Deck 7: D: Memory

Question 1

Sensory memory

A)holds information for as long as you rehearse it.
B)holds information for about 30 seconds.
C)holds information for about 5 seconds.
D)processes information for permanent encoding.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The step in the memory process that actually makes our memories available to us is

A)retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)rehearsal.
D)storage

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A)7 bits of information
B)7 chunks of information
C)12 letters,if measured by Sperling's partial report technique
D)16 letters,if measured by Sperling's partial report technique

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Encoding is

A)recalling information.
B)recognizing information.
C)representing information.
D)remembering information.

Question 5

Most normal adults have a memory span of

A)fewer than 5 items.
B)more than 9 items.
C)more than 12 items.
D)between 5 and 9 items.

Question 6

How long do the contents of the sensory store normally last?

A)about five seconds
B)about four to twenty seconds
C)about five to nine minutes
D)up to a lifetime

Question 7

Unprocessed stimulation from the environment is first held in

A)short-term store.
B)sensory memory.
C)long-term store.
D)intermediate store.

Question 8

Information in short-term memory is retained ________.

A)for about 60 seconds
B)as long as it is rehearsed
C)for several seconds without rehearsal
D)up to several minutes

Question 9

The working memory is known as the _____________ memory.

A)tertiary
B)primary
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 10

What is the system(s)or process(es)by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use?

A)cognition
B)memory
C)perception
D)sensation

Question 11

You looked up a friend's address for a letter you wrote.Suddenly the phone rings-wrong number.Even though you were interrupted for only a few seconds,you've forgotten the address.Which memory system failed you?

A)permanent memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory register
D)short-term memory

Question 12

Memory is

A)a capacity for learning.
B)a system that allows people to retain information over time.
C)an ability of humans only.
D)unchangeable.

Question 13

A system that allows people to retain information over time is called

A)memory.
B)cognition.
C)computer.
D)intelligence.

Question 14

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A)five,plus or minus two letters
B)seven,plus or minus two chunks
C)five,plus or minus two engrams
D)seven,plus or minus two numbers

Question 15

Memory is classically defined as

A)a capacity for learning.
B)the ability retain information over time.
C)an ability of humans only.
D)unchangeable.

Question 16

Many years ago,telephone numbers had only four or five digits.Even now,no more than seven digits are used for phone numbers.The most reasonable psychological explanation for this is that ________________.

A)there is a direct relationship between the number of items in the sensory registers and their retention
B)there is an inverse relationship between the number of items in the sensory registers and their retention
C)there is a direct relationship between the number of items in short-term memory and their retention
D)there is an inverse relationship between the number of items in short-term memory and their retention

Question 17

The process of getting information out of memory is known as

A)retention.
B)retrieval.
C)reconstruction.
D)reliable.

Question 18

The capacity of short term memory is _______ items.

A)unlimited
B)7 +/- 2
C)12
D)22

Question 19

The short-term memory capacity (digit-span)in a normal adult is about

A)9 items.
B)7 or 8 items.
C)4 or 5 items.
D)14 or 15 items.

Question 20

The hippocampus is instrumental in

A)the formation of short-term memory.
B)the retrieval of memories from long-term memory.
C)maintaining a constant level of information filtration by the sensory registers.
D)transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.

Question 21

An individual's semantic memory contains

A)memories about events.
B)background knowledge about words,symbols,concepts,and rules arranged as hierarchies of information in categories and subordinate categories.
C)autobiographical information about one's previous experiences.
D)memories that are recalled from an "I" or "my" perspective.

Question 22

Semantic memory is organized __________.

A)in chunks
B)sequentially and chronologically
C)hierarchically
D)chronologically

Question 23

Connie lost her keys.She searches her memory for when she last had them,and goes to that place in the hope that it will help her remember where she misplaced them.Connie is ________ activating her _________.

A)unconsciously;semantic memory
B)consciously;semantic memory
C)unconsciously;episodic memory
D)consciously;episodic memory

Question 24

The Canadian Psychology Group has invited teams from all the universities across Canada to compete in a Psych Bowl.The teams will answer questions such as "Who founded the first psychology laboratory?" Where is this information stored?

A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)conceptual memory
D)primary memory

Question 25

Chunking is a means of _______________.

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B)organizing information into meaningful units
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most important to least important
D)storing long-term memories

Question 26

Your street address,telephone number,and social insurance number are stored in

A)numerical memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)sensory memory.

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

A)words
B)concepts
C)symbols
D)events

Question 28

Which type of memory is concerned with remembering the day your parents bought you a car?

A)implicit memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)procedural memory

Question 29

Steve was recalling his first day in university,including walking into the wrong class,dropping his books as he left,and the long line at the registrar's office he encountered when he had to switch classes.These memories are examples of

A)semantic memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)procedural memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 30

Chunking aids

A)understanding.
B)perception.
C)retention.
D)encoding.

Question 31

The type of memory that is most like an encyclopedia or a dictionary is __________.

A)emotional memory
B)episodic memory
C)procedural memory
D)semantic memory

Question 32

The average memory span consists of _______ items.

A)five
B)six
C)seven
D)nine

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT an example of long-term memory?

A)identifying a perfume as that worn by your grandmother 20 years ago
B)repeating an address after it was told to you
C)repeating a poem learned in nursery school
D)remembering how to ride a bike

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

A)events
B)concepts
C)time
D)place

Question 35

Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through the process of __________.

A)rote rehearsal
B)cueing
C)chunking
D)categorizing

Question 36

The hippocampus seems to be essential for __________.

A)the recall of old memories
B)maintaining one's balance
C)the formation of new long-term memories
D)proactive and retroactive inhibition

Question 37

The portion of long-term memory that stores specific information that has personal meaning is called __________ memory.

A)emotional
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)procedural

Question 38

Most people cannot store the following list of letters in short-term memory: I T I S N O T R A I N I N G
However,if the letters are grouped meaningfully into words,they fit short-term's memory span: It is not raining.This illustrates _________.a.chunking
B)backward masking
C)verbal coding
D)selective attention

Question 39

Scott remembers all of the details of his wedding seven years ago.This information is most likely stored in _______ memory.

A)iconic
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)short-term

Question 40

Your memories of personal information such as what you wore to work yesterday or what you ate for breakfast this morning are stored in _______________.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 41

Flashbulb memories ______________.

A)are not subject to periodic revision
B)usually concern events that are emotionally charged
C)are almost always highly accurate
D)usually concern events from early childhood

Question 42

What are the components of the information processing model in order?

A)retrieval,encoding,storage
B)encoding,capturing,retrieval
C)capturing,encoding,retrieval
D)encoding,storage,retrieval

Question 43

The theory that states that we forget information because other information gets in the way is the _______ theory.

A)signal detection
B)trace decay
C)interference
D)inhibition

Question 44

Flashbulb memories _______.

A)are not subject to periodic revision
B)concern events that are highly significant
C)are almost always highly accurate
D)include a memory's main subject,but not the background events

Question 45

Retroactive interference of long-term memory means __________.

A)new material interferes with memory of old material
B)new material has suppressed short-term memories
C)old material interferes with memory of new material
D)old material has eliminated memories of new material

Question 46

Little Tammy is talking to her grandfather.She loves to listen to him tell stories about when he was a child.He has very vivid recollections of his youth and enjoys telling people about his fond memories.Unfortunately,grandpa has a difficult time remembering what happened within the last few days or weeks.If there are no physiological problems,grandpa's memory problems are best explained by ______.

A)proactive interference
B)memory diffusion
C)retroactive interference
D)retrograde amnesia

Question 47

Retrieval cues ______.

A)are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory
B)are aids in rote rehearsal in short-term memory
C)can be helpful in both long and short-term memory
D)have been recently shown to be inefficient in accessing available information in memory.

Question 48

The concept of a house would be stored in _______.

A)the sensory registers
B)short-term memory
C)eidetic memory
D)long-term memory

Question 49

What kind of forgetting does the following incident illustrate? Ruth studied the names of learning theorists for her psychology class,after which she began studying the names of political theorists for her political science class.Much to her frustration,she found the names of the learning theorists were keeping her from being able to learn the names of the political theorists.

A)decay
B)proactive interference
C)repression
D)retroactive interference

Question 50

Our memories of general knowledge items such as the meanings of words or the dates of famous historical events are stored in _______.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 51

If you want to remember something for a couple of minutes,the MOST effective device is __________.

A)visual imagery
B)tactile imagery
C)rote rehearsal
D)elaborative rehearsal

Question 52

Your tutor has "one last word&" for you before she ends today's session.She tells you to study material in the middle of your study session a little harder.What concept from memory research is the basis of her advice?

A)serial position effect
B)state-dependent learning
C)transfer test
D)imagery

Question 53

"Old information inhibits one's ability to remember newer information" defines _________.

A)interference
B)retroactive inhibition
C)proactive interference
D)suppression

Question 54

Tim is studying for a test.After seven consecutive hours of studying,he finds he can remember what he just finished studying,but he can no longer remember what he studied five or six hours ago.Tim's memory problems are BEST explained by __________.

A)proactive interference
B)retrograde amnesia
C)memory diffusion
D)retroactive interference

Question 55

Proactive interference of long-term memory means ___________ .

A)new material interferes with memory of old material
B)new material has suppressed short-term memories
C)old material interferes with memory of new material
D)old material has eliminated memories of new material

Question 56

Kerry's grandparents moved to a new neighborhood last year.Today,Kerry can easily remember their address but messes up their old one.This illustrates

A)trace decay.
B)interference.
C)retroactive interference.
D)proactive inhibition.

Question 57

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called __________.

A)elaborative rehearsals
B)flashbulb memories
C)eidetic images
D)eyewitness images

Question 58

On a TV game show,Jeannette is asked to name the provincial capital of Ontario.This information is most likely stored in ______.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 59

When Rip Van Winkle returns to his native village,after 20 years of sleeping in the mountains,he goes immediately to the location of his former house and asks for his wife and children by name.The kind of memory that he is exhibiting is _______.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 60

Flashbulb memories are

A)eidetic memories.
B)clear and vivid memories of where one was and what one was doing when a special event occurred.
C)photographic memories.
D)visual images that are extremely difficult to describe.

Question 61

What is the approximate duration of an iconic memory?

A)half a second
B)5-10 seconds
C)20 seconds
D)longer than 20 seconds

Question 62

Which scenario would likely be the most difficult to remember?

A)a study group meeting with a classmate
B)a car accident that was witnessed on the way to school
C)the image of a penny
D)ordering dinner at a new restaurant

Question 63

The primacy effect is to _____________ as the recency effect is to _____________.

A)phonological encoding;visual encoding
B)long-term memory;short-term memory
C)maintenance rehearsal;elaborative rehearsal
D)short-term memory;sensory memory

Question 64

After studying biology all afternoon,Abba is having difficulty remembering details of the chemistry lecture he heard that morning.Abba's difficulty best illustrates

A)encoding failure.
B)retroactive interference.
C)the spacing effect.
D)proactive interference.

Question 65

Long-term memory is sometimes unreliable because of _______ of information.

A)reconstruction
B)retention
C)coding
D)chunking

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT true of schemas?

A)They are a part of short-term memory.
B)They can influence the amount of attention you pay to a given event.
C)They help people retrieve information from memory.
D)They help determine what you will recall.

Question 67

Which type of memory allows individuals to perform tasks automatically,such as driving,typing,or riding a bike?

A)declarative memory
B)non-declarative memory
C)episodic memory
D)semantic memory

Question 68

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number.Arnold's difficulty best illustrates which concept?

A)retroactive interference
B)the next-in-line effect
C)proactive interference
D)source amnesia
E)repression

Question 69

Which individual studying for a test will most likely be able to remember the information accurately?

A)Dan is reciting definitions repeatedly to himself from cue cards.
B)Nancy is trying to link the concepts to examples in her own life.
C)Karen is looking at the concepts in her textbook and trying to recall how they look.
D)Matt is focusing on how the concepts sound to him and trying to make them rhyme.

Question 70

Last week,Lisa took an abnormal psychology test and did not miss a question.However,when a guest speaker came to class a week later to talk about schizophrenia,she had trouble remembering some of the relevant class material.She remembered even less about the topic when she saw a news report on schizophrenia a month later.What memory phenomenon explains what Lisa is experiencing?

A)mirage effect
B)serial position curve
C)free recall curve
D)cforgetting curve

Question 71

When Dana asked Rachel what she had for dinner last night,Rachel said that she couldn't remember because her short-term memory was poor.How should Dana respond to Rachel?

A)"You should consider seeing your doctor to get your short-term memory assessed."
B)"The duration of your short-term memory is really only about 20 seconds,so it's not likely the problem."
C)"Your sensory memory is likely at fault - not your short-term memory."
D)"Try not to be too hard on yourself.Most of us have difficulty with our short-term memories."

Question 72

Godden and Baddeley conducted a classic study on learning and memory in scuba divers.What were the results of the study?

A)Scuba divers who learned words underwater remembered them best when tested underwater.
B)Scuba divers who learned words underwater remembered them best when tested on land.
C)Scuba divers who learned words on land remembered them best when tested underwater.
D)Scuba divers remembered the words similarly across both land and underwater learning conditions.

Question 73

Hermann Ebbinghaus found that memory is best immediately after we learn information,and we gradually forget more as time passes.What name is given to this observation?

A)serial position curve
B)mirage effect
C)free recall curve
D)curve of forgetting

Question 74

If the capacity of short-term memory is so limited,how is it that individuals are able to remember as much information as they do?

A)The information is transferred quickly and automatically to long-term memory.
B)Processes such as chunking and rehearsal expand the capacity of short-term memory.
C)Phonological analysis of information in short-term memory allows for deep processing.
D)Increased production of GABA in the hippocampal area allows for better encoding.

Question 75

Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned.This fact best illustrates______________memory.

A)implicit
B)short-term
C)sensory
D)flashbulb

Question 76

Non-declarative memory is to ______________ as declarative memory is to _______________.

A)procedural memory;priming
B)priming;semantic memory
C)episodic memory;procedural memory
D)semantic memory;episodic memory

Question 77

Chess grandmasters can recall the exact positions of most pieces on the board after a brief glance.This ability is best explained by which concept?

A)flashbulb memory
B)iconic memory
C)the lack of retroactive interference
D)chunking