant woman's immune system.
D) The effects of occasional, mild anxiety are the same as those associated with prolonged, extreme stress.

Question 42

Kim contracted rubella while she was pregnant; therefore, she is at risk of having a baby with

A) developmental disabilities and damaged eyes, ears, and heart.
B) damage to the central nervous system, teeth, and bones.
C) an abnormally small head.
D) frequent infections and neurological disorders.

Question 43

Inadequate prenatal nourishment is associated with

A) damage to the nervous system.
B) blindness.
C) deafness.
D) encephalitis.

Question 44

Sara Jaffee believes that teenage motherhood leads to harmful consequences through two distinct mechanisms. One of these mechanism refers to events set in motion when a teenage girl gives birth - events that make it harder for her to provide a positive environment for her child's development. This is known as

A) social influence.
B) peer pressure.
C) social selection.
D) social engineering. .

Question 45

__________ can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby both through the placenta and during passage through the birth canal.

A) Genital herpes
B) Cytomegalovirus
C) Syphilis
D) AIDS

Question 46

Women who took thalidomide during pregnancy gave birth to offspring with a high incidence of

A) mental retardation.
B) deafness and blindness.
C) deformed arms, legs, hands, or fingers.
D) poor verbal and memory skills.

Question 47

Teenage mothers are

A) more likely to have children who do less well in school and who have more behavioral problems.
B) more likely to have babies with Down syndrome.
C) less likely to have problems with pregnancy, labor, and delivery.
D) are more likely to seek out prenatal care.

Question 48

Gitte has AIDS and is pregnant. What are the potential consequences for her offspring?

A) frequent infections, neurological disorders, and death
B) mental retardation, damage to eyes, ears, and heart
C) deafness, blindness, and an abnormally small head
D) encephalitis, enlarged spleen, and improper blood clotting

Question 49

Katrina is pregnant and wonders how much food she should eat. She should

A) reduce her calorie consumption by 10 to 20%.
B) consume the same number of calories as she did before she became pregnant.
C) increase her calorie consumption by 10 to 20%.
D) increase her calorie consumption by 100%.

Question 50

__________ can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby as it passes through the birth canal.

A) Genital herpes
B) Rubella
C) Syphilis
D) Cytomegalovirus

Question 51

__________ during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of having a baby with deformed arms, legs, hands, or fingers.

A) Having AIDS
B) Using marijuana
C) Using cocaine
D) Taking thalidomide

Question 52

Any agent that causes abnormal prenatal development is referred to as an)

A) teratogen.
B) stress.
C) anoxia.
D) cytomegalovirus.

Question 53

When pregnant women do not consume enough folic acid, they are likely to have babies born with

A) rubella.
B) low birth weight.
C) cytomegalovirus.
D) spina bifida.

Question 54

Maternal stress during pregnancy may affect prenatal development because when a pregnant woman experiences stress

A) her immune system is weakened.
B) oxygen flow to the fetus is increased.
C) she is less likely to smoke and drink.
D) she is more likely to consume high levels of folic acid.

Question 55

Stress during pregnancy

A) is harmful even when it is relatively mild.
B) increases the mother's resistance to illness during pregnancy.
C) is associated with premature birth and babies with low birth weight.
D) does not appear to have any harmful effects on the developing child.

Question 56

Which of the following pregnant women has an increased risk of having a child with spina bifida?

A) Elizabeth, who is under a great deal of stress
B) Elaine, who is a heavy drinker
C) Eleanor, who has rubella
D) Ellen, whose diet is low in folic acid

Question 57

Amy is of average height and weight. How much weight should she gain during pregnancy?

A) five to 10 pounds
B) 10 to 20 pounds
C) 25 to 35 pounds
D) 40 to 50 pounds

Question 58

Who has the best chance of having a healthy baby?

A) Silvia, who is 16 years old and under a great deal of stress because her pregnancy is unwanted and she's afraid to tell anyone about it.
B) Judi, who is 26 years old and constantly dieting.
C) Rebecca, who is 34 years old and gets regular checkups.
D) Lynn, who is 42 years old and eats right.

Question 59

The incidence of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome is highest for women in their

A) teens.
B) twenties.
C) thirties.
D) forties.

Question 60

Regina is pregnant and has heard that maternal stress during pregnancy can be harmful to the unborn baby. She is generally calm and happy, but becomes a little upset when her favorite basketball team loses and wonders if she should stop watching basketball until her baby is born. What should she do?

A) Regina should either quit watching basketball or start rooting for a better team. Maternal stress at any level has been found to have harmful consequences on prenatal development.
B) Regina should keep following her favorite team. Maternal stress has been found to have a positive, stimulating effect on an unborn child.
C) As long as Regina doesn't get too upset and stressed when her team loses, she should keep watching basketball. Although excessive stress may harm prenatal development, mild anxiety is not thought to have any harmful consequences on prenatal development.
D) Regina should do whatever she wants to do. Even high levels of stress do not appear to be related to prenatal development.

Question 61

Amniocentesis is most likely to be used to

A) check for gross physical deformities.
B) detect multiple pregnancies.
C) detect genetic disorders.
D) perform corrective surgery.

Question 62

Maternal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs) during pregnancy is associated with

A) hyperactivity.
B) deafness.
C) retarded growth.
D) impaired verbal and memory abilities.

Question 63

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the influence of teratogens on prenatal development?

A) If a teratogen is harmful to one species of mammals it will be harmful to all species of mammals.
B) Teratogens have widespread, not specific, effects on prenatal development.
C) The timing of exposure to a teratogen is important.
D) Damage from teratogens is always evident at birth.

Question 64

Women who smoke marijuana while pregnant have an increased risk of having an)

A) irritable baby.
B) baby with lower birth weight and poor motor control.
C) baby with facial deformities and retarded growth.
D) baby with an intellectual disability.

Question 65

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome FAS)

A) are usually born prematurely.
B) may have serious attentional problems.
C) usually have normal levels of intelligence.
D) have deformed limbs.

Question 66

Anne drank heavily during her pregnancy. She has an increased risk of having a child

A) who has a developmental disability.
B) with Down syndrome.
C) with deformed limbs.
D) who is blind.

Question 67

Melody is eight weeks pregnant and wants to find out as soon as possible whether her unborn baby has any genetic disorders. Which prenatal diagnostic technique would be most appropriate to use?

A) amniocentesis
B) ultrasound
C) fetal surgery
D) chorionic villus sampling

Question 68

Your friend Melinda just found out she is pregnant. Melinda is a heavy drinker. She wants to know if her baby will be okay if she reduces her drinking, but doesn't stop completely. You tell Melinda that this isn't a good idea because her baby may develop alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder ARND). Which of the following is NOT a symptom of ARND?

A) facial abnormalities
B) deficits in memory
C) deficits in attention
D) deficits in intelligence

Question 69

What is the current recommendation for pregnant women regarding cell phone use during pregnancy?

A) Keep your cell phone at a distance when it's not being used and never use it while driving.
B) There are no risks associated with cell phone use during pregnancy. Use your phone anytime you want!
C) Do not use a cell phone at all during pregnancy. Cell phone use during pregnancy is hazardous to the health of the pregnant women and her unborn child.
D) Cell phone use during pregnancy is only dangerous if used while driving - don't talk and drive!

Question 70

If a doctor is trying to determine the presence of multiple fetuses, which procedure would MOST likely be used?

A) amniocentesis
B) ultrasound
C) chorionic villus sampling
D) fetal surgery

Question 71

Prenatal exposure to X-rays is associated with

A) leukemia.
B) cerebral palsy.
C) deformed limbs.
D) blindness.

Question 72

Which of the following is TRUE about how teratogens usually work?

A) The impact of a teratogen is the same for all organisms.
B) The impact of a teratogen stays the same over the course of prenatal development.
C) Damage from teratogens is always evident at birth.
D) Each teratogen affects a specific aspect of prenatal development.

Question 73

Cytomegalovirus CMV)

A) is a genetic disorder.
B) can result in an abnormally small head.
C) is associated with deformed arms, legs, hands, or fingers.
D) is likely to result in encephalitis.

Question 74

During __________, exposure to teratogens is most often associated with minor defects in bodily structure or improperly functioning body systems.

A) conception
B) the period of the embryo
C) the period of the fetus
D) the period of the zygote

Question 75

Your friend Angela, who is four months pregnant, shows you a picture of her unborn child. You say to her, "I see you must have had

A) an amniocentesis."
B) a chorionic villus sampling."
C) a fetal surgery."
D) an ultrasound."

Question 76

Exposure to lead, mercury, or X-rays during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of

A) developmental disability.
B) premature birth.
C) facial deformities.
D) poor motor control.

Question 77

The general principle that the impact of a teratogen depends upon the genotype of the organism is best illustrated by

A) rubella being more likely to cause birth defects during some times of pregnancy than during others.
B) thalidomide during pregnancy causing deformed limbs, but not low birth weight, while the use of marijuana during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight but not deformed limbs.
C) the effects of eating PCB-contaminated fish while pregnant not being obvious when a child is born, but appearing later in the child's life.
D) two women who both took thalidomide during pregnancy with one of them giving birth to a child with deformed limbs and the other giving birth to a child with normal limbs.

Question 78

The best policy for pregnant women to follow concerning alcohol is to

A) not drink at all.
B) drink lightly.
C) drink moderately.
D) drink heavily.

Question 79

Exposure to teratogens during the period of the zygote usually results in

A) major defects in bodily structure.
B) minor defects in bodily structure.
C) improperly functioning body systems.
D) spontaneous abortion miscarriage).

Question 80

Exposure to teratogens during __________ is most likely to produce major defects in bodily structure.

A) conception
B) the period of the fetus
C) the period of the zygote
D) the period of the embryo