Deck 8: D: Thought and Language

Question 1

Cognition is a synonym for __________.

A)perception
B)learning
C)thinking
D)intelligence

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Why do individuals from Mexico easily categorize avocadoes as a fruit whereas western Europeans do not?

A)What is considered to be typical of a category depends on cultural and social experience.
B)Categorizations are somewhat independent of previous knowledge and experience.
C)Familiarity with an item increases use of cognitive schemas and mental shortcuts.
D)Taxonomic hierarchies are dependent on basic features of a category and may result in miscategorization.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution but may help bring one within reach are called __________.

A)functional sets
B)heuristics
C)algorithms
D)problem states

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If Gemma first sees the word "rain," which word would she most likely recognize next if that word were partly obscured?

A)pain
B)reign
C)rein
D)storm

Question 5

Problem-solving methods that guarantee solutions if appropriate and properly executed are called __________.

A)prototypes
B)algorithms
C)heuristics
D)noncompensatory models

Question 6

When told to read aloud the non-word "dat" in a class game,Gerry fixated on the word for a long time before responding with the word "cat." Which disorder is Gerry most likely exhibiting?

A)agnosia
B)Wernicke's aphasia
C)dyslexia
D)Broca's aphasia

Question 7

Five-year-old Jordyn says "I falled down." Which term best characterizes Jordan's error in verbalization?

A)an inflection
B)an overextension
C)an overproduction
D)an overgeneralization

Question 8

Julie is fairly quiet and shy.She enjoys reading in her spare time and loves researching the background information on many topics.She belongs to a social club that includes three librarians,nine business people,and eight social workers.A tendency to conclude that Julie must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of

A)confirmation bias.
B)the framing effect.
C)the representativeness heuristic.
D)the belief perseverance phenomenon.

Question 9

Which scenario provides the strongest support for both the nature and nurture aspects of language acquisition?

A)All babies have the innate capacity for language in the brain,but are dependent on the environment to be able to express and produce any speech sounds or words.
B)Without attention and reinforcement from their parents,babies would fail to develop language past the point of non-specific babbling sounds.
C)All babies initially share the same basic phoneme categories but only use phonemes specific to the language they have heard by about 10 months of age.
D)Babies cannot process speech sounds and noise until approximately 5 months of age as their temporal lobes and auditory cortices are still forming and developing neural connections.

Question 10

_____________ is to putting together a meal as ____________ is to menu items.

A)Phonesthemes;phonemes
B)Syntax;morphemes
C)Morphemes;phonemes
D)Phonemes;syntax

Question 11

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called __________.

A)cooing
B)telegraphic speech
C)holophrasing
D)babbling

Question 12

Ivan is a consultant who has been asked to solve a technical problem for an electronics firm.When he arrives at the firm,he finds that the problem is exactly like a problem he has solved before.The first time he solved the problem it took him 37 hours.This time it takes him 26 hours.The MOST likely reason for his faster solution this time is __________.

A)means-end analysis
B)hill-climbing
C)mental set
D)creating subgoals

Question 13

Among animals,the most impressive cognitive abilities show up in __________.

A)whales
B)rhesus monkeys
C)dolphins
D)chimpanzees

Question 14

An admissions director for a university decides to keep the existing admissions policy since 80 percent of the students admitted eventually graduate.Unknown to her,90 percent of the rejected applicants would also have been successful graduates.Her decision-making process is hampered by __________.

A)the availability heuristic
B)creating subgoals
C)hill-climbing
D)the representativeness heuristic

Question 15

Which scenario challenges the Whorf hypothesis?

A)Some non-western cultures have few basic colour terms yet can distinguish among many shades of colour.
B)Bilingual Japanese immigrants recall events that happened in Japan more accurately when speaking their native language.
C)Koreans have terms for "tight fit" versus "loose fit," which allows them to better discriminate between the two.
D)The Inuit have a greater number of words for snow,which allows them to perceive many more distinctions among types of snow.

Question 16

Jack is a 10-month old who smiles every time his mother says words such as Mommy,puppy,bottle,blankie,and teddy.He also has learned to point at the object that is associated with the words she speaks.However,he has not yet been able to say the words himself.What does this example tell us about language acquisition?

A)Babbling precedes comprehension.
B)Comprehension precedes production.
C)Recognition precedes comprehension.
D)Babbling precedes recognition.

Question 17

A formula is an example of a(n)__________.

A)logarithm
B)algorithm
C)response set
D)heuristic

Question 18

Which individual would most likely be able to learn a second language more easily than the others?

A)27-year-old Zeke speaks Italian and is trying to learn Spanish.
B)14-year-old Carlos is trying to learn English and has only spoken Spanish until now.
C)9-year-old Chantelle speaks French and needs to learn Japanese because her family is moving to Japan.
D)5-year-old Luca speaks English and is trying to learn German.

Question 19

Dean experienced a seizure,during which he was unable to recognize faces.Which term best characterizes Dean's experience?

A)aphasia
B)agnosia
C)anomia
D)prosopagnosia

Question 20

Laboratory experiments suggest that animals have __________.

A)some cognitive capacities
B)cognitive capacities better than most humans
C)almost no cognitive capabilities
D)cognitive capabilities similar to most humans

Question 21

By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by a fire,insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies.They are most clearly exploiting the influence of

A)belief perseverance.
B)the representativeness heuristic.
C)overconfidence.
D)the availability heuristic.