Deck 12: B: Personality

Question 1

Raymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by

A)developing case-study analysis.
B)disproving Early Greek theories of personality.
C)devising the Myers-Briggs inventory.
D)using factor analysis.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Most of Candice's relationships with other people are hostile.She frequently gets in fights with strangers and even close friends.If Candice took the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R),she would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension.

A)openness
B)conscientiousness
C)neuroticism
D)agreeableness

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Creative,fair-minded,and impulsive are examples of ____________.

A)states
B)the Big Five
C)personality traits
D)idiographs

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A central principle of the trait perspective to personality is that

A)an individual's personality traits change from day to day.
B)no two individuals share the same traits.
C)individuals can be understood based on how well specific traits describe them.
D)the idiographic approach is the only correct way to study personality.

Question 5

Research discussed in your textbook suggests that people on Facebook tend to present themselves

A)accurately.
B)as they wished they were,not as they really are.
C)in extreme or exaggerated ways.
D)as being more extraverted than they really are.

Question 6

Amir is constantly worrying about things,even though he really doesn't have anything to worry about.He is also very insecure and can become very upset when he thinks his friends are making a joke about him.If Walter took the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R),he would likely have a ____________ score on the ____________ dimension.

A)high;neuroticism
B)high;conscientiousness
C)low;neuroticism
D)low;conscientiousness

Question 7

A psychologist who studies the unique personality characteristics of individuals is using __________________ approach to studying personality.

A)a trait
B)a factor analysis
C)an idiographic
D)a nomothetic

Question 8

Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits?

A)START
B)BEGIN
C)DUNES
D)OCEAN

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of the Big Five?

A)conscientiousness
B)extraversion
C)openness
D)sociableness

Question 10

Marques loves to go to parties.While there,he can have a conversation with just about anyone,whether he knows them or not.Which of the following Five Factors would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information?

A)neuroticism
B)conscientiousness
C)extraversion
D)openness

Question 11

A technique called _____________ is used to group items that people respond to similarly.

A)idiography
B)factor analysis
C)MMPI-2
D)reciprocal determinism

Question 12

What technique do trait theorists use to identify groups or clusters of related personality traits?

A)idiography
B)factor analysis
C)MMPI-2
D)reciprocal determinism

Question 13

Walter prefers to stay home on a Friday night and read a good book to hanging out with other people.In fact,he tends to be fairly reclusive in general.If Walter took the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R),he would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension.

A)extraversion
B)conscientiousness
C)neuroticism
D)openness

Question 14

The _______________ dimension of the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy.

A)agreeableness
B)extraversion
C)neuroticism
D)openness

Question 15

Dr.Mano is a personality researcher who is NOT interested in the particular idiosyncrasies that make individuals unique.Instead,her research involves studying large groups of people in order to make generalizations about the structure of personality.Dr.Mano's research is an example of

A)the nomothetic approach.
B)the MMPI approach.
C)factor analysis.
D)the idiographic approach.

Question 16

Which of the following best illustrates the idiographic approach to personality research?

A)identifying personality characteristics that are shared by large groups of people
B)designing tests that characterize abnormal personality types
C)performing a detailed study of the world's most successful business person
D)using factor analysis to identify personality traits

Question 17

Which two researchers are associated with the Five Factor Model,also known as the Big Five?

A)McCrae and Costa
B)Cattell and Allport
C)Jung and Horney
D)Erikson and Rogers

Question 18

_______________is a characteristic pattern of thinking,interacting,and reacting that is unique to each individual,and remains relatively consistent over time and situations.

A)Personality
B)Idiography
C)A state
D)A trait

Question 19

The _______________ dimension of the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)describes the extent to which people are imaginative and curious,or conventional and "down-to-earth."

A)agreeableness
B)extraversion
C)conscientiousness
D)openness

Question 20

While psychologists do not typically refer to infants as having "personalities," infants do display personality-like attributes called _____________.

A)states
B)moods
C)quasi-personalities
D)temperaments

Question 21

A concern with personal goals and a self-focused orientation are most characteristic of those from ________ cultures.

A)collectivistic
B)individualistic
C)narcissistic
D)selfish

Question 22

The behavioural theories of personality development tend to focus on ____________.

A)unconscious desires
B)learning
C)genetics
D)self-actualization

Question 23

Which research approach is probably the best for exploring the genetic contribution to personality?

A)comparing identical twins who were reared apart
B)comparing children adopted into another family with their siblings who remained with their birth parents
C)comparing fraternal twins
D)comparing identical twins who were raised in the same household

Question 24

Joe works hard to avoid embarrassing himself or his family.Given what researchers have found about people from different cultures,he is most likely from _____________.

A)Canada
B)China
C)Canada
D)Great Britain

Question 25

Allana is generally an outgoing person.A ____________ psychologist would be most likely to suggest that Allana's personality is the result of being reinforced for outgoing behaviour by her parents,teachers,or other people she interacted with in the past.

A)behaviourist
B)humanistic
C)psychodynamic
D)social-cognitive

Question 26

The genetic correlation between identical twins raised in the same household is typically around ______ for all of the big five personality factors.

A).10
B).50
C).80
D).99

Question 27

Research indicates that locations,associations,activities,and subjective states are four

A)categories of personality traits.
B)factors that influence the development of our personality traits.
C)situational influences that interact with personality to determine our behaviour.
D)changes in personality that occur over our lifespan.

Question 28

What is Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality?

A)feedback loops
B)learned responses
C)reciprocal determinism
D)external expectancies

Question 29

Which of the following is true about cross-cultural differences in personality?

A)There is no relationship between culture and personality.
B)Most cultures do not have the same Big Five personality factors.
C)Only individuals from Western cultures share the same Big Five personality factors.
D)While most cultures share the same Big Five personality factors,the prevalence of each trait often differs.

Question 30

One criticism of the trait theories of personality is that they

A)place too much emphasis on states and situational factors.
B)do not describe how states and situational factors can influence our behaviour.
C)are not supported by any empirical data.
D)do not allow for comparisons between individuals.

Question 31

Which of the following is a potential issue associated with using standard tests for the Big Five in cross-cultural personality research?

A)The Big Five are only found in Western cultures.
B)Researchers in other countries would not understand what the "Big Five" refer to.
C)The research may miss other personality factors,not found in Western cultures.
D)Answering questions about personality violates social norms in most non-Western cultures.

Question 32

Nancy is a three month old infant.Compared to other infants her age,she is fussy and cries easily.Nancy's behaviours would most accurately be described as the result of her _____________.

A)state
B)neuroticism
C)personality
D)temperament

Question 33

The role of reciprocal determinism in personality development was highlighted by the _____________.

A)behaviourists
B)humanists
C)social-cognitive theorists
D)trait theorists

Question 34

Which of these research methods would a psychologist be likely to employ to study the influence of genetics on personality?

A)examining correlations in personality between pairs of identical and fraternal twins
B)interviewing people who have known others who were particularly odd or unique
C)administering paper and pencil or computerized questionnaires to hundreds of people
D)documenting the patterns of development and difficulties of psychiatric patients

Question 35

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality?

A)Temperament and personality are the exact same thing.
B)Personality,which we are born with,is the basis upon which one's temperament is built.
C)Temperament,which we are born with,is the basis upon which one's personality is built.
D)Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics,while personality refers to positive personal characteristics.

Question 36

Which of the following best describes the personality of individuals as they age?

A)Personality does not change;it is completely stable throughout the lifespan.
B)Personalities are very stable in childhood and adolescence,but become less stable in later adulthood.
C)The personalities of children and adolescents tend to change somewhat,but are very stable by middle age.
D)Personality remains fluid and changes throughout the lifespan.

Question 37

Which perspective on personality development is most concerned with how one's learning history influences one's future permanent,adult personality?

A)behaviourist
B)humanistic
C)psychodynamic
D)social-cognitive

Question 38

A potential issue with the majority of the research on personality is that the results may only generalize to __________.

A)WEIRD people
B)non-WEIRD people
C)women
D)men

Question 39

Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are

A)only found in WEIRD societies.
B)only found in non-WEIRD societies.
C)fairly consistent across many cultures.
D)different in every culture.

Question 40

In the context of social psychology,the acronym WEIRD stands for

A)Willful,Egocentric,Immature,Rigid,and Depressed
B)Western,Educated,Industrialized,Rich,and Democratic
C)Witness,Engage,Interact,React,and Depart
D)Willpower,Ego,Id,Repression,and Denial

Question 41

Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations?

A)Behavioural
B)Humanistic
C)Psychodynamic
D)Trait

Question 42

Which of the following is true about personality and nonhuman animals?

A)Personality has only been observed in one species of bird,the Parus major.
B)The Big Five personality traits have been found in many different species.
C)Only primates have true personalities.
D)Humans are the only animal with personalities.

Question 43

According to Eysenck,people who have decreased reactivity in the limbic system (the emotional circuits),reticular activating system,and cortex are more likely to be ______________.

A)extraverts
B)neurotic
C)introverts
D)conscientious

Question 44

According to research discussed in your textbook,inheriting short copies of the ______________ transporter gene predisposes people to anxiety,shyness,and negative emotional reactions in interpersonal situations.

A)acetylcholine
B)NMDA
C)dopamine
D)serotonin

Question 45

Blood,phlegm,black bile,and yellow bile were collectively known as the four ____________.

A)mood fluids
B)humors
C)secretions
D)life forces

Question 46

According to Eysenck,the reason why some people seek out exciting new social and emotional experiences is that they

A)require relatively high levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions.
B)have low baseline adrenaline levels.
C)require relatively low levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions.
D)have high baseline adrenaline levels.

Question 47

Kosuke believes that a woman should not be president of the United States because women are biologically predisposed to have "unpresidential" personalities.Which of the following should you tell him?

A)Gender differences in personality do not exist.
B)The female personality is actually much more presidential than the typical male personality.
C)Gender differences in personality exist,but are quite small and not necessarily biological.
D)You are correct;females are biologically predisposed to lack the traits that make for effective presidents.

Question 48

According to your textbook,one possible way genes might influence personality is by affecting ______________.

A)cellular division
B)life expectancy
C)brain chemicals
D)the probability of having twins

Question 49

According to Eysenck,who would have the LEAST reactive reticular activating system?

A)Grace,who likes to read
B)Tucker,who likes to fish
C)Lily,who likes to talk
D)Ben,who likes to surf

Question 50

As part of a research study,Imani has the activity in both her prefrontal cortices measured.After the study,the researchers tell her that her left prefrontal cortex is more active than her right prefrontal cortex.While this certainly is not enough information from which to draw any firm conclusions,it might suggest that Imani is more likely to experience _____________.

A)anxiety
B)seizures
C)positive emotions
D)depression

Question 51

Your textbook argues that personality differences between men and women may be due to ___________ factors.

A)genetic
B)hormonal
C)political
D)economic

Question 52

Levi lives in a relatively wealthy country,where most people have access to health care and education.Which of the following is most likely true about personality gender differences in Levi's country compared to countries with fewer social and economic resources?

A)Gender differences are more pronounced.
B)Gender differences are less pronounced.
C)Gender differences are about the same.
D)Gender differences do not exist in either type of country.

Question 53

Identical twins reared apart will often have

A)no more in common than same sex fraternal twins reared apart.
B)dissimilar personalities.
C)similar personalities.
D)no more in common than nontwins.

Question 54

__________ is the personality theorist whose work is now reflected in the psychodynamic schools of thought.

A)Gordon Allport
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Abraham Maslow
D)B.F.Skinner

Question 55

An Ancient Roman physician would be most likely to diagnosis a patient with a melancholy (depressed)personality as

A)having experienced some psychological trauma as a child.
B)an imbalance in the bodily fluids known as humors.
C)caused by physical trauma to the head.
D)having inherited the trait from his or her parents.

Question 56

Which test or technique would a phrenologist use to access an individual's personality?

A)the MMPI
B)the Rorschach test
C)examining the skull
D)MRI brainscan

Question 57

Compared to men,women tend to report ___________ levels of extraversion,conscientiousness,agreeableness,and neuroticism.

A)higher
B)lower
C)similar
D)more variable

Question 58

Which of the following is true about claims that women and men have different personalities?

A)Gender differences in personality do not exist.
B)Men and women have fundamentally different personalities.
C)Gender differences in personality exist,but are small.
D)Hormonal differences between men and women cause moderate differences in personality.

Question 59

In a research study discussed in your textbook,researchers found that ratings of the Big Five personality factors corresponded to the _____________ specific brain regions.

A)electrical activity in
B)neurotransmitters in
C)size of
D)location of

Question 60

Of the following,which is the oldest theory of personality?

A)phrenology
B)behaviourism
C)the psychodynamic approach
D)humorism

Question 61

When anxiety-provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness,such as not remembering lying to a parent,it is called ____________.

A)denial
B)isolation
C)repression
D)reaction-formation

Question 62

Which motto would best fit the id?

A)"I can't do that because it is against the rules."
B)"I would like to do that,but I can wait for later."
C)"If it feels good,then do it."
D)"If she did it,I can too."

Question 63

What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?

A)false cognitions
B)coping techniques
C)disordered thinking
D)defence mechanisms

Question 64

Which of the following is one of the three components of the Freudian personality structure?

A)Alter ego
B)Archetype
C)Collective unconscious
D)Superego

Question 65

Jamal has a very bad temper.He is notorious for lashing out at his friends when he doesn't get his way.According to Freud,what is dominating Jamal's actions?

A)ego
B)id
C)superego
D)conscious processes

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a key assumption shared by psychodynamic theories?

A)Mental representations of the self and others shape how the individual acts.
B)When basic needs for love are met,human beings seek to achieve their fullest potential.
C)Unconscious thoughts,memories,and emotions operate simultaneously and are major influences on our behaviour.
D)Personality takes shape in early childhood,and children learn to regulate their emotions during this period of development.

Question 67

You notice your classmate Hannah chewing on her pencil as she takes her psychology final.Which psychosexual stage may not have been resolved?

A)genital
B)phallic
C)oral
D)anal

Question 68

What structure serves as the moral component of one's personality?

A)the actual self
B)ego
C)id
D)superego

Question 69

Anna is a morally rigorous person who demands that her daughter remain a virgin until she is married.Anna cannot remember her own premarital sexual encounters.Which defence mechanism would likely account for this memory lapse?

A)rationalization
B)denial
C)repression
D)projection

Question 70

Eila is a 16-year-old girl.Her mom just got remarried to Brick,a strikingly handsome and very kind man.Recently,Eila has begun to taunt Brick about his physique and even tells her mom that she can't stand him.Which defence mechanism is she exhibiting?

A)denial
B)repression
C)reaction formation
D)isolation

Question 71

Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?

A)the preconscious mind
B)the conscious area
C)suppressions
D)the unconscious

Question 72

The id is motivated by the desire for ____________.

A)free will
B)instant gratification
C)moral perfection
D)social acceptability

Question 73

Some authors relate Freud's personality structure to an iceberg,saying that the __________ is completely submerged in our unconscious.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)defence mechanisms

Question 74

If the frustration,conflict,and anxiety associated with a particular psychosexual stage are not properly resolved,Freud believed children may

A)jump forward to the genital stage.
B)remain fixated,or stuck,at that stage.
C)regress back to the anal stage.
D)fail to develop a superego.

Question 75

As you are preparing for your biology exam,you notice two of your classmates in the library.After going to talk with them,you discover they are planning to cheat during tomorrow's exam.What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or guilty if you also cheated on the exam?

A)the actual self
B)the ego
C)the id
D)the superego

Question 76

According to Freud,defence mechanisms are unconscious attempts to reduce our feelings of ___________.

A)denial
B)anxiety
C)repression
D)isolation

Question 77

During a grade school field trip,Ryan and his friends were running down a hill when he stepped on a snake.He was unharmed but shaken by the experience.When one of his friends mentioned the incident months later,Ryan could not remember running down the hill that day.Freud would say that this is an example of __________.

A)sublimation
B)displacement
C)repression
D)reaction formation

Question 78

Justin passes a parked car that he likes.According to Freud's view of the psyche,which part of Justin's personality convinces him to save his money for a few months so he can buy the car?

A)conscious
B)superego
C)id
D)ego

Question 79

According to Freud,the ego is the __________ of personality

A)moral component
B)realistic component
C)primitive instinct
D)collective impulse

Question 80

Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer.Mahmoud's first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests.Which defence mechanism is at work here?

A)reaction formation
B)denial
C)repression
D)undoing