Deck 13: D: Social Psychology

Question 1

What theory was advanced by Festinger?

A)balance
B)cognitive heuristic
C)cognitive dissonance
D)confirmation bias

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Giving in to indirect pressure to change your behaviour and thoughts is called

A)conformity.
B)compliance.
C)obedience.
D)persuasion.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Following the direct orders of someone in a position of higher authority is called:

A)compliance.
B)conformity.
C)obedience.
D)consent.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of conformity?

A)A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer.
B)A policeman beats a prisoner to force a confession on orders of his commanding officer.
C)Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to.
D)Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to "be in style."

Question 5

Learned,relatively enduring feelings about objects,events,or issues are called ___________.

A)norms
B)opinions
C)attitudes
D)emotions

Question 6

In the Milgram experiment on obedience,the _______ was a confederate of the experimenter.

A)subject
B)female subject
C)learner
D)normal person

Question 7

What percent of subjects in Milgram's experiment on obedience actually completed the shock series?

A)less than 1%
B)between 5% and 10%
C)about 65%
D)about 90%

Question 8

In the Milgram experiment on obedience,the dependent variable was the:

A)learner's incorrect responses.
B)intensity of shock delivered.
C)learner's screams of pain.
D)number of mistakes made by the learner.

Question 9

Asch (1951)used __________ to study informational conformity.

A)the "kinetic effect"
B)the latency of response
C)social loafing in a tug of war group
D)line lengths

Question 10

What did Milgram study?

A)the authoritarian personality
B)bystander apathy
C)the effects of watching violence on television
D)obedience to authority

Question 11

In the famous Milgram experiment on obedience,who received a shock?

A)the "learner"
B)no one
C)the confederate
D)the subject

Question 12

The Stanford Prison Study has been criticized on the basis of _____________.

A)methodological weaknesses
B)inability to replicate it
C)lack of real-life application
D)ethics

Question 13

Following orders is referred to as _______ by social psychologists.

A)compliance
B)conformity
C)influence
D)obedience

Question 14

Even though he thought the Army Reserve's short hair regulation was silly,Ted really wanted the extra money Reserve duty provided to him,so he kept his hair short.This is an example of

A)conformity.
B)reactance.
C)private acceptance.
D)a role.

Question 15

_______ found that normal people in normal times will often follow orders to hurt innocent people.

A)Solomon Asch
B)Kurt Lewin
C)Carolyn Sherif
D)Stanley Milgram

Question 16

Changing one's behaviour in response to real or perceived social pressures is referred to as _______ by social psychologists.

A)compliance
B)conformity
C)influence
D)obedience

Question 17

Even though Jane thought it was wrong to take from others,she didn't want to be rejected by her peers,so she began shoplifting along with them.Jane probably experienced _______ when she stole.

A)the fundamental attribution error
B)reactance
C)central route change
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 18

According to Festinger,the feeling of discomfort that results from the realization that our beliefs and our behaviours are discrepant is called:

A)attribution.
B)balance theory.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 19

To conform is to yield to __________.

A)social norms
B)cognitive dissonance
C)secondary processes
D)response cues

Question 20

A relatively stable organization of beliefs,feelings,and behaviour tendencies toward something or someone else is a(n)__________.

A)affect
B)cognition
C)archetype
D)attitude

Question 21

Groupthink can be avoided by

A)having a strong leader.
B)inviting outsiders to give their opinions.
C)striving for a consensus among members.
D)having bright,well-informed members.

Question 22

The notion that "mental patients are dangerous" is an example of a(n)

A)self-fulfilling prophecy.
B)confirmation bias.
C)attitude.
D)stereotype.

Question 23

The tendency to give too much emphasis to personal factors when accounting for other people's actions is called _______.

A)the primacy effect
B)defensive attribution
C)fundamental attribution error
D)the just world hypothesis

Question 24

Which of the following phenomena usually involves an excessively negative,overgeneralized assumption about a socially defined category of people?

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)confirmation bias
C)attitude
D)stereotype

Question 25

Discrimination differs from prejudice in that it is

A)unjustified.
B)a behaviour.
C)an attitude.
D)negative.

Question 26

Stereotypes can easily become the basis for ________.

A)primary drives
B)negating the primacy effect
C)self-fulfilling prophecies
D)the development of unifying traits

Question 27

Which of the following is a negative,often aggressive behaviour aimed at the target of prejudice?

A)stereotypes
B)bias
C)discrimination
D)reactance

Question 28

Which of the following conditions is conducive to creating a groupthink effect?

A)the illusion of disagreement
B)a weak leader
C)failing to critically evaluate ideas
D)members who do not like each other

Question 29

A very cohesive group,insulated from outside opinion,with a respected leader,must make a decision quickly.As they deliberate,this group should be especially aware of the phenomenon called

A)deindividuation.
B)social facilitation.
C)groupthink.
D)group polarization.

Question 30

When a group exerts such strong pressure to conform that it prevents people from expressing critical ideas,the group is suffering from __________.

A)groupthink
B)polarization
C)risky shift
D)deindividuation

Question 31

The fundamental attribution error is based on the

A)confirmatory bias.
B)need to believe that one can control one's fate.
C)basic distrust that we have of other humans.
D)need to accurately detect causes of behaviour.

Question 32

The technique used for studying conformity was developed by

A)Festinger.
B)Asch.
C)Lewin.
D)Thorndike.

Question 33

Over-simplified generalizations about the characteristics of a group are called

A)prejudices.
B)stereotypes.
C)biases.
D)discrimination.

Question 34

The fundamental attribution error refers to

A)people's tendencies to ignore situational causes of behaviour and favour internal explanations.
B)people's tendencies to ignore internal causes of behaviour and favour external explanations.
C)people's tendencies to deal with someone else's behaviour without trying to figure out what made them behave that way.
D)people's tendencies to go along with the majority opinion in deciding what caused an event rather than reasoning it out for themselves.

Question 35

Prejudice differs from discrimination in that it is

A)unjustified.
B)a behaviour.
C)an attitude.
D)negative.

Question 36

Research has indicated that when we set the stage for the self-fulfilling prophecy,we are _____________ that behaviour.

A)observing
B)criticizing
C)guiding
D)evaluating

Question 37

According to research,prejudice is reduced when people must

A)come into contact with one another.
B)change their attitudes and behaviours.
C)cooperate with one another to achieve a goal.
D)live together.

Question 38

_______ puts people into categories with each category having its own set of characteristics.

A)Stereotyping
B)Prejudice
C)Discrimination
D)Bias

Question 39

Failure to critically evaluate ideas when concern is for reaching agreement is called _________.

A)group polarization
B)social comparison
C)groupthink
D)deindividuation

Question 40

What is the tendency to make internal attributions when we succeed and external attributions when we fail?

A)self-attribution error
B)fundamental attribution error
C)self-serving bias
D)actor-observer bias

Question 41

People won't help when there are many bystanders due to

A)of diffusion of responsibility.
B)people are egoistic.
C)people like to see others hurt.
D)people are not altruistic.

Question 42

If a person sees a victim in dire need,but doesn't know how to help,that person will most likely

A)stay with the victim.
B)do nothing.
C)go for help.
D)attempt to offer first aid.

Question 43

As the number of people present during an emergency increases,what can be predicted about the likelihood that any one individual will help?

A)It will increase substantially.
B)It will increase minimally.
C)It will decrease.
D)It will remain unchanged.

Question 44

Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test.The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because

A)he is unmotivated to do well in school.
B)the test covered material that had not been adequately covered in class.
C)his parents had an argument that evening before the test.
D)he was not given enough time to complete the test.

Question 45

When 12-year-old Jack saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort,he prepared to offer help.But when he noticed several adults walk past the man,he concluded that the man did not need any help.His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

A)the mere exposure effect.
B)the fundamental attribution error.
C)social loafing.
D)the bystander effect.

Question 46

According to research,the larger the group,the

A)safer you are.
B)more likely you are to receive help.
C)more likely you are to give assistance.
D)less likely you are to give or receive help.

Question 47

In 1986,the space shuttle Challenger was launched despite warnings of danger from NASA engineers that parts might malfunction due to weather conditions.Which concept best characterizes the decision to go ahead with the launch?

A)conformity
B)groupthink
C)obedience
D)group polarization

Question 48

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because

A)the "learners" made so few learning errors under stressful circumstances.
B)the "teachers" actually enjoyed shocking another person.
C)the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.
D)the "learners" obediently accepted painful shocks without any protest.

Question 49

In which scenario would an individual be most likely to conform by giving the same response as the confederates?

A)12 confederates give the same answer and one confederate provides the correct response.
B)8 confederates give the same answer and one provides a different but also incorrect response.
C)4 confederates give the same answer and all of the responses are the same.
D)2 confederates give the same answer and one provides another answer that is incorrect.

Question 50

Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding.The caterer is thirty minutes late and still hasn't arrived.Colin suggests the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic.Colin's attribution can be characterized as a

A)personal attribution.
B)situational attribution.
C)counterfactual attribution.
D)correspondent attribution.

Question 51

During a Girl Scout picnic,Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team.Before the game started,both Lavinia and Carla were convinced that their own team was the better one.The girls' reactions best illustrate

A)the fundamental attribution error.
B)deindividuation.
C)the reciprocity norm.
D)ingroup bias.

Question 52

What did Milgram discover through his classic studies on obedience?

A)Obedience decreases as the psychological distance between teacher and experimenter increases.
B)Obedience increases as the psychological distance between teacher and learner decreases.
C)Obedience decreases as the psychological distance between the teacher and learner increases.
D)Obedience increases as the psychological distance between teacher and experimenter increases.

Question 53

Which scenario best demonstrates the fundamental attribution error?

A)Dorothy thinks that a coworker is late because he overslept.
B)Craig thinks that his classmate must have gotten a poor grade on an exam because the exam was too difficult.
C)Blanche believes that the driver of the speeding vehicle must be responding to an emergency situation.
D)Tom laughs at a friend who trips over a shoe because she falls in such a dramatic way.

Question 54

Stereotype is to _____________ as prejudice is to _____________ as discrimination is to _____________.

A)attitude;belief;behaviour
B)belief;behaviour;attitude
C)attitude;behaviour;belief
D)belief;attitude;behaviour

Question 55

When 68-year-old Mrs.Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway,she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes.One year later,she had a flat tire on a busy freeway and an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance.Mrs.Blake's experience best illustrates

A)the fundamental attribution error.
B)the mere exposure effect.
C)group polarization.
D)the bystander effect.