Deck 14: B: Health, Stress, and Coping

Question 1

Which statistic is commonly used to screen people for weight categories that indicate whether they are considered normal weight,underweight,overweight,or obese?

A)set point
B)positive energy balance
C)body mass index
D)obesity rate

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Research discussed in your textbook indicates that television advertisements can have a significant impact on ____________.

A)the choice to smoke
B)snacking
C)stress levels
D)activity level

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to set point theory,which of the following could cause a person's set point to change?

A)exposure to food advertising
B)stress
C)deciding to lose weight
D)gaining a large amount of weight

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the current research on whether smoking in movies contributes to adolescent smoking?

A)The research clearly indicates that exposure to smoking in movies causes adolescents to smoke more.
B)There is no significant connection between adolescent smoking and watching smoking in movies.
C)Correlational research suggests that adolescent smoking and movies are related,but it has been difficult to establish the nature of this correlation.
D)Smoking causes adolescents to prefer movies in which the protagonist smokes.

Question 5

Some researchers believe that the body has mechanisms to keep your body weight within a small range.For example,if you began eating more calories than usual,your body may increase its energy expenditure to keep your weight within the range.This range is referred to as the body's ___________.

A)mass index
B)set point
C)energy balance
D)resistance point

Question 6

_________ is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in Canada.

A)Asbestos exposure
B)Drug use
C)Alcohol use
D)Smoking

Question 7

Jim likes to watch TV and Jim's twin brother,John,likes to go on social networking sites online.What is likely to be true of the two brothers?

A)They will weigh the same.
B)John will weigh more than Jim,but they will both be overweight
C)Jim is more likely to be obese than John..
D)John is more likely to be obese than Jim. In

Question 8

According to some research,the average smoker dies ____ years earlier than the average nonsmoker.

A)1 to 2
B)4 to 6
C)7 to 14
D)15 to 20

Question 9

Unlike in the past,most premature deaths in Canada today can be attributed to ____________.

A)lifestyle factors
B)genetic disorders
C)contagious diseases
D)criminal activity

Question 10

Health psychologists are primarily interested in how an individual's ____________ affects his or her health.

A)physiology
B)genetics
C)development
D)behaviour

Question 11

The body mass index allows people to

A)calculate how many calories they should eat each day.
B)calculate a healthy body weight for their height.
C)determine whether they have a positive or negative energy balance.
D)determine their set point.

Question 12

According to your textbook,why do some researchers question the role of a physiological set point in making it difficult for people to lose excess weight?

A)The body's metabolic rate is fixed and does not change.
B)The difficulty in losing excess weight is greatly exaggerated.
C)Lower activity levels associated with weight gain appears to explain the difficulty of weight loss better than set point theory.
D)Set point theory assumes that a person's set point cannot change.

Question 13

While most students have heard of the "freshman 15," in reality,students who gain weight when they enter college put on an average of _____ pounds.

A)1
B)6
C)20
D)25

Question 14

Patrick decided to lose weight by dieting.He found that it was relatively easy to lose the first 18 pounds or so,but after that,he felt his body was fighting his effort to lose more weight.Patrick's experience is consistent with the concept of _______________.

A)positive energy balance
B)the general adaptation syndrome
C)extinction
D)a set point

Question 15

According to set point theory,the set point is initially set by _______________,but can be modified by ______________.

A)genetic factors;environmental factors
B)environmental factors;genetic factors
C)exercise;caloric intake
D)caloric intake;exercise.

Question 16

Kendra goes to the doctor's office for a physical.After measuring Kendra's weight and height,the doctor enters the data into a mathematical formula and then tells Kendra that she is overweight.The doctor most likely used the formula to calculate Kendra's ________________.

A)body mass index
B)positive energy balance
C)set point
D)obesity rate

Question 17

Which of the following has been the MOST DIFFICULT for health psychologists to demonstrate through research?

A)Smoking is correlated with watching movie stars smoke.
B)Watching movie stars smoke causes adolescents to smoke.
C)Adolescents who smoke identify with movie stars who smoke.
D)Adolescents who smoke are exposed to more smoking in movies

Question 18

What do twin and adoption studies indicate about the role of genes in body weight?

A)Genes account for between 50% and 90% of the variation in body weight.
B)Genes account for a moderate 15-20% of the variation in body weight.
C)Genes only account for 5-10% of the variation in body weight.
D)Body weight is not influenced by genes.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT listed in your textbook as a health consequence of being overweight?

A)osteoporosis
B)diabetes
C)osteoarthritis
D)cancer

Question 20

_____________ psychologists study both positive and negative impacts that humans' behaviour and decisions have on their health,survival,and well-being.

A)Physiological
B)Developmental
C)Health
D)Medicinal

Question 21

Which of the following is true about discrimination?

A)Experiencing discrimination has short-,but not long-term effects on health.
B)Discrimination has a long-term effect on mental health,but not physical health.
C)Discrimination has a long-term effect on physical health,but not mental health.
D)Discrimination has a long-term effect on both physical and mental health.

Question 22

Which of the following would most likely be an acute stressor?

A)discrimination
B)long-term unemployment
C)having a fight
D)having a relative with mental illness

Question 23

When Wally decided to quit smoking,several of his friends began smoking less.Overtime,most of Wally's friends eventually stopped smoking as well.This is an example of social _____________.

A)contagion
B)discrimination
C)coercion
D)desensitization

Question 24

High stress levels and poor nutrition put children who grow up in low socioeconomic status communities at a greater risk of developing ___________ as adults.

A)schizophrenia
B)heart disease
C)post-traumatic growth
D)social contagion

Question 25

Which of the following is true about health effects of marriage on men and women?

A)Both men and women typically benefit equally from the marriage.
B)While both men and women benefit from the marriage,men typically experience the greater health benefits.
C)While both the men and women benefit from marriage,women typically experience the greater health benefits.
D)Men are more likely to benefit,while women are more likely to have a small decrease in health as a result of marrying.

Question 26

Which of the following may explain why the health benefit of heterosexual marriage is different for men versus women?

A)Women tend to recognize and support the health of others more than men.
B)Men tend to be more protective of their spouse than women.
C)Women experience more stress in a marriage than men .
D)Women are more likely to engage in risky behaviour if they are married.

Question 27

Dr.Benno leaves his practice in a wealthy suburb and begins seeing patients at a clinic in a poor urban area.What can he expect will be the difference between his new patients and his former ones?

A)The new patients will be generally in worse health.
B)The new patients will have less stress because many are unemployed.
C)The new patients will have more stress but lower mortality rates.
D)The new patients will be less likely to suffer from diseases associated with high-pressure lives,like heart disease.

Question 28

Overtime,groups of people who interact regularly can become increasingly similar in terms of body weight,smoking habits,and even happiness.This increased similarity is likely due to ____________.

A)genetic factors
B)social contagion
C)set point changes
D)coincidence

Question 29

Events which cause people to experience stress are called ___________.

A)stress stimuli
B)negative reinforcers
C)traumas
D)stressors

Question 30

Larry and Kim just got married.Although every marriage is different,how is their marriage most likely to affect their health?

A)Larry's health will benefit from the marriage while Kim's health with suffer.
B)Kim's health will benefit from the marriage while Larry's health with suffer.
C)Both Larry and Kim will benefit,but Larry will benefit more.
D)Both Larry and Kim will benefit,but Kim will benefit more.

Question 31

People with low socioeconomic status tend to have worse health than do those with high status.One reason for this is ________________.

A)malingering (pretending to be ill)
B)cultural reinforcers
C)environmental stressors
D)heredity

Question 32

The unintentional spreading of a behaviour as a result of social interactions is referred to as _____________.

A)meme propagation
B)social contagion
C)the HPA axis
D)peer mimicking

Question 33

The increase in the number of children living sedentary lifestyles is likely due in part to ___________.

A)video games
B)increased time spent in school
C)stress
D)television advertising

Question 34

According to your textbook,people who __________ have less brain tissue and older-looking brains than is typical for their age.

A)are obese
B)smoke
C)are lean
D)play videogames

Question 35

In a study described in your textbook,psychologists studied students who lived in poorly designed and crowded dormitories.By comparing these students to others who had better accommodations,the psychologists determined that the stressful living conditions caused the students to

A)become emotionally closer to the other students sharing the same space.
B)focus their anger onto one or two "scapegoats."
C)develop emotional coping strategies.
D)lose their sense of control and feel helpless.

Question 36

_____________ is as great a mortality risk as smoking,obesity,and high blood pressure.

A)Poor job satisfaction
B)Chronic social isolation
C)Being married
D)Experiencing an episode of discrimination

Question 37

According to Lazarus and Folkman,our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to determine whether it is a challenge or threat.This evaluation is referred to as _____________.

A)primary appraisal
B)secondary appraisal
C)stress-related decision
D)hassle-related decision

Question 38

Stress,poor diet,and discrimination collectively place children growing up in ___________ at greater risk for developing health problems.

A)single parent households
B)poverty
C)rural areas
D)boarding schools

Question 39

For __________,lower income is associated with higher obesity rates,while the opposite is true for ___________.

A)adults;children
B)children;adults
C)men;women
D)women;men

Question 40

________ occurs when the demands of a situation exceed our ability to cope effectively.

A)Stress
B)Anxiety
C)Trauma
D)Stimuli

Question 41

Imagine that you have just flunked a class.You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about.Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school.You have made _________________.

A)a primary appraisal only
B)both a primary and a secondary appraisal
C)a stress-related decision
D)a hassle-related decision

Question 42

Kenya is experiencing absolutely no stress while taking a test.What effect is this most likely to have on her performance,and why?

A)It will improve her grade because she will experience less distraction.
B)It will improve her grade because she will be able to recall information more easily.
C)It will lower her grade because her arousal level will be low.
D)It will lower her grade because suppressing stress taxes cognitive resources.

Question 43

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress and may result in the development of stress-related diseases?

A)alarm
B)collapse
C)exhaustion
D)resistance

Question 44

Which major life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has the highest number of "stress units"?

A)Divorce
B)Marriage
C)Death of a spouse
D)Damage to the home

Question 45

Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip,where she must travel through an area with many mountains,will pose a danger for her.As such,this example illustrates _______________.

A)a stress reaction
B)coping
C)primary appraisal
D)secondary appraisal

Question 46

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures stress related to _____________.

A)positive and negative life events
B)only negative life events
C)only positive life events
D)internal stressors

Question 47

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor,we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping.This process is called ______________.

A)primary appraisal
B)secondary appraisal
C)tertiary appraisal
D)distress-eustress dichotomy

Question 48

______________ measures the amount of stress in a person's life resulting from major life changes.

A)Secondary appraisal
B)Primary appraisal
C)The Social Readjustment Rating Scale
D)The Type A Personality Scale

Question 49

What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

A)resistance,alarm,exhaustion
B)exhaustion,resistance,alarm
C)alarm,exhaustion,resistance
D)alarm,resistance,exhaustion

Question 50

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between stress and major life events?

A)Research has shown that the stress caused by positive life events is nearly non-existent when compared to the stress caused by negative or bad life events.
B)Major life events can cause significant stress,even if they are good or positive life events.
C)Research has demonstrated that getting married,having a child,and losing a job are,in that order,the top three stressors reported by most adults.
D)Major life events can be more easily described as daily hassles.

Question 51

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome might explain why college students tend to experience a higher rate of absenteeism from class around midterm and final exam time each semester?

A)resistance
B)exhaustion
C)alarm
D)surrender

Question 52

Adelaida hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert.Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises.According to Hans Selye,she is in the _______________.

A)chronic stress phase
B)alarm phase
C)exhaustion phase
D)resistance phase

Question 53

For the past six months,Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful,but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition.Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes.According to Hans Selye,Dahlia is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)collapse
C)exhaustion
D)resistance

Question 54

According to Cannon,the "fight-or-flight response" is

A)a general response to many different types of stressors.
B)a response to physical stressors,but not other types of stressors such as social or cognitive stressors.
C)an extreme form of the stress response that only occurs in life-threatening emergences.
D)a coping strategy.

Question 55

According to its developers,a person who has a higher score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than people with lower scores to have ___________ in the near future.

A)more frequent changes of job
B)a divorce
C)commission of a crime
D)a higher chance of becoming ill

Question 56

The term "fight-or-flight response" was coined by American psychologist ______________.

A)William James
B)Walter Cannon
C)Francis Sumner
D)Mary Carver

Question 57

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale was designed to measure change due to ________________.

A)natural disasters
B)major life events
C)social difficulties
D)negative life events

Question 58

Which psychologist is credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome?

A)Selye
B)Berkowitz
C)Holmes and Rahe
D)Lazarus

Question 59

Which of the following is true about stress?

A)Any amount of stress is detrimental and should be avoided.
B)High levels of stress generally improve performance.
C)Stress facilitates performing complex tasks more than it does simple tasks.
D)Low levels of stress can be motivating.

Question 60

Generally speaking,low levels of arousal facilitate ______________,while higher levels of arousal facilitate ______________.

A)studying;test taking
B)test taking;studying
C)solving complex tasks;solving simple tasks
D)solving simple tasks;solving complex tasks

Question 61

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to engage a "tend-and-befriend" approach to dealing with significant stress in their life?

A)Dante,who is 75-years old,single,and retired from a long career in the Navy.
B)Christopher,who is 42 years old,married,and works long hours to support his family.
C)Chantel,who is a 37-year old single mother living with her son and two roommates.
D)Tamal,who is a 14-year old first-generation Indian-American middle-school student living with his grandparents.

Question 62

The "HPA" axis is an abbreviation for:

A)hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal.
B)hormonal-pubertal-adrenal circuit.
C)hippocampus-pituitary-amygdala circuit.
D)heritable-peripheral-adrenal cortex.

Question 63

The hormone oxytocin could be described as being involved in the ______________ response to stress.

A)"tend-and-befriend"
B)"fight-or-flight"
C)"cry and ask 'why?'"
D)"avoid-and-evade"

Question 64

Which of the following statements regarding ulcers is true?

A)Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that lives in stomach acid and causes stomach ulcers.
B)Stress is the primary cause of ulcers.
C)Spicy foods and an unhealthy diet are the primary causes of ulcers.
D)Ulcers are uniquely genetic and stress has nothing to do with the symptoms of ulcers.

Question 65

Joanna has a Type A personality.Which of the following traits are descriptive of her personality?

A)competitive and impatient
B)negative and distressed
C)relaxed and easygoing
D)obsessive and neat

Question 66

Rosalie is a rather easy-going kind of woman.She works hard when she's at the office,but she refuses to do more than 40 hours of work per week.She knows that she could earn more money if she worked harder but she really values time at home with her husband and children.She likes to garden,listen to music,and sip wine while sitting on her deck during a sunset.Rosalie even turns off her cell phone during the weekends so that she won't be bothered.Rosalie has a __________ personality.

A)Type A
B)Type AB
C)Type B
D)Type C

Question 67

The hormones vasopressin and oxytocin are associated with _______________ and might be related to ________.

A)positive social relationships;good health
B)positive social relationships;poor health
C)childhood stress;good health
D)childhood stress;poor health

Question 68

The field of __________ studies the relationship between immune and nervous system functioning.

A)social psychology
B)organic medicine
C)psychoneuroimmunology
D)interactive psychology

Question 69

Research suggests that two ways in which cancer patients can potentially slow the disease's progressions are

A)stimulating the body's fight-or-flight response and guided imagery
B)strenuous exercise and stimulating the HPA axis
C)allowing themselves to become angry about having cancer and accepting that they will probably die.
D)learning anger management techniques and being optimistic.

Question 70

People living under stressful conditions tend to get sick more often than they would otherwise.How do researchers in psychoneuroimmunology explain this phenomenon?

A)The stress response reduces immune system functioning,thus making us more vulnerable to diseases.
B)The stress response in the long run leads to a lowering of the heart rate,which makes the heart inefficient.
C)The stress response makes muscles stronger,which places a greater burden on the heart and respiratory systems.
D)The body tends to adapt to the constant call for the stress response and,thus,future responses are not as strong as before.

Question 71

When a person is under stress,the hypothalamus activates the __________ system,producing the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the body.

A)somatic nervous
B)reticular activating
C)parasympathetic nervous
D)sympathetic nervous

Question 72

When you are under stress,the _______________ sends messages to the endocrine glands along two major pathways.

A)amygdala
B)hippocampus
C)hypothalamus
D)corpus callosum

Question 73

The HPA axis is a system activated to

A)carry messages from special receptors in the skin to the brain.
B)control the sensory and motor nerves.
C)energize the body to respond to stressors.
D)relax the body and help it conserve energy.

Question 74

Levon has a Type B personality.Which of the following is most likely?

A)Levon is determined to achieve.
B)Levon is competitive.
C)Levon gets easily upset.
D)Levon is slow to anger.

Question 75

Jamie has worked for the Jones & Miller law firm for the past five years.The firm is in the process of downsizing and laying off employees.Jamie is afraid that she may lose her job.To help deal with this stressful situation,Jamie tends to rely on her social contacts for support,in addition to nurturing those around her.This is known as _____________ response.

A)fight-or-flight
B)tend-and-befriend
C)reliance-and-coping
D)friend-or-relationship

Question 76

John is the type of person who wants everything done perfectly the first time.When playing a game,he feels like he must win.He is easily provoked to anger,but he is also readily ambitious.Based on these traits,John must be a _____________.

A)Type D personality
B)Type A personality
C)Type B personality
D)Type T personality

Question 77

Which of the following is a key stress hormone released by the adrenal glands?

A)cortisol
B)melatonin
C)insulin
D)substance P

Question 78

Which of the following is true about HIV/AIDS and stress?

A)Stress can reduce the effectiveness of vaccination and antiretroviral treatments for HIV/AIDS.
B)Surprisingly,moderate stress actually suppresses HIV in the body.
C)Stress can affect those who have AIDS,but has little effect on people who have not developed AIDS but are HIV positive.
D)Stress has little to no effect on HIV/AIDS.

Question 79

Men who experience ongoing stress are at a much higher risk of developing coronary heart disease compared to other men.How is chronic stress believed to contribute directly to heart disease?

A)Stress hormones slow down heart rate,decreasing circulation and allowing plaques to build up.
B)Stress overstimulates heart tissue,which leads to damage.
C)Stress hormones block the absorption of oxygen into the blood,leading to enlargement of the heart.
D)Stress stimulates the immune system's inflammatory response,which leads to the development of plaques.

Question 80

Julie has a serious disorder of the immune system that is life-threatening and incurable.This is a condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus attacks and damages the immune system.Julie has ______________.

A)multiple sclerosis
B)Alzheimer's disease
C)acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
D)Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)