Deck 7: Understanding Human Diversity

Question 1

Social class and socioeconomic status can concern ____ .

A)income
B)occupation
C)power
D)all of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

Juanita is a Hispanic woman living on a low income,and experiences discrimination on the basis of all three of these characteristics.Juanita's situation is an example of which concept below?

A)acculturation
B)socioeconomic status
C)intersectionality
D)biculturality

Answer 2

intersectionality

Question 3

One's feelings of attraction or affection for same-sex or opposite-sex sexual partners concerns:

A)sexual orientation.
B)gender role.
C)gender identity.
D)both "a" and "c"

Answer 3

sexual orientation.

Question 4

Differences in spirituality and religion are not simply cultural because:

A)many religions are multicultural.
B)many cultures contain multiple religions.
C)both 'a' and 'b' are true
D)Spirituality and religion are simply cultural.

Question 5

More collectivistic cultures emphasize ____ .

A)independence from others
B)interdependence with others
C)assertion
D)loyalty to outgroups

Question 6

Issues of ability and disability concern which of the following?

A)physical challenges such as using a wheelchair
B)mental challenges such as having a mental illness
C)anyone who will experience disability at some point
D)all of the above

Question 7

Ethnicity is based on ____ culture(s).

A)one
B)one nation's
C)the interaction of at least two
D)the interaction of religious

Question 8

Being Mexican American,or an American of Japanese ancestry,represents:

A)racial membership.
B)ethnic membership.
C)socioeconomic status.
D)all of the above

Question 9

A key theme in the chapter on diversity is that

A)the study of diversity is the study of people other than a White,middle class norm
B)each person has a place somewhere on each dimension of diversity
C)all members of a particular culture or group share the same lived experience
D)all of the above

Question 10

More individualistic cultures emphasize ____ .

A)independence from others
B)interdependence with others
C)cooperation
D)ingroups and outgroups

Question 11

The chapter on diversity emphasizes the perspective that no culture or group represents the norm and that none is superior.This is also known as

A)collectivism
B)cultural homogeneity
C)pluralism
D)transactionism

Question 12

Michael lives in a community where social networks are small and stable,and safety is found among people you know.Mitch lives in a community where social networks are diverse and often changing,and where safety is found in numbers,even among strangers.These differences involve what dimension of diversity discussed in Chapter 7?

A)rural and urban localities
B)ethnicity
C)sexual orientation
D)gender

Question 13

High personal self-esteem,initiative,self-reliance,and resistance to conformity are emphasized in more ____ cultures.

A)individualistic
B)collectivistic
C)interdependent
D)ingroup

Question 14

Group loyalty,succeeding through cooperation,and greater feelings of responsibility for family members are emphasized in more ____ cultures.

A)individualistic
B)collectivistic
C)independent
D)ingroup

Question 15

Over a period of years,a man decides that his inner emotions and self are those of a woman,begins to dress and act as a woman,and eventually has a sex-change surgery in order to live as a woman.This process most concerns which concept below?

A)sexual orientation
B)gender identity
C)sex
D)bisexuality

Question 16

Race is often important for psychology because:

A)race is a useful biological concept.
B)social distinctions based on "racial" features persist.
C)race and ethnicity are equivalent.
D)cross-cultural psychology is becoming more important.

Question 17

The U.S.populations often labeled Latino/Latina or Hispanic:

A)represent a single ethnic group.
B)include many specific ethnic groups.
C)represent a single racial group.
D)both "a" and "c"

Question 18

Which of the following terms refers to socially created concepts,roles,and attitudes about women and men?

A)sex
B)gender
C)both "a" and "b"
D)none of the above

Question 19

Cultural diversity refers most specifically to differences in:

A)physical appearance.
B)language and norms for behavior.
C)nationality or religion.
D)all of the above

Question 20

Jones termed race as socially defined on the basis of ____ criteria,and ethnicity as socially defined on the basis of ____ criteria."

A)physical,cultural
B)cultural,physical
C)cultural,national
D)psychological,cultural

Question 21

Alana,who is Mexican American,has experienced repeated but veiled prejudiced remarks by students and faculty at college.Her first job after college is in a Latino community arts center in a predominantly Latino community,where she also plans to live.What acculturative strategy is this?

A)marginalized
B)bicultural
C)separating
D)assimilating

Question 22

For a person interacting with a dominant culture different from his/her culture of origin,the questions "To what extent do I identify with my original culture?" and "To what extent do I identify with the dominant culture?" involve which concept below?

A)acculturation
B)individualism
C)liberation
D)microsystems

Question 23

Alice identifies strongly with her native Lakota culture,yet also has learned to work adaptively within the dominant individualism of U.S.culture,attends a mainly European American university,and has close friends in both cultures.What acculturative strategy is this?

A)assimilation
B)separation
C)biculturality
D)marginalization

Question 24

Tamika grew up in an African American family and neighborhood,and retains the values,interests,and communication style of those roots.She chooses to live in a predominantly African American neighborhood and work in a community development organization there.She limits her contacts with the wider society.What acculturative strategy is this?

A)assimilating
B)separating
C)marginality
D)biculturality

Question 25

A young Diné (Navajo)policeman must choose: career advancement that would mean leaving his Navajo community,thus weakening ties to his family and culture,or staying home in jobs that will pay less and involve less personal prestige.He is experiencing a conflict between the values of ____ .

A)individualistic and collectivistic cultures
B)acculturation and identity development
C)assimilation and accommodation
D)race and socioeconomic status

Question 26

A period of acceptance of the dominant culture,followed by a period of immersion in one's own social or cultural heritage or in a new identity,is usually a feature of:

A)bicultural competence
B)identity development models
C)collectivism
D)deep structure

Question 27

Josefina is an American of Mexican ancestry.She identifies strongly with her Mexican heritage,family and community.She also has learned to work and socialize within the predominantly European American culture of her college and workplace.She has close friends in both cultures.Which style of acculturation is this?

A)separating
B)biculturality
C)marginality
D)assimilating

Question 28

Jose identifies with neither his Dominican heritage nor the dominant European American culture of his college.Which style of acculturation is this?

A)assimilating
B)biculturality
C)marginality
D)separating

Question 29

Many ethnic,spiritual and women's communities,and some athletic teams,are examples of more ____ structures within the broader ____ cultural forces in the U.S.at large.

A)collectivistic;individualistic
B)individualistic;collectivistic
C)ingroup;outgroup
D)dominant;subordinated

Question 30

White college students in the U.S.who reported not observing racial differences by being "color blind" reported ______ attitudes toward persons of other racial or ethnic groups on average when compared to those that recognized racial differences.

A)more positive
B)more negative
C)more neutral
D)more ambivalent

Question 31

The individualism-collectivism concept is useful for describing:

A)a specific culture.
B)broad themes across many cultures.
C)individuals within two or more cultures.
D)the worldwide reach of Western capitalism.

Question 32

Upon coming to the U.S. ,Mikhail changed his name to Michael,ceased speaking his native Russian and spoke only English,and adopted what he believed to be the values and attitudes of his new country.What acculturative strategy is this?

A)assimilation
B)separation
C)biculturality
D)marginalization

Question 33

An American of Mexican ancestry and an American of Japanese ancestry,college roommates,talk a lot about how to balance their own visions of careers with family commitments to their parents and grandparents.They are experiencing differences in viewpoint between:

A)racial status and gender status.
B)spirituality and religion.
C)individualistic and collectivistic cultures.
D)acculturation and identity development.

Question 34

In studies of parenting attitudes,parents in Puerto Rico,Nigeria,and Japan emphasized ____ more than parents in German,Dutch and European American parents.

A)making your own choices
B)responsibility to family
C)responsibility to elders
D)both 'b' and 'c'

Question 35

Samuel chooses to live his life mostly within the religious community in which he grew up,limiting his contact with the outside world.This is an example of which acculturative style?

A)assimilation
B)separation
C)marginalization
D)being bicultural

Question 36

Chandra and her family moved to the U.S.from India.Her parents prefer to live and work in a community of immigrants in New York City,and follow the traditions of their own culture in their speech,dress,diet,and worship.Chandra wants nothing to do with being Indian,and adopts the speech,dress,diet and behaviors of her European American schoolmates.The acculturation style of Chandra's parents is ____ ,while Chandra's style is ____ .

A)assimilating;bicultural
B)separating;bicultural
C)separating;assimilating
D)marginalized;assimilating

Question 37

Growing contacts between cultures,changes in cultures over time,and the existence of diverse communities and groups within cultures all suggest:

A)strengths of the individualism-collectivism concept
B)limitations of the individualism-collectivism concept
C)the usefulness of population-specific psychologies
D)the need for assimilation

Question 38

A limitation of the individualism-collectivism concept is that:

A)globalization is lessening these cultural differences.
B)collectivistic cultures are diverse.
C)it does not describe a single culture well.
D)all of the above

Question 39

Collectivistic cultures emphasize ____ .

A)responsibility to members of an ingroup
B)responsibility to members of an outgroup
C)responsibility to all other humans
D)all of the above

Question 40

Pierette,who is a French-speaking Canadian,chooses to live and work only in communities where French is the principal language.What acculturative strategy is this?

A)assimilation
B)separation
C)biculturality
D)marginalization

Question 41

Resistance to assertive women leaders in workplaces suggests that what is involved?

A)opposition only by powerful men
B)social norms that support assertion by men,not women
C)oppressive systems empowering men more than women
D)both 'b' and 'c'

Question 42

In an oppressive system,the group with more power is termed ___ ,while the group with less power is termed ___ .

A)dominant;privileged
B)dominant;subordinated
C)targeted;privileged
D)subordinated;targeted

Question 43

A dominant group in an oppressive system often uses which resources below to maintain their power?

A)belief systems
B)money and economic opportunities
C)media to frame how controversies are discussed
D)all of the above

Question 44

A limitation of the liberation perspective is that:

A)it does not acknowledge the importance of power.
B)it may lead to overlooking diversity within groups.
C)globalization is reducing differences between groups.
D)a bicultural approach is more adaptive.

Question 45

Which acculturative strategy is most psychologically adaptive depends on:

A)ecological context.
B)bicultural competence.
C)assimilative competence.
D)racial group membership.

Question 46

Examples of oppressive systems include:

A)racism.
B)sexism.
C)classism.
D)all of the above

Question 47

Tim attended schools in an affluent community that had many academic resources and opportunities for students.Waylon attended schools in a low-income community with few of these resources.Because of this,Tim is more ready to take difficult courses in college.In terms of the liberation perspective,what does Tim have that Waylon does not?

A)biculturality
B)unearned privilege
C)a neighborhood tipping point
D)internalized oppression

Question 48

A dominant group in an oppressive system often uses which resources below to maintain their power?

A)social myths
B)access to personal connections
C)the educational system to influence how people think
D)all of the above

Question 49

___________ can come into conflict with diversity because it tends to emphasize group member similarity and appears to be higher in homogenous communities.

A)The goal of liberation
B)Individualism
C)Cultural efficacy
D)Sense of community

Question 50

Knowledge of and respect for the culture in which one is working,supportive relationships in that culture and in one's own culture,personal awareness,and "informed curiosity and humility" have been suggested for community psychologists as characteristics of

A)assimilation.
B)personal adjustment.
C)cultural competence.
D)deep structure.

Question 51

Martha's sexual orientation is heterosexual,and she has always been able to speak openly with friends about her sexuality.Susan is a lesbian.She spent her teen years trying to understand and accept her orientation,and still is very careful in talking about her sexuality.In terms of the liberation perspective,what does Martha have that Susan does not?

A)cultural competence
B)unearned privilege
C)biculturality
D)internalized oppression

Question 52

Sam seldom worries about his personal safety;his neighborhood is safe for men even late at night.Sue always performs a few simple checks in her car and her apartment to make sure that she is safe,because she has had friends who were victims of crime.In terms of the liberation perspective,what does Sam have that Sue does not?

A)biculturality
B)unearned privilege
C)a neighborhood tipping point
D)internalized oppression

Question 53

In an oppressive system,members of the privileged group:

A)all exhibit overtly prejudiced behavior.
B)may not recognize their privilege.
C)receive no benefits from the oppressive system.
D)have certain personality traits in common.

Question 54

In the liberation perspective,to dismantle sexism,____ the opponent to be defeated.

A)men are
B)an oppressive system that benefits men is
C)patriarchy is
D)both 'b' and 'c'

Question 55

Studies of workplace leaders indicate that ___ resist assertive leadership by women.

A)men
B)women
C)both 'a' and 'b'
D)none of the above

Question 56

Studies (cited in Chapter 7)of Puerto Ricans in New York City,Latin American immigrants in Washington,D.C. ,and Russian Jewish teens who had immigrated to the U.S. ,found that when compared to other acculturative strategies,

A)biculturality was less common.
B)biculturality was more common.
C)biculturality was more adaptive.
D)assimilation was most adaptive.

Question 57

The goal of action based on the liberation perspective is:

A)exchanging who is oppressor and who is oppressed
B)remaking society without roles of oppressor and oppressed
C)critique of society without attempting to change it
D)remaking society to be more individualistic

Question 58

When members of a subordinated group are persuaded to believe that they really are inferior,what is occurring?

A)internalized oppression
B)externalized oppression
C)collectivism
D)acculturation

Question 59

In a community program,hiring staff from the ethnic or cultural group of the community,and providing materials or publicity presented in the language of the community,all involve:

A)biculturality.
B)surface structure.
C)deep structure.
D)assimilation.

Question 60

Concepts of oppression and liberation offer ways to understand differences in ____ between populations,which purely cultural concepts (such as individualism-collectivism)cannot.

A)values
B)surface structure
C)power
D)self-concept

Question 61

Explain how oppression occurs at these levels (choose one from each pair below):
(a)cultural or social;
(b)institutional or neighborhood;
(c)interpersonal or individual prejudice.

Question 62

Define and give examples of dominant and subordinated groups,unearned privilege,a social myth that perpetuates oppression,and institutional oppression.

Question 63

Define psychological acculturation,and the four acculturative strategies,giving an example of each.

Question 64

Explain how culturally sensitive community programs can address cultural surface structure and deep structure.Give examples to support your points.

Question 65

List and define five dimensions of human diversity important for community psychology,and give examples of differences along each dimension.Explain the difference between race and ethnicity.Explain the concept of intersectionality.

Question 66

Define individualism and collectivism as ways of describing cultures.Explain how more individualistic and more collectivistic cultures differ in primary values,conceptions of self,approaches to family life and parenting,and attitudes about equality.Explain three limitations of the individualism-collectivism concept.

Question 67

Explain these statements:
(a)"Oppression creates unearned privilege."
(b)"Members of the subordinated group usually understand oppression better than those in the privileged group."
(c)"Liberation requires the remaking of society without roles of oppressor and oppressed."

Question 68

Define biculturality,including its eight characteristics.Describe its advantages and limitations.

Question 69

In a community program,using cultural values,beliefs and practices as the basis for the program involves:

A)biculturality.
B)surface structure.
C)deep structure.
D)assimilation.

Question 70

Discuss how Ortiz-Torres et al.addressed the conflicts between culture and liberation in their work concerning sexuality with Latina teens.

Question 71

Using Alaska Native spiritual beliefs,symbols and practices in sobriety programs for Alaska Natives is an example of:

A)biculturality.
B)assimilation.
C)surface structure.
D)deep structure.