Deck 11: B: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

When specialized cells detect __________ levels of ____________,they trigger an increase in hunger.

A)high;insulin
B)high;glucose
C)low;insulin
D)low;glucose

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The psychology of motivation can be best summarized as the study of

A)how decisions are made.
B)the processes underlying goal-directed behaviour.
C)the libido's effects on behaviour.
D)how rewards and punishments affect behaviour.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas.What role does it play in the body?

A)Insulin converts fat stores into energy the body can use.
B)Insulin stimulates stomach contractions and appetite.
C)Insulin detects blood sugar levels.
D)Insulin helps cells store circulating glucose for future use.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Luisa is working out at a gym and her body temperature begins to rise.Tool cool itself down,her body begins to sweat.After showering however,her body temperature drops below ideal,so her body begins to shiver to warm itself up.This example illustrates the concept of

A)libido.
B)homeostasis.
C)satiation.
D)drives.

Question 5

Rested is to tired as satiation is to

A)sleep.
B)hungry.
C)aroused.
D)full.

Question 6

The chief function of homeostasis is to

A)prevent balance.
B)maintain a steady state.
C)regulate emotions.
D)control sexual urges.

Question 7

Motivation is best described as

A)the physiological triggers that tell us we may be deprived of something and cause us to seek out what is needed,such as food.
B)the body's physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment.
C)the stimuli we seek to reduce the drives such as social approval and companionship,food,water,and other needs.
D)the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms toward specific goals.

Question 8

The goal of motivated behaviour is often to _____________ a drive.

A)reduce
B)maximize
C)maintain
D)create

Question 9

What do sugar and addictive drugs have in common?

A)They create states of euphoria in high doses.
B)They stimulate activity in the hypothalamus.
C)They inhibit self-control by inhibiting the cingulate gyrus.
D)They stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 10

The lateral hypothalamus may be involved in

A)stoppage of eating.
B)the onset of eating.
C)processing low fats.
D)food allergies.

Question 11

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)may be involved in

A)increasing hunger.
B)stopping the eating response.
C)processing low fats.
D)food allergies.

Question 12

Hunger and thirst are examples of

A)libidos.
B)approach goals.
C)incentives.
D)drives.

Question 13

Glucostats are

A)cells that can detect glucose levels.
B)drugs that block the absorption of glucose.
C)hormones that help cells store glucose for future use.
D)a category of sugars used by the brain and body for energy.

Question 14

One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in __________,which causes blood sugar levels to eventually drop several hours after we eat.

A)cholesterol
B)lipoproteins
C)insulin
D)glucose

Question 15

Which two hormones are released by the digestive system,and are involved in the regulation of hunger?

A)CCK and ghrelin
B)oxytocin and vasopressin
C)oxytocin and CCK
D)ghrelin and vasopressin

Question 16

The two areas of the hypothalamus that appear to be related to eating behaviour as a result of controlling the level of glucose in the body are called _________________ and _________________.

A)ventromedial hypothalamus;lateral hypothalamus
B)lateral hypothalamus;basal hypothalamus
C)basal hypothalamus;ventrolateral hypothalamus
D)none of the above

Question 17

Phyllis feels hungry even after she has eaten large meals and has been gaining weight.A doctor diagnoses her with a neurological disorder that affects a specific structure in the brain.Which of the following is most likely to be the affected brain region?

A)thalamus
B)basal ganglia
C)hypothalamus
D)locus coeruleus

Question 18

In general,motivated behaviour occurs in response to which two factors?

A)drives and incentives
B)hunger and satiation
C)reward and punishment
D)food and sex

Question 19

Saying "I'm full" at the end of a meal is a common way to let others know that you have reached the point of

A)homeostasis.
B)satiation.
C)maximum drive.
D)social facilitation.

Question 20

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called

A)stability.
B)drive reduction.
C)homeostasis.
D)physiological balance.

Question 21

Research using brain imaging technology indicates that tasting foods high in fat directly stimulates ____________ areas of the brain.

A)disgust
B)pleasure
C)risk-taking
D)attentional

Question 22

Zulma is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder.Every day she eats a box of doighnuts and an entire bag of chips and then makes herself vomit.Zulma most likely has which of the following disorders?

A)binge-eating disorder
B)Adonis complex
C)bulimia nervosa
D)anorexia nervosa

Question 23

Wanda goes to the cafeteria with her coworkers.She is not hungry,but eats because everyone else in the group is.This is an example of

A)social facilitation.
B)the minimal eating norm.
C)impression management.
D)the unit bias.

Question 24

In experiments where bowls of soup were secretly filled through a tube so that the soup never ran out,which of the following happened?

A)Participants felt full at the same time as control participants,but continued to eat anyway.
B)Participants ate significantly more than control participants,but did not feel more satiated.
C)Participants felt full at the same time as control participants and stopped eating.
D)Participants ate significantly less than control participants,but felt equally satiated.

Question 25

_______________ is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of being fat,a distorted body image,radically reduced consumption of food,and emaciation.

A)Anorexia nervosa
B)Body-image distortion
C)Bulimia
D)Leptin

Question 26

_______________ famously observed volunteers masturbating or having sex while specialized equipment monitored their physiological responses.

A)Masters and Johnson
B)Meston and Buss
C)Alfred Kinsey
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 27

Which is NOT one of the usual criticisms of Kinsey's methodologies?

A)Most of the volunteers were homosexual.
B)The sample was not broad enough to cover all types of people.
C)Kinsey's methods were flawed and controversial.
D)Kinsey tended to make sweeping generalizations based on small samples.

Question 28

The first systematic surveys of sexual behaviour were conducted from 1938 to 1952 by

A)Masters and Johnson.
B)Meston and Buss.
C)Alfred Kinsey.
D)Sigmund Freud.

Question 29

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting or the use of laxatives is called

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)Adonis complex.
C)bulimia.
D)self-starvation.

Question 30

Kinsey believed that

A)sexual orientation was an either/or situation.
B)sexual orientation was on a continuum.
C)sexual orientation was too sensitive to be studied.
D)premarital sex was fundamentally destructive to society.

Question 31

For years,Jenna ate one toaster pastry for breakfast.Then the company changed their packaging so that the toaster pastries were wrapped in sets of two.Ever since this change occurred,Jenna has had two pastries for breakfast.This is an example of

A)social facilitation.
B)modeling.
C)impression management.
D)the unit bias.

Question 32

Nila's younger brother does not like the meatloaf their mother made for dinner.When Nila is not looking,her brother secretly scoops some of his meatloaf onto her plate so that,although Nila is eating meatloaf,the amount on her plate remains about the same.Which of the following is most likely to happen?

A)Nila will eat her normal amount and then stop when she feels full.
B)Nila will eat less than she normally would.
C)Nila will eat more than she normally would.
D)Nila will develop a dislike for meatloaf.

Question 33

Petra is on a date.She really likes her food,but stops herself after eating only one-third because she doesn't want her date to think she is a glutton.Petra's behaviour is an example of

A)social facilitation.
B)modelling.
C)impression management.
D)the unit bias.

Question 34

Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychological factor that motivates eating?

A)social setting
B)low blood sugar
C)flavor and texture
D)portion size

Question 35

Another term for a person's sex drive or desire for sexual activity is his or her

A)orgasmic motivation.
B)sexual response cycle.
C)sexual orientation.
D)libido.

Question 36

Samantha is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder.She is dangerously thin but perceives herself as overweight.To control her weight she starves herself.Samantha is diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

A)anorexia nervosa
B)Adonis complex
C)bulimia nervosa
D)binge-eating disorder

Question 37

Eating disorders and body-image distortions among boys and men often take a different form than is typically seen with women.For example,they are more likely to

A)starve themselves and exercise compulsively to be more muscular.
B)binge on foods high in fat and starches.
C)use inactivity to try to reduce the size of their bodies.
D)eat normally,but purge anyway.

Question 38

Masters and Johnson's original subjects in the study of human sexual response were

A)prostitutes.
B)church elders and parishioners.
C)prisoners in the local jails.
D)volunteers from introductory psychology classes.

Question 39

Most people have a preference for foods with a high fat content (e.g. ,red meat,cheese,cream).From an evolutionary perspective,what does this suggest?

A)Modern humans should eat a diet rich in high-fat food.
B)All animals prefer a high-fat diet.
C)At some point in our evolutionary history,seeking out high-fat foods was adaptive.
D)Early humans were mostly vegetarians.

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of the unit bias?

A)buying a second bottle of soda because the store has a "buy one,get one free" sale
B)adding more sugar to a cup of coffee because it is bitter
C)asking for a second helping of pasta
D)eating more chips in one sitting from a "jumbo" bag than a regular size bag

Question 41

The second phase of the sexual response is

A)excitement.
B)plateau.
C)orgasm.
D)resolution.

Question 42

Which statement is consistent with Masters and Johnson's findings?

A)Women respond more slowly but cannot stay aroused as long as men.
B)Some women can have multiple orgasms.
C)Women experience a refractory period prior to orgasm.
D)Women admit that size matters.

Question 43

Research indicates that,when it comes to orgasms,

A)the capacity for sexual response of men surpasses that of women.
B)the similarity between men and women depends on the source of stimulation (vaginal versus clitoral).
C)men and women experience them quite differently.
D)men and women are remarkably similar.

Question 44

Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A)Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more time to seek fulfillment from her career and family.
B)Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well.
C)Barbara knows that as a teacher she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting knowledge to society.
D)Mark works hard so he can afford to move out of his dangerous and crime-ridden neighborhood.

Question 45

Which of the following is true of Simon LeVay's finding that a region of the brain is typically smaller in homosexual males than it is in heterosexual males?

A)If true,this would be strong evidence that sexual orientation is genetically determined.
B)A confounding variable in the study is that many of the gay men in the study died from HIV complications.
C)LeVay's findings have been replicated many times.
D)If true,this would be strong evidence that sexual orientation is environmentally determined.

Question 46

Masters and Johnson reported that unlike men,women

A)can only achieve 1 orgasm in a 12 hour period.
B)do not have a refractory period and can achieve many orgasms during a sexual encounter.
C)need more stimulation to achieve an orgasm with oral sex.
D)have a longer refractory period than men.

Question 47

How do many current psychologists view the need to belong differently than Maslow did?

A)Maslow did not include belonging in his hierarchy.
B)Maslow viewed the need for food and shelter as more important than belonging,while many psychologists today consider it just as important.
C)Many psychologists today view the need for food and shelter as more important than belonging,while Maslow considered it just as important.
D)Maslow viewed belonging in terms of group membership,while psychologists today view it in terms of relationships between two individuals.

Question 48

According to your textbook,______________ is a risk factor for illnesses such as heart disease and cancer,and elevates a person's risk for having hypertension,a weaker immune system,and high levels of stress hormones.

A)resentment
B)loneliness
C)marriage
D)being the youngest child

Question 49

Equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was used by

A)Kinsey.
B)Freud.
C)Skinner.
D)Masters and Johnson.

Question 50

A key element to satisfying the need to belong is

A)a sense of permanence to our relationships.
B)having a positive relationship with many people.
C)making new friends on a regular basis.
D)a sense that we are the most well liked person in a group.

Question 51

Which of the following is the best definition of sexual orientation?

A)a person's sex as determined by his or her genes
B)a categorization based on the gender of a person's sexual partners
C)a consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the same sex,opposite sex,or both
D)a categorization based on whether a person's behaviour matches their biological sex or not

Question 52

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy,which needs must be met first?

A)esteem
B)safety
C)physiological
D)belongingness and love

Question 53

Some research suggests that an area of the _____________ is on average smaller in brains of gay males than heterosexual males.

A)hippocampus
B)thalamus
C)amygdala
D)hypothalamus

Question 54

Bill has felt isolated and like an "outsider" since coming to college for his freshman year.As a result,he decided to rush a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge.According to Maslow,Bill may be attempting to meet the need of

A)freedom.
B)belonging.
C)transcendence.
D)physiology.

Question 55

The four stages of sexual activity include excitement,plateau,orgasm and

A)refraction.
B)rest.
C)reinforcement.
D)resolution.

Question 56

The final phase of the sexual response is

A)excitement.
B)plateau.
C)orgasm.
D)resolution.

Question 57

Research supports the theory that homosexuality

A)is the result of a "smothering mother."
B)is the result of an "absent father."
C)is caused by seduction by an older adult.
D)has unknown and puzzling causes.

Question 58

Rashid has just had an orgasm.However,his partner is still excited and wants Rashid to continue his sexual activity.Unfortunately,Rashid has lost his erection.Rashid is probably now in the

A)refractory period.
B)male menopause.
C)disruptive period.
D)plateau.

Question 59

The first phase of the sexual response is

A)excitement.
B)plateau.
C)orgasm.
D)resolution.

Question 60

Blood levels of the hormone oxytocin surge in both men and women just after which phase of the sexual response cycle?

A)excitement
B)plateau
C)orgasm
D)resolution

Question 61

The so called "fast pathway" is an important circuit in the brain because

A)it speeds up our brain's ability to send important sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
B)it allows us to respond to a potentially dangerous stimulus before we even know exactly what it is.
C)it allows us to process quickly moving stimuli in our environment.
D)it is involved in the conscious recognition of a potentially dangerous stimulus.

Question 62

Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)Our hearts race,we see a monster,we feel fear.
B)We see a monster,we feel fear,our hearts race.
C)We see a monster,our hearts race,we feel fear.
D)We feel fear,our hearts race,we see the monster.

Question 63

Three-year-old Javier sees his dad dressed up as a gorilla and Javier screams in fear.What brain structure is probably involved in his reaction?

A)olfactory bulb
B)amygdala
C)occipital lobe
D)Wernicke's area

Question 64

_______________ goals are positive experiences that you seek directly.

A)Approach
B)Performance
C)Mastery
D)Learning

Question 65

The three major components that psychologists focus on when defining "emotion" are

A)facial muscles,bodily changes,and stress.
B)subjective thoughts and experiences,patterns of physical arousal,and behavioural expressions.
C)mammalian heritage,rational abilities,and cognition.
D)display rules,social rules,and relationship rules.

Question 66

Procrastination is least likely to occur with which combination of motivation and goal for completing the project?

A)performance;avoidance.
B)performance;approach
C)mastery;approach
D)mastery;avoidance

Question 67

Emotion is defined as

A)the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about bodily changes.
B)a behaviour with the following three components: (a) a subjective thought and/or experience with (b)accompanying
Patterns of neural activity and physical arousal and (c)
An observable behavioural expression (e.g. ,an emotional facial
Expression or changes in muscle tension)..
C)an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that is distinct from our rational abilities of cognition.
D)a set of social and cultural rules that regulate when,how,and where a person may express (or must suppress)behaviours.

Question 68

Which theory of emotion proposes that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies and emotions result directly from those physiological changes?

A)Cannon-Bard
B)James-Lange
C)two-factor theory of emotion
D)emotional dialect

Question 69

____________motives are geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition.

A)Mastery
B)Performance
C)Egocentric
D)Approach

Question 70

The pathway that projects directly from the thalamus to the amygdala is called the ____________ pathway.

A)slow
B)James-Lange
C)Cannon-Bard
D)fast

Question 71

Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion?

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)cognitive
D)display rule

Question 72

Samantha jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus.What brain structure played a key role in Samantha's swift reaction?

A)basal ganglia
B)hippocampus
C)cerebral cortex
D)amygdala

Question 73

The _______________ quickly assesses danger or threat.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)right hemisphere
D)sympathetic nervous system

Question 74

Which of the following is true regarding lie detectors?

A)Lie detectors are accepted as valid evidence in most U.S.courts,but not in other countries.
B)Research suggests that traditional polygraphs are about 78% accurate as lie detectors.
C)Polygraphs are able to detect arousal,but are not valid indicators of lying.
D)Researchers have been unable to identify any potential lie detector replacements for the polygraph.

Question 75

Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes
B)stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion
C)physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion
D)stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

Question 76

_______________motivation is the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals.

A)Reward
B)Performance
C)Achievement
D)Approach

Question 77

_______________ goals involve the effort to avoid unpleasant experiences.

A)Avoidance
B)Performance
C)Mastery
D)Learning

Question 78

The polygraph "lie detector" is based on the assumption that a person who is guilty and fearful will have

A)increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
B)increased activity of the Cannon-Bard pathway.
C)increased activity of the autonomic nervous system.
D)increased activity in the hippocampus.

Question 79

Certain emotions are associated with certain patterns of _____________,which explains why our heart races and our palms sweat when we are nervous or fearful.

A)autonomic nervous system activity
B)visual and auditory stimulation
C)activity in the occipital lobes
D)hippocampal activity

Question 80

Gerald is learning to play the guitar because he thinks girls will be more likely to go out with him if he plays in a band.This is an example of _______________ motivation and an __________________ goal.

A)performance;avoidance.
B)performance;approach
C)mastery;approach
D)mastery;avoidance