Deck 15: Influences Beyond the Family

Question 1

Which of the following is typically the first sign of peer interaction?

A) associative play
B) parallel play
C) pointing or smiling at a peer
D) make-believe play

Answer 1

C

Question 2

During the preschool years, cooperative play often takes on the form of ___________ play.

A) parallel
B) make-believe
C) solitary
D) controversial

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Maleah and Mara are sitting at a table playing with play dough. They are each playing alone, but occasionally look to see what the other is doing. Maleah and Mara are engaged in

A) parallel play.
B) associative play.
C) cooperative play.
D) make-believe play.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

As children go through the preschool years, __________ play becomes less common and __________ play becomes more common.

A) parallel; cooperative
B) cooperative; associative
C) make-believe; parallel
D) cooperative; parallel

Question 5

Madison, a 3-year-old, is wandering aimlessly around the preschool classroom. As the preschool teacher, should you be worried?

A) Yes, wandering aimlessly is a sign that Madison is having trouble interacting with other kids.
B) Yes, wandering aimlessly is a sign that Madison has misbehaved and must be punished.
C) No, wandering aimlessly is a common healthy form of solitary play.
D) No, wandering aimlessly is Madison's way of engaging in parallel play.

Question 6

Preschoolers with imaginary companions

A) have fewer real friends than other preschoolers.
B) are more sociable than other preschoolers.
C) cannot distinguish fantasy and reality as well as other preschoolers.
D) have developmental problems.

Question 7

Laura and Kyle are sitting next to each other and are drawing pictures. Periodically, they will trade crayons and comment on the other's picture. This is an example of

A) parallel play.
B) associative play.
C) cooperative play.
D) pretend play.

Question 8

Interactions with peers begin at approximately __________ of age.

A) 2 months
B) 6 months
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 9

Soon after the first birthday, children commonly engage in

A) cooperative play.
B) pretend play.
C) parallel play.
D) role-playing.

Question 10

Solitary play

A) indicates a problem if it consists of wandering aimlessly around the room.
B) is not a problem if children hover and watch other children play.
C) such as drawing, assembling blocks, or solving puzzles is a sign of social maladjustment.
D) is always an indication of unhealthy peer relations.

Question 11

Make-believe play

A) is not related to the values of a child's culture.
B) is not a common part of preschoolers' play.
C) allows children to explore topics that frighten them.
D) does not involve imaginary companions.

Question 12

Cooperative play is usually first seen around __________ of age.

A) 1 year
B) 2 years
C) 4 years
D) 5 years

Question 13

When children engage in similar activities, talk, or smile at one another, and offer each other toys it is referred to as

A) associative play.
B) parallel play.
C) make-believe play.
D) cooperative play.

Question 14

__________ is a favorite theme of make-believe of European-American children while ___________ is a favorite theme of Korean American children.

A) family roles; fantasy
B) fantasy; adventure
C) adventure; family roles
D) family roles; everyday activities

Question 15

Associative play usually begins at about

A) 15 to 18 months.
B) 2 to 3 years.
C) 4 to 5 years.
D) 6 to 7 years.

Question 16

Playing "hide-and-seek" is an example of

A) make-believe play.
B) associative play.
C) parallel play.
D) cooperative play.

Question 17

__________ play is often useful in helping children explore fearful topics.

A) Make-believe
B) Parallel
C) Cooperative
D) Associative

Question 18

Ricky and Kyle are building a castle of blocks together in their kindergarten class. Ricky is building the turrets and Kyle is building the moat. This interaction illustrates

A) imitation.
B) parallel play.
C) pretend play.
D) cooperative play.

Question 19

Parallel play involves

A) pretending.
B) assigning different roles for each child to play.
C) playing alone but maintaining interest in what other children are doing.
D) complex social and cognitive skills so it is not found in toddlers.

Question 20

In __________ play, children organize their play around a distinct theme and take on special roles based on the theme.

A) parallel
B) associative
C) cooperative
D) nonsocial

Question 21

Lon's parents are worried about him because he doesn't seem to have any good friends. What could you tell them about children without friends?

A) Having friends doesn't have any significant benefits other than occasionally keeping children from being lonely.
B) Children without friends are the same as children with friends in terms of being cooperative and sharing with others.
C) Children without friends have a harder time dealing with life stresses.
D) Children without friends usually have high self-esteem.

Question 22

Compared to children who lack friends, children with good friends

A) have higher self-esteem.
B) are more likely to be depressed.
C) are more likely to be lonely.
D) are less willing to share and cooperate with others.

Question 23

When parents attempt to mediate conflicts that arise between two young children who are playing,

A) the children will have greater difficulty solving conflicts on their own.
B) the children will become less cooperative with each other.
C) the children will play more cooperatively and longer.
D) it will have no effect on the children's play behavior.

Question 24

Jennifer and Mike are concerned because their son Stephen has developed friendships only with other European American boys like himself. They would like him to have a more diverse group of friends. What could they do to make it more likely that he would develop interracial friendships?

A) Move to an integrated neighborhood in a school district where classes are small and contain children from different ethnic groups.
B) Move to an integrated neighborhood in a school district where classes are large and contain children from different ethnic groups.
C) Move to a segregated neighborhood in a school district where classes are small and contain children from different ethnic groups.
D) Move to a segregated neighborhood in a school district where classes are large and contain children from different ethnic groups.

Question 25

For which pair of friends is intimacy most likely to be an important part of their friendship?

A) Timmy and Jordan, 5-year-old boys
B) Caitlin and Alyssa, 6-year-old girls
C) Lacy and Meredith, 13-year-old girls
D) Brad and Michael, 14-year-old boys

Question 26

Friendships during adolescence

A) are no different from those of younger children.
B) are not as important as friendships in younger children.
C) do not place an emphasis on loyalty.
D) are characterized by intimacy and trust.

Question 27

Girls' rough-and-tumble play tends to emphasize _________, whereas boys' rough-and-tumble play tends to emphasize _________.

A) running and chasing; wrestling and fighting
B) wrestling and fighting; running and chasing
C) wandering; hovering
D) smiling and laughing; yelling and crying

Question 28

Having good friends is associated with

A) lower rates of depression.
B) low self-esteem.
C) greater difficulty coping with stressful situations.
D) lower rates of prosocial behavior.

Question 29

When children playfully chase, punch, kick, shove, fight, and wrestle with peers, it is referred to as

A) cooperative play.
B) simple social play.
C) rough-and-tumble play.
D) solitary play.

Question 30

John is an Asian American male who is interested in cars, plays tennis, and does well in school. Who is most likely to be his friend?

A) Julio, a Hispanic American male who plays tennis and gets good grades in school
B) Julie, an Asian American female who doesn't do well in school
C) Jules, a European American male who loves cars and does well in school
D) Julius, an Asian American male who likes cars and tennis

Question 31

Elly is an African American girl who is 8 years old. Who is most likely to be her friend?

A) John, an African American boy who is 10 years old
B) Leah, an Asian American girl who is 8 years old
C) Shonda, an African American girl who is 8 years old
D) Lafon, an African American girl who is 10 years old

Question 32

During the elementary-school years,

A) peer relations involve more conflicts than they did during the preschool years.
B) friends most often spend time together participating in sports and academic activities.
C) the number of peer relationships is smaller than it was during the preschool years.
D) peers often engage in rough-and-tumble play.

Question 33

Who is likely to have the best relationships with peers?

A) Jessie, who has an avoidant attachment relationship with her mother
B) Tyler, who has a resistant attachment relationship with his mother
C) Patrick, who has a disorganized attachment relationship with his mother
D) Shelby, who has a secure attachment relationship with her mother

Question 34

Which of the following is TRUE of the influence that parents have on peer relationships?

A) Parental mediation during play leads to more cooperative play and longer play between children.
B) The quality of the child's attachment to parents is not related to the child's quality of interaction with peers.
C) Parents have a direct influence, but not an indirect influence, on peer interactions.
D) Parents' use of more advanced forms of play usually does not influence their children's level of play.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about other-sex friendships?

A) Children with same- and other-sex friendships tend to be very well adjusted.
B) Children with only other-sex friendships tend to be unpopular and have lower self-esteem.
C) Children with both same- and other-sex friends are so socially skilled and popular that both boys and girls are to be their friends.
D) Children with only other-sex friendships are just as socially skilled as children with both same-sex and other-sex friendships.

Question 36

Which of the following is the most important component of friendships for young children?

A) loyalty
B) intimacy
C) trust
D) common interests

Question 37

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relation between attachment to the mother as an infant and later peer relationships?

A) Securely attached children tend to have more successful relationships with peers.
B) Insecurely attached children tend to have more emotionally satisfying relationships with peers.
C) Insecurely attached infants tend to form peer relationships earlier than securely attached infants.
D) Security of attachment to the mother is unrelated to relationships with peers.

Question 38

Parents get involved in the preschool children's play in several ways. When parents take on the role of playmate

A) their primary job is to resolve conflicts.
B) they have the opportunity to scaffold their children's play.
C) their children demonstrate only basic forms of play.
D) their children become less successful playing with other children.

Question 39

Who is most likely to rely on friends rather than family for emotional support?

A) 7-year-old Adam
B) 10-year-old Abe
C) 14-year-old Damian
D) neither Adam, Abe, nor Damian is likely to rely on friends instead of family

Question 40

Children typically choose children who are __________ to be their friends.

A) older than they are
B) younger than they are
C) the opposite of themselves
D) like themselves

Question 41

Roughly what percentage of teens experience a period of sexual questioning, during which they sometimes report emotional and sexual attractions to members of their own sex?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%

Question 42

A __________ is a large group of older children or adolescents that have similar values and attitudes and are known by a common label.

A) crowd
B) clique
C) dominance hierarchy
D) class

Question 43

Adolescents are more likely to have intercourse

A) if their parents and peers have permissive attitudes about sexuality.
B) if they feel guilty about having intercourse.
C) if they are concerned about getting pregnant.
D) if they are afraid of getting a sexually transmitted infection STI).

Question 44

In what way does a crowd differ from a clique?

A) A crowd is a larger group than a clique.
B) A crowd is a smaller group than a clique.
C) Members of a crowd tend to have similar interests, but members of a clique do not.
D) Crowds are common during adolescence, but cliques are not.

Question 45

Romantic relationships during adolescence

A) are associated with higher self-confidence and self-esteem.
B) tend to begin at the same age in all ethnic groups.
C) usually involve being part of a well-defined couple when they first begin.
D) involve sexual exploration but not friendship, trust, or support.

Question 46

By the end of high school, about how many of American adolescents will have had sexual intercourse?

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 47

Tom, who enjoys school, likes to read, and plans to go to Harvard, loathes Barry, who thinks that school is stupid, listens to his iPod constantly, and plans to quit high school to become a rock star. Barry feels the same way about Tom. What is correct about Tom and Barry's relationship?

A) It is a good example of a one-sided antipathy.
B) It is a good example of a mutual antipathy.
C) It is a good example of co-rumination.
D) It is a good example of a rough-and-tumble friendship.

Question 48

Which adolescent is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A) James, who is in a high-status crowd
B) Evan, who is in a medium-status crowd
C) Derrick, who is in a low-status crowd
D) Dustin, who is not a member of a crowd

Question 49

What type of program is most effective at reducing adolescent sexual behavior and teen pregnancy?

A) one that focuses primarily on abstinence
B) a comprehensive program that teaches the biological aspects of sex and emphasizes responsible sexual behavior or abstaining from premarital sex
C) one that does not tell adolescents about the facts of conception
D) no programs have been found to be effective

Question 50

Jaccard and his colleagues set out to determine whether close friends influence adolescents' sexual behavior. What were their results?

A) Close friendships have no impact on the likelihood of engaging in sexual activity.
B) Adolescents were more likely to be sexually active when their best friends were.
C) Adolescents were likely to delay becoming sexually active if their best friends were already sexually active.
D) Adolescents were more likely to be sexually active if their parents knew about their friends' sexual activity.

Question 51

Who is MOST likely to be in the "druggie" crowd?

A) Tony, whose parents emphasize achievement
B) Sam, whose parents are neglectful and permissive
C) Greg, whose parents include him in joint decision-making
D) Tony, Sam, and Greg are equally likely to be in the "druggie" crowd

Question 52

Carly's parents place a high emphasis on achievement. Carly is LEAST likely to be a member of the __________ crowd.

A) jock
B) normal
C) druggie
D) popular

Question 53

Which of the following probably has a role in the development of a homosexual sexual orientation?

A) Sons become gay when they have a domineering mother and a weak father.
B) Heredity and hormones seems to influence sexual orientation.
C) Girls are more likely to become lesbians if their fathers are their primary role models.
D) Children who are raised by gay and lesbian parents usually become homosexual.

Question 54

Based on current research which of the following is FALSE?

A) Children raised by gay or lesbian parents usually adopt their parents' sexual orientation.
B) Girls become lesbians when their father is their primary role model.
C) Sons become gay when raised by a domineering mother and a weak father.
D) They are all false.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons the text gives for teens failing to use effective birth control?

A) They cannot afford contraceptives.
B) They don't know the facts regarding conception.
C) They may feel awkward buying contraceptives.
D) They often believe that becoming pregnant is a way to have "someone to love them."

Question 56

Current research suggests that sexual orientation is most clearly influenced by

A) having a domineering mother and a weak father.
B) being raised by lesbian or gay parents.
C) being seduced by an older person of the same sex.
D) heredity and hormones.

Question 57

Which teen is most likely to begin dating at an earlier age?

A) Young-shin, who is Asian American
B) Marta, who is Cuban American
C) Lupe, who is Mexican American
D) Jane, who is European American

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding co-rumination?

A) It is when friends spend much of their time together discussing each other's personal problems.
B) Girls engage in co-rumination more than boys.
C) Co-rumination strengthens girls' friendships
D) Co-rumination reduces the risk of depression and anxiety for girls during adolescence.

Question 59

Which of the following statements best describes teenage sexual behavior?

A) By the end of adolescence, roughly two-thirds of American teens have had intercourse at least once.
B) Most American adolescents have never had intercourse.
C) Asian American teens are more likely than African American or Hispanic American teens to become pregnant.
D) Sexually active American teens usually use contraceptives.

Question 60

Blythe, Amy, Candi, and Holly are all 12-year-old European American girls who are good friends. They enjoy spending time together and tend to dress alike and act alike. The four girls would be considered

A) a clique.
B) a crowd.
C) a dominance hierarchy.
D) unusual.

Question 61

Who is most likely to be popular with other children?

A) Allan, who is aggressive
B) Sean, who often breaks rules
C) Darby, who is socially skilled
D) Elana, who has poor self-control

Question 62

When dominance hierarchies form in girls' groups, the girls at the top of the hierarchy

A) are the smartest.
B) have the skills that are the most valuable to the group.
C) are the most intimidating physically.
D) are the friendliest.

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics usually associated with popular children?

A) awkward
B) friendly
C) cooperative
D) helpful

Question 64

__________ children are neither liked nor disliked by classmates.

A) Popular
B) Controversial
C) Average
D) Neglected

Question 65

Children whose parents use an __________ parenting style are most likely to be in a crowd that endorses adult standards of behavior.

A) indulgent-permissive
B) indifferent-uninvolved
C) authoritarian
D) authoritative

Question 66

Peer influence is stronger when

A) peers have low status.
B) peers are not friends.
C) the standards for appropriate behavior are clear-cut.
D) youth are younger and more socially anxious.

Question 67

Ned's parents are quite permissive with him. This makes it more likely that Ned will become involved with which crowd?

A) "normals"
B) "jocks"
C) "brains"
D) "druggies"

Question 68

Aggressive behavior is often characteristic of __________ children.

A) controversial
B) rejected
C) average
D) neglected

Question 69

The "Plastics" in the film "Mean Girls" illustrates

A) a small subset of popular girls who thrive on manipulating social relationships through relational aggression.
B) a small subset of popular girls who are good students, friendly, and cooperative.
C) a small subset of rejected girls who are disliked by many of their classmates.
D) a small subset of neglected girls who find each other because they are actively ignored by their classmates.

Question 70

Your young neighbor looks up to you as an older, wiser person and asks you what she can do to be popular with other children. You tell her,

A) "Be aggressive."
B) "Be friendly and cooperative."
C) "Don't get good grades in school."
D) "Wait for other children to initiate social interactions."

Question 71

In groups of young boys, the leader is most often determined on the basis of

A) size and strength.
B) grades in school.
C) attractiveness.
D) creativity.

Question 72

Ashley is most likely to yield to peer pressure when trying to decide

A) what kind of clothes to buy.
B) whether to shoplift.
C) whether to go to college.
D) what church to attend.

Question 73

__________ children are disliked by many classmates.

A) Popular
B) Rejected
C) Controversial
D) Neglected

Question 74

Dominic is well-liked by many of his classmates. Dominic would best be described as

A) average.
B) controversial.
C) popular.
D) neglected.

Question 75

Peer groups are most likely to exert influence

A) when the appropriate behavior is clear and well-defined.
B) in subjective areas such as preferences in music and clothing.
C) on clearly antisocial behaviors such as stealing.
D) in unambiguous situations.

Question 76

Adolescents are more likely to be in a "druggie" crowd when their parents

A) emphasize academic achievement.
B) use the authoritative style of parenting.
C) fail to monitor their out-of-school behavior.
D) include them in joint decision making.

Question 77

Class opinion is split about Shannon. Some of her classmates really like her, but others can't stand her. Shannon would be considered

A) rejected.
B) average.
C) popular.
D) controversial.

Question 78

In a group of girls who formed an informal "tennis club," the leader of the group is most likely to be

A) Lela, who is the most talkative.
B) Casey, who is the best tennis player.
C) Jenny, who is the nicest.
D) Lacey, who is the strongest.

Question 79

In groups with a dominance hierarchy,

A) all members have equal status.
B) there is an increased incidence of conflict.
C) members are usually unsure of their status within the group.
D) there is a leader to whom all other group members defer.

Question 80

Average children are

A) ignored by classmates.
B) liked and disliked by some classmates, but not with a high level of intensity.
C) liked by many classmates.
D) disliked by many classmates.